X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-destroy-surveillance.git/blobdiff_plain/cc0e0fcd143a3a6b6fa35d49856abc3ccd64fdd8..687469873dcd06e2c8376b642e29b6962af5d50d:/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po diff --git a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po index 0f614c0..354001b 100644 --- a/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po +++ b/po/how-to-destroy-surveillance-capitalism.nb.po @@ -3,97 +3,113 @@ # This file is distributed under the same license as the How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism package. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # -#, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism n/a\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-09-06 11:28+0200\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" -"Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" -"Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" -"Language: \n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2020-10-11 16:56+0200\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-10-13 11:24+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" +"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" +"Language: nb\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" +"X-Generator: Weblate 4.3-dev\n" #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: -#: complete-book.xml:4 msgid "en" msgstr "nb" -#. type: Content of: -#: complete-book.xml:6 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism" msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:8 -msgid "<pubdate>2020-??-??</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:10 -msgid "git-utgaven" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> -#: complete-book.xml:13 msgid "Cory" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Cory" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> -#: complete-book.xml:14 msgid "Doctorow" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Doctorow" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> -#: complete-book.xml:19 #, no-wrap msgid "<city>Oslo</city>" -msgstr "" +msgstr "<city>Oslo</city>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: complete-book.xml:17 msgid "" "<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " -"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher>" +"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2020</year> " +"<holder>Cory Doctorow</holder> </copyright> <copyright> <year>2020</year> " +"<holder>Petter Reinholdtsen</holder> </copyright>" +msgstr "" +"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " +"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2020</year> " +"<holder>Cory Doctorow</holder> </copyright> <copyright> <year>2020</year> " +"<holder>Petter Reinholdtsen</holder> </copyright>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +msgid "How to Destroy Surveillance Capitalism by Cory Doctorow." +msgstr "Hvordan knuse overvåkningskapitalismen av Cory Doctorow." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +msgid "Published by Petter Reinholdtsen." msgstr "" +"Utgitt av Petter Reinholdtsen. Oversatt på dugnad av Ole-Erik Yrvin, Petter " +"Reinholdtsen, Allan Nordhøy og Christer Gundersen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-05-1 (hard cover)" +msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-05-1 (innbundet)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-06-8 (paperback)" +msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-06-8 (heftet)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +msgid "ISBN 978-82-93828-07-5 (ePub)" +msgstr "ISBN 978-82-93828-07-5 (ePub)" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> -#: complete-book.xml:25 msgid "" "<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " "width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " -"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" " -"align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>" +"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center" +"\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " +"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center" +"\"/> </imageobject>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> -#: complete-book.xml:32 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter forbeholdt" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: complete-book.xml:24 msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: complete-book.xml:38 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " -"any use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more information " -"about the license visit <ulink " -"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/1.0/\"/>." +"any use of this work, so long as attribution is given and no derivatived " +"material is distributed. For more information about the license visit " +"<ulink url=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\"/>." msgstr "" +"Denne boken er lisensiert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Denne lisensen " +"tillater all bruk av dette verket, så lenge opphavet navngis og intet " +"avledet materiale distribueres. Hvis du vil ha mer informasjon om lisensen, " +"besøk <ulink url=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\"/>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:46 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "The net of a thousand lies" msgstr "Nettverket av tusen løgner" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:48 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The most surprising thing about the rebirth of flat Earthers in the 21st " "century is just how widespread the evidence against them is. You can " @@ -101,9 +117,14 @@ msgid "" "vantage point from which to see the Earth’s curvature might come to the " "commonsense belief that the flat-seeming Earth was, indeed, flat." msgstr "" +"Den mest overraskende momentet med tilbakekomsten av flatjordtilhengere i " +"det 21. århundre er hvor viden tilgjengelig bevisene mot dem er. En kan " +"forstå hvordan folk, for noen århundrer siden, som aldri hadde tilgang på et " +"høyt nok utsiktspunkt til å se jordens krumning, kunne ende opp med en " +"rimelig fornuftig tro på at den tilsynelatende flate jorden, rent faktisk " +"var flat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:56 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But today, when elementary schools routinely dangle GoPro cameras from " "balloons and loft them high enough to photograph the Earth’s curve — to say " @@ -111,26 +132,35 @@ msgid "" "window — it takes a heroic effort to maintain the belief that the world is " "flat." msgstr "" +"Men idag, når grunnskoler rutinemessig henger GoPro-kamera fra ballonger og " +"sender dem høyt nok til å fotografere jordens krumning, for ikke å snakke om " +"det lite eksepsjonelle synet av en krummet jord fra vinduet på et fly. Det " +"kreves en heroisk innsats for å holde på troen om at jorden er flat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:63 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Likewise for white nationalism and eugenics: In an age where you can become " "a computational genomics datapoint by swabbing your cheek and mailing it to " -"a gene-sequencing company along with a modest sum of money, “race science” " -"has never been easier to refute." +"a gene-sequencing company along with a modest sum of money, <quote>race " +"science</quote> has never been easier to refute." msgstr "" +"På samme måten er det med hvit nasjonalisme og eugenikk. I en tidsalder der " +"du kan bli et datamaskinberegnet genomdatapunkt ved å sveipe innsiden av " +"munnhulen og sende resultatet til et gensekvensieringsselskap sammen med en " +"beskjeden sum penger, så har <quote>rasevitenskap</quote> aldri vært enklere " +"å avvise." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:69 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We are living through a golden age of both readily available facts and " "denial of those facts. Terrible ideas that have lingered on the fringes for " "decades or even centuries have gone mainstream seemingly overnight." msgstr "" +"Vi lever i en gullalder både med hensyn til enkel faktatilgang og " +"fornektelse av dem. Forferdelige idéer som har svevd i utkanten i tiår eller " +"til og med århundrer har blitt allemannseie tilsynelatende over natten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:75 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "When an obscure idea gains currency, there are only two things that can " "explain its ascendance: Either the person expressing that idea has gotten a " @@ -143,63 +173,90 @@ msgid "" "boiling and burning and drowning and wasting away, the easier it will be for " "the Greta Thunbergs of the world to convince us." msgstr "" +"Når obskure idéer får fotfeste, er det kun to ting som kan forklare at de " +"kommer til overflaten: Enten har personen som uttrykker idéen forbedret sin " +"formidling av den, eller så har forgodtbefinnendet blitt vanskeligere å " +"fornekte i lys av mer bevis. Med andre ord, hvis vi ønsker at folk skal ta " +"klimaendringer seriøst, kan vi få et utall Greta Thunberg til å gi " +"velformulerte, oppofrende argumenter fra talerstoler, til hjertets og " +"sinnets dyst, eller vi kan vente på floden, den stekende sol, og pandemier " +"lager argumentene for oss. I praksis må vi antagelig gjøre litt av begge " +"deler: Desto mer vi steker, brenner, drukner og forvitrer, dess enklere vil " +"det være for dem av oss som Greta Thunberg å overbevise oss." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:88 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like " -"anti-vaccination, climate denial, a flat Earth, and eugenics are no better " -"than they were a generation ago. Indeed, they’re worse because they are " -"being pitched to people who have at least a background awareness of the " -"refuting facts." +"The arguments for ridiculous beliefs in odious conspiracies like anti-" +"vaccination, climate denial, a flat Earth, and eugenics are no better than " +"they were a generation ago. Indeed, they’re worse because they are being " +"pitched to people who have at least a background awareness of the refuting " +"facts." msgstr "" +"De iboende argumentet for ting som eksempelvis teorien om flat jord har ikke " +"blitt bedre i den vordende generasjonen. Faktisk har ting blitt verre, fordi " +"folk uten bakgrunn i kildekritikk er gjenstand for dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:95 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early " -"anti-vaxxers were pitching people who were less equipped to understand even " -"the most basic ideas from microbiology, and moreover, those people had not " +"Anti-vax has been around since the first vaccines, but the early anti-" +"vaxxers were pitching people who were less equipped to understand even the " +"most basic ideas from microbiology, and moreover, those people had not " "witnessed the extermination of mass-murdering diseases like polio, smallpox, " "and measles. Today’s anti-vaxxers are no more eloquent than their forebears, " "and they have a much harder job." msgstr "" +"Idéen om en flat jord er like gammel som idéene og forståelsen av dem. De " +"første presentasjonene av denne teorien kom folk for øre som ikke forstod " +"selv grunnleggende geometri. De hadde til gode å se tilbake på det " +"heliosentrikere og storsirkelnavigasjon bragte siden. Dagens tilhengere er " +"mer finslepne enn tidligere tiders religiøse verdensanskuelse, og de har en " +"mye vanskeligere jobb." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:104 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So can these far-fetched conspiracy theorists really be succeeding on the " "basis of superior arguments?" msgstr "" +"Er det tilfelle at disse konspiratorikerne lykkes med utgangspunkt i bedre " +"argumenter?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:108 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Some people think so. Today, there is a widespread belief that machine " "learning and commercial surveillance can turn even the most fumble-tongued " "conspiracy theorist into a svengali who can warp your perceptions and win " -"your belief by locating vulnerable people and then pitching them with " -"A.I.-refined arguments that bypass their rational faculties and turn " -"everyday people into flat Earthers, anti-vaxxers, or even Nazis. When the " -"RAND Corporation <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR453/RAND_RR453.pdf\">blames " -"Facebook for “radicalization”</ulink> and when Facebook’s role in spreading " -"coronavirus misinformation is <ulink " -"url=\"https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/\">blamed " -"on its algorithm</ulink>, the implicit message is that machine learning and " -"surveillance are causing the changes in our consensus about what’s true." -msgstr "" +"your belief by locating vulnerable people and then pitching them with A.I.-" +"refined arguments that bypass their rational faculties and turn everyday " +"people into flat Earthers, anti-vaxxers, or even Nazis. When the RAND " +"Corporation <ulink url=\"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/" +"research_reports/RR400/RR453/RAND_RR453.pdf\">blames Facebook for " +"<quote>radicalization</quote></ulink> and when Facebook’s role in spreading " +"coronavirus misinformation is <ulink url=\"https://secure.avaaz.org/campaign/" +"en/facebook_threat_health/\">blamed on its algorithm</ulink>, the implicit " +"message is that machine learning and surveillance are causing the changes in " +"our consensus about what’s true." +msgstr "" +"Noen synes å tro det. I dag er troen hengitt at maskinlæring og kommersiell " +"overvåkning kan gjøre selv en konspirasjonsteoretiker uten taleevner til " +"trådtrekker med KI-refinerte argumenter som verktøy til et omvendt " +"dukketeater som omgår alle rasjonelle evner. Når RAND <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR453/RAND_RR453." +"pdf\">beskylder Facebook for <quote>radikalisering</quote></ulink> og når " +"Facebook sin rolle i å spre coronavirus-misinformasjon <ulink url=\"https://" +"secure.avaaz.org/campaign/en/facebook_threat_health/\"> blir bortforklart i " +"deres algoritme</ulink>, er det underforstått at maskinlæring og overvåkning " +"endrer vår oppfattelse av hva som sant er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:124 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "After all, in a world where sprawling and incoherent conspiracy theories " "like Pizzagate and its successor, QAnon, have widespread followings, " "<emphasis>something</emphasis> must be afoot." msgstr "" +"I en verden der enhver konspirasjonsteori har sine ihuga tilhengere, må " +"<emphasis>noe</emphasis> være i gjerde." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:129 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But what if there’s another explanation? What if it’s the material " "circumstances, and not the arguments, that are making the difference for " @@ -207,71 +264,106 @@ msgid "" "<emphasis>real conspiracies</emphasis> all around us — conspiracies among " "wealthy people, their lobbyists, and lawmakers to bury inconvenient facts " "and evidence of wrongdoing (these conspiracies are commonly known as " -"“corruption”) — is making people vulnerable to conspiracy theories?" +"<quote>corruption</quote>) — is making people vulnerable to conspiracy " +"theories?" msgstr "" +"Hva om det har sin naturlige forklaring? Er det kanskje ikke argumentene som " +"utgjør tyngden på vektskåla for dem? Hva om <emphasis>de ekte " +"konspirasjonene</emphasis> vi omgås hvordan det daglige stormaktsspillet og " +"i kapitalerværvelsen mellom fut og fogd gravlegger ubeleilig fakta og bevis " +"på mislighold? Slike ting som i beste fall kalles korrupsjon, gjør de folk " +"sårbare for fiktive konspirasjonsteorier?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:139 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If it’s trauma and not contagion — material conditions and not ideology — " "that is making the difference today and enabling a rise of repulsive " "misinformation in the face of easily observed facts, that doesn’t mean our " "computer networks are blameless. They’re still doing the heavy work of " -"locating vulnerable people and guiding them through a series of " -"ever-more-extreme ideas and communities." +"locating vulnerable people and guiding them through a series of ever-more-" +"extreme ideas and communities." msgstr "" +"Hvis det er slagskade og ikke smitte – materielle forhold og ikke ideologi – " +"som utgjør forskjellen i dag og gjør økningen i frastøtende feilinformasjon " +"mulig, i møte med lett observerte fakta, så betyr det ikke at " +"datanettverkene vår ikke kan lastes. De gjør fortsatt grovarbeidet med å " +"spore opp sårbare mennesker og lede dem gjennom en rekke av stadig mer " +"ekstreme ideer og lokalsamfunn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:147 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Belief in conspiracy is a raging fire that has done real damage and poses " -"real danger to our planet and species, from epidemics <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\">kicked off by " -"vaccine denial</ulink> to genocides <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html\">kicked " -"off by racist conspiracies</ulink> to planetary meltdown caused by " -"denial-inspired climate inaction. Our world is on fire, and so we have to " -"put the fires out — to figure out how to help people see the truth of the " -"world through the conspiracies they’ve been confused by." -msgstr "" +"real danger to our planet and species, from epidemics <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks.html\">kicked off by vaccine denial</" +"ulink> to genocides <ulink url=\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/" +"technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide.html\">kicked off by racist " +"conspiracies</ulink> to planetary meltdown caused by denial-inspired climate " +"inaction. Our world is on fire, and so we have to put the fires out — to " +"figure out how to help people see the truth of the world through the " +"conspiracies they’ve been confused by." +msgstr "" +"Troen på fiktive konspirasjoner har gjort skade og utgjør en fare for " +"planeten, fra arter <ulink url=\"https://www.cdc.gov/measles/cases-outbreaks." +"html\">kicked off by vaccine denial</ulink> til folkemord <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/technology/myanmar-facebook-genocide." +"html\">igangsatt av rasistiske konspirasjonsteorier</ulink> til planetarisk " +"nedsmelting forårsaket av nektelsesinspirert klimainaktivitet. Vår verden " +"brenner, og derfor må vi slukke brannene - for å finne ut hvordan vi kan " +"hjelpe folk til å se sannheten i verden igjennom konspirasjonene de har " +"blitt forvirret av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:159 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But firefighting is reactive. We need fire " -"<emphasis>prevention</emphasis>. We need to strike at the traumatic material " -"conditions that make people vulnerable to the contagion of conspiracy. Here, " -"too, tech has a role to play." +"But firefighting is reactive. We need fire <emphasis>prevention</emphasis>. " +"We need to strike at the traumatic material conditions that make people " +"vulnerable to the contagion of conspiracy. Here, too, tech has a role to " +"play." msgstr "" +"Brannslokking er reaktivt. Det trengs <emphasis>forebygging</emphasis>. Den " +"materielle tilværelsen hvis innvirken på folks svakhet for den, smitter over " +"i handling. Her kan også teknologi ha noe å si." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:165 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink " -"url=\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, " -"which requires platforms to police and remove “extremist” content, to the " -"U.S. proposals to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/earn-it-act-violates-constitution\">force " -"tech companies to spy on their users</ulink> and hold them liable <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/article/repeal-cda-section-230\">for " -"their users’ bad speech</ulink>, there’s a lot of energy to force tech " -"companies to solve the problems they created." -msgstr "" +"There’s no shortage of proposals to address this. From the EU’s <ulink url=" +"\"https://edri.org/tag/terreg/\">Terrorist Content Regulation</ulink>, which " +"requires platforms to police and remove <quote>extremist</quote> content, to " +"the U.S. proposals to <ulink url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/" +"earn-it-act-violates-constitution\">force tech companies to spy on their " +"users</ulink> and hold them liable <ulink url=\"https://www.natlawreview.com/" +"article/repeal-cda-section-230\">for their users’ bad speech</ulink>, " +"there’s a lot of energy to force tech companies to solve the problems they " +"created." +msgstr "" +"Det skorter ikke på tilsvarsforslag. Fra EU sin <ulink url=\"https://edri." +"org/tag/terreg/\">Terroristinnhold-regulering</ulink> som krever at " +"plattformer håndhever og fjerner <quote>ekstremistisk</quote>-innhold, til " +"USAs forslag om å <ulink url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/03/earn-it-" +"act-violates-constitution\">tvinge teknologiselskaper til å spionere på sine " +"brukere</ulink> og holde dem ansvarlige <ulink url=\"https://www." +"natlawreview.com/article/repeal-cda-section-230\">for brukernes " +"ytringsfrihet</ulink>. Det er mange krefter i sving som kan svinge tilbake " +"slik at teknologiselskaper må løse problemene de utgjør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:176 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s a critical piece missing from the debate, though. All these " "solutions assume that tech companies are a fixture, that their dominance " "over the internet is a permanent fact. Proposals to replace Big Tech with a " "more diffused, pluralistic internet are nowhere to be found. Worse: The " -"“solutions” on the table today <emphasis>require</emphasis> Big Tech to stay " -"big because only the very largest companies can afford to implement the " -"systems these laws demand." -msgstr "" +"<quote>solutions</quote> on the table today <emphasis>require</emphasis> Big " +"Tech to stay big because only the very largest companies can afford to " +"implement the systems these laws demand." +msgstr "" +"Her mangler en kritisk del av debatten. Alle disse løsningene antar at " +"teknologiselskaper er en bruksgjenstand, at deres dominanse over Internett " +"er evig. Forslag til endring av storteknologien til et mer finmasket, " +"mangeslynget Internett lar vente på seg. <quote>Løsningene</quote> som " +"forefinnes <emphasis>krever</emphasis> at storteknologien skal forbli " +"storartet smålig, fordi kun de største selskapene får råd til å sette i verk " +"systemene disse lovene krever." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:186 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Figuring out what we want our tech to look like is crucial if we’re going to " "get out of this mess. Today, we’re at a crossroads where we’re trying to " @@ -279,105 +371,172 @@ msgid "" "internet or if we want to fix the internet itself by unshackling it from Big " "Tech’s stranglehold. We can’t do both, so we have to choose." msgstr "" +"Løsningen på hva teknologien skal være er svaret på hva som skal til for å " +"komme oss ut av knipa. I dag er vi på perrongen og prøver å finne ut hva " +"tabellen storteknologien har lagt fore skal bety for vårt Internett i " +"fortsettelsen, eller om det går noen tog andre veien. Enveisbilletten har vi " +"klamt for hånden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:194 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I want us to choose wisely. Taming Big Tech is integral to fixing the " "internet, and for that, we need digital rights activism." msgstr "" +"Velg med omhu. Temming av storteknologien er iboende viktig for løsningen på " +"Internett. Hvorfra vi setter ut i det, en digital rettighetsaktivisme til." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Digital rights activism, a quarter-century on" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Digital rettighetsaktivisme, et kvart århundre senere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:200 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Digital rights activism is more than 30 years old now. The Electronic " "Frontier Foundation turned 30 this year; the Free Software Foundation " "launched in 1985. For most of the history of the movement, the most " "prominent criticism leveled against it was that it was irrelevant: The real " "activist causes were real-world causes (think of the skepticism when <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/finland-legal-right-to-broadband-for-all-citizens/#:~:text=Global%20Legal%20Monitor,-Home%20%7C%20Search%20%7C%20Browse&text=(July%206%2C%202010)%20On,connection%20100%20MBPS%20by%202015.\">Finland " -"declared broadband a human right in 2010</ulink>), and real-world activism " -"was shoe-leather activism (think of Malcolm Gladwell’s <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell\">contempt " -"for “clicktivism”</ulink>). But as tech has grown more central to our daily " -"lives, these accusations of irrelevance have given way first to accusations " -"of insincerity (“You only care about tech because you’re <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/04/report-engine-eff-shills-google-patent-reform/id=98007/\">shilling " -"for tech companies</ulink>”) to accusations of negligence (“Why didn’t you " -"foresee that tech could be such a destructive force?”). But digital rights " +"url=\"https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/finland-legal-right-to-" +"broadband-for-all-citizens/#:~:text=Global%20Legal%20Monitor,-Home%20%7C" +"%20Search%20%7C%20Browse&text=(July%206%2C%202010)%20On,connection" +"%20100%20MBPS%20by%202015.\">Finland declared broadband a human right in " +"2010</ulink>), and real-world activism was shoe-leather activism (think of " +"Malcolm Gladwell’s <ulink url=\"https://www.newyorker.com/" +"magazine/2010/10/04/small-change-malcolm-gladwell\">contempt for " +"<quote>clicktivism</quote></ulink>). But as tech has grown more central to " +"our daily lives, these accusations of irrelevance have given way first to " +"accusations of insincerity (<quote>You only care about tech because you’re " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/04/report-engine-eff-shills-" +"google-patent-reform/id=98007/\">shilling for tech companies</ulink></" +"quote>) to accusations of negligence (<quote>Why didn’t you foresee that " +"tech could be such a destructive force?</quote>). But digital rights " "activism is right where it’s always been: looking out for the humans in a " "world where tech is inexorably taking over." msgstr "" +"Digital rettighetsaktivisme er eldre enn Internett. GNU-prosjektet er fra " +"1983. Elektronisk forpost fra 1990. I brorparten av tiden denne har " +"eksistert, var hovedkritikken rettet mot dens formål at det hele var " +"irrelevant: De sanne aktivistparolene var blitt virkelighet i lys av " +"skepsis. Tenk over hva som ble sagt da <ulink url=\"https://www.loc.gov/law/" +"foreign-news/article/finland-legal-right-to-broadband-for-all-citizens/#:~:" +"text=Global%20Legal%20Monitor,-Home%20%7C%20Search%20%7C%20Browse&" +"text=(July%206%2C%202010)%20On,connection%20100%20MBPS%20by%202015." +"\">Finland snudde kjæringa og erklærte breiband en mennskerett i 2010</" +"ulink>. Sann aktivisme var for smørkrise å regne den gang. Tenk over Malcolm " +"Gladwell sin <ulink url=\"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/" +"small-change-malcolm-gladwell\">forakt for at Finland gjorde resten av " +"verden til skamme i 2010</ulink> da han kalte det <quote>klikktivisme.</" +"quote>. Etter at storteknologien har blitt sentral i våre liv, om ikke " +"erstattet noen av dem helt, har disse uverdige kritikkene blitt kritikk " +"verdige. Først lød pipa av at <quote>Du bryr deg kun om teknologi fordi du " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/04/report-engine-eff-shills-" +"google-patent-reform/id=98007/\">er en undersått av et teknologiselskap</" +"ulink></quote>. Så ble lyden tonelydende <quote>Hvorfor forutså du ikke at " +"teknologi kom til å bli en så destruktiv kraft?</quote>. Digital " +"rettighetsaktivisme er riktig der det alltid har vært rett: voktende over " +"menneskene i en verden der teknologi ubønnhørlig tar grep." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:221 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of “surveillance " -"capitalism,” a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in her long " -"and influential 2019 book, <emphasis>The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The " -"Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power</emphasis>. Zuboff " -"argues that “surveillance capitalism” is a unique creature of the tech " -"industry and that it is unlike any other abusive commercial practice in " -"history, one that is “constituted by unexpected and often illegible " -"mechanisms of extraction, commodification, and control that effectively " -"exile persons from their own behavior while producing new markets of " -"behavioral prediction and modification. Surveillance capitalism challenges " -"democratic norms and departs in key ways from the centuries-long evolution " -"of market capitalism.” It is a new and deadly form of capitalism, a “rogue " -"capitalism,” and our lack of understanding of its unique capabilities and " -"dangers represents an existential, species-wide threat. She’s right that " -"capitalism today threatens our species, and she’s right that tech poses " -"unique challenges to our species and civilization, but she’s really wrong " -"about how tech is different and why it threatens our species." -msgstr "" +"The latest version of this critique comes in the form of <quote>surveillance " +"capitalism,</quote> a term coined by business professor Shoshana Zuboff in " +"her long and influential 2019 book, <emphasis>The Age of Surveillance " +"Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power</" +"emphasis>. Zuboff argues that <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> is a " +"unique creature of the tech industry and that it is unlike any other abusive " +"commercial practice in history, one that is <quote>constituted by unexpected " +"and often illegible mechanisms of extraction, commodification, and control " +"that effectively exile persons from their own behavior while producing new " +"markets of behavioral prediction and modification. Surveillance capitalism " +"challenges democratic norms and departs in key ways from the centuries-long " +"evolution of market capitalism.</quote> It is a new and deadly form of " +"capitalism, a <quote>rogue capitalism,</quote> and our lack of understanding " +"of its unique capabilities and dangers represents an existential, species-" +"wide threat. She’s right that capitalism today threatens our species, and " +"she’s right that tech poses unique challenges to our species and " +"civilization, but she’s really wrong about how tech is different and why it " +"threatens our species." +msgstr "" +"Siste versjon av kritikken plystrer til takten av " +"<quote>overvåkningskapitalismen</quote>, et begrep Shoshana Zuboff førte i " +"pennen i sin innflytelsesrike og lange bok fra 2019, <emphasis>Tidsalderen " +"overvåkningskapitalismen: Kampen om en human fremtid i maktens nye " +"frontlinjer</emphasis>. Zuboff argumenterer at " +"<quote>overvåkningskapitalisme</quote> er en unik funksjon av teknologi-" +"industrien, og at til forskjell fra andre skadeinnvirkende kommersielle " +"gesjefter i historiens løp, at denne <quote>skriver seg fra uventede og " +"illegale mekanismer for utnyttelse, verdiskapning og kontroll som effektivt " +"sett løsriver folk fra deres adferd, mens den lager nye markeder for å " +"forutsi oppførselsforutsigbarhet og endring av den. Overvåkningskapitalisme " +"utfordrer demokratiske normer, og tar avskjed med århundrers " +"markedskapitalisme på sentrale punkter.</quote> Det er en ny og dødlig form " +"for kapitalisme, en <quote>ukontrollert kapitalisme</quote>, og vår " +"forståelsesmangel i dens unike muligheter og farer representerer en " +"eksistensiell, artsomfattende trussel. Hun skal ha rett i at dagens " +"kapitalisme truer vårt artsmangfold, og hun framfører riktig nok at vår art " +"og sivilisasjon har utfordringer. Dog tar hun kanskje virkelig feil av " +"hvordan teknologi er forskjellig, og hvordan det truer vår art." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:242 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "What’s more, I think that her incorrect diagnosis will lead us down a path " "that ends up making Big Tech stronger, not weaker. We need to take down Big " "Tech, and to do that, we need to start by correctly identifying the problem." msgstr "" +"En slik feildiagnostisering vil forlede oss inn på et spor der " +"storteknologien har penset inn allerede. Ned med storteknologien, er ikke en " +"avsporing av problemet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:248 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Tech exceptionalism, then and now" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Teknologieksepsjonalisme, da og nå" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:250 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Early critics of the digital rights movement — perhaps best represented by " "campaigning organizations like the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Free " "Software Foundation, Public Knowledge, and others that focused on preserving " "and enhancing basic human rights in the digital realm — damned activists for " -"practicing “tech exceptionalism.” Around the turn of the millennium, serious " -"people ridiculed any claim that tech policy mattered in the “real world.” " -"Claims that tech rules had implications for speech, association, privacy, " -"search and seizure, and fundamental rights and equities were treated as " -"ridiculous, an elevation of the concerns of sad nerds arguing about " -"<emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> on bulletin board systems above the struggles " -"of the Freedom Riders, Nelson Mandela, or the Warsaw ghetto uprising." -msgstr "" +"practicing <quote>tech exceptionalism.</quote> Around the turn of the " +"millennium, serious people ridiculed any claim that tech policy mattered in " +"the <quote>real world.</quote> Claims that tech rules had implications for " +"speech, association, privacy, search and seizure, and fundamental rights and " +"equities were treated as ridiculous, an elevation of the concerns of sad " +"nerds arguing about <emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> on bulletin board systems " +"above the struggles of the Freedom Riders, Nelson Mandela, or the Warsaw " +"ghetto uprising." +msgstr "" +"Tidligere kritikere av bevegelsen av og for digitale rettigheter—kanskje " +"best representert ved organisasjoner som GNU-prosjektet, Elektronisk " +"forpost, Public Knowledge, og andre som fokuserer på ivaretagelse og " +"forbedring av grunnleggende rettigheter fra og i den digitale sfære—ble kalt " +"aktivister for å praktisere <quote>teknologieksepsjonalisme</quote>. Rundt " +"tusenårets slutt drev seriøse mennesker gjøn og påstod at teknologi-praksis " +"ikke hadde innvirkning på den <quote>virkelige verden</quote>. Påstander om " +"at teknologiregler hadde innvirkning på talefrihet, assosiasjonsfrihet, vern " +"av privatsfæren, ransakelsesordrer, og fundamentale rettigheter og verdier " +"ble antatt for latterlige å være, en videre trist fabulering om " +"<emphasis>Star Trek</emphasis> på digitale oppslagstavler istedenfor Nelson " +"Mandela." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:265 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In the decades since, accusations of “tech exceptionalism” have only " -"sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech has " -"infiltrated every corner of our life and our online lives have been " +"In the decades since, accusations of <quote>tech exceptionalism</quote> have " +"only sharpened as tech’s role in everyday life has expanded: Now that tech " +"has infiltrated every corner of our life and our online lives have been " "monopolized by a handful of giants, defenders of digital freedoms are " -"accused of carrying water for Big Tech, providing cover for its " -"self-interested negligence (or worse, nefarious plots)." +"accused of carrying water for Big Tech, providing cover for its self-" +"interested negligence (or worse, nefarious plots)." msgstr "" +"I årtiene som fulgte, har anklagene om <quote>teknologi-eksepsjonalisme</" +"quote> økt etter som teknologi har fått en større rolle i folks hverdagsliv. " +"Nå som teknologi har infiltrert hver krink og krok i våre liv, og våre " +"nettbaserte liv kun har kommet et knippe monopolister i hende, blir digitale " +"rettighetsforkjempere anklaget for å gå storteknologiens ærend, og støtter " +"deres uaktsomhet som tjener deres egeninteresse (eller verre, skumle " +"konspirasjoner)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:273 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "From my perspective, the digital rights movement has remained stationary " "while the rest of the world has moved. From the earliest days, the " @@ -388,42 +547,59 @@ msgid "" "that they threatened to bring down new rules that would also make it harder " "for good actors to help users)." msgstr "" +"Fra eget perspektiv har bevegelsen for digitale rettigheter forholdt seg der " +"den startet, mens resten av verden har flyttet seg. Helt fra dens tidligste " +"dager, var det dens brukere også dem som skrev koden fra tanke til " +"fundamentale verktøy. Digitale rettighetsaktivister brød seg kun om " +"selskaper i den grad de brydde seg om brukernes rettigheter (eller, vel så " +"ofte, når selskaper gjorde så tåpelige ting at det truet med nye regelsett " +"som også gjorde det vanskeligere for rasjonelle aktører å hjelpe brukere)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:284 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The “surveillance capitalism” critique recasts the digital rights movement " -"in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the importance of " -"their shiny toys nor as shills for big tech but as serene deck-chair " -"rearrangers whose long-standing activism is a liability because it makes " -"them incapable of perceiving novel threats as they continue to fight the " -"last century’s tech battles." -msgstr "" +"The <quote>surveillance capitalism</quote> critique recasts the digital " +"rights movement in a new light again: not as alarmists who overestimate the " +"importance of their shiny toys nor as shills for big tech but as serene deck-" +"chair rearrangers whose long-standing activism is a liability because it " +"makes them incapable of perceiving novel threats as they continue to fight " +"the last century’s tech battles." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Overvåkningskapitalisems</quote> kritiker kommer så med en ny " +"vinkling mot bevegelsen for digitale rettigheter: Ikke som varslere som " +"overdriver hvor viktig de nye leketøyene deres er, ei heller som " +"håndtlangere for storteknologien, men som velmenende stolflyttere hvis " +"langvarige aktivisme er en belastning fordi det gjør det ute av stand til å " +"oppfatte nye truslene som finnes fordi de er opptatt med forrige århundres " +"teknologikamp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:292 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "But tech exceptionalism is a sin no matter who practices it." msgstr "" +"Men teknologieksepsjonalisme er en synd, uavsett hvem som bedriver den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:295 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Don’t believe the hype" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ikke fest din lit til oppstuss" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:297 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"You’ve probably heard that “if you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " -"product.” As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. But what is " -"<emphasis>absolutely</emphasis> true is that ad-driven Big Tech’s customers " -"are advertisers, and what companies like Google and Facebook sell is their " -"ability to convince <emphasis>you</emphasis> to buy stuff. Big Tech’s " -"product is persuasion. The services — social media, search engines, maps, " -"messaging, and more — are delivery systems for persuasion." -msgstr "" +"You’ve probably heard that <quote>if you’re not paying for the product, " +"you’re the product.</quote> As we’ll see below, that’s true, if incomplete. " +"But what is <emphasis>absolutely</emphasis> true is that ad-driven Big " +"Tech’s customers are advertisers, and what companies like Google and " +"Facebook sell is their ability to convince <emphasis>you</emphasis> to buy " +"stuff. Big Tech’s product is persuasion. The services — social media, search " +"engines, maps, messaging, and more — are delivery systems for persuasion." +msgstr "" +"Du har antagelig hørt at <quote>om du ikke betaler for noe, er det du som er " +"produktet</quote>. Som vi ser nedenfor, er det riktig, men ikke hele bildet. " +"Det som er <emphasis>helt</emphasis> riktig om reklamefinansiert " +"storteknologi, er at dens kunder er de som reklamerer, og det selskaper som " +"Google og Facebook selger, er deres evne til å overbevise <emphasis>deg</" +"emphasis> om å kjøpe ting. Tjenestene—sosiale media, søkemotorer, kart, " +"meldingstjenester, med mer—er leveringssystemer for overbeviselse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fear of surveillance capitalism starts from the (correct) presumption " "that everything Big Tech says about itself is probably a lie. But the " @@ -435,9 +611,18 @@ msgid "" "customers. That’s a mistake because sales literature is not a reliable " "indicator of a product’s efficacy." msgstr "" +"Frykten for overvåkningskapitalismen utgår fra den (korrekte) antagelsen om " +"at alt Storteknologien sier om seg selv antagelig er løgn. Men kritikken av " +"overvåkningskapitalismen gjør unntak fra påstandene Storteknologien kommer " +"med i salgsmateriellet sitt - overdrivelsene som tar pusten fra deg i " +"salgsfremstøtene til potensielle annonsekjøpere på nettet og i deres " +"reklameteknologiseminarer om effekten av produktene. Den antar at " +"Storteknologien er så god til å påvirke oss som de påstår de er når de " +"selger påvirkningsprodukter til pålitelige kunder. Dette er en tabbe, da " +"salgsmateriell ikke er en pålitelig indikator på et produkts " +"gjennomføringsevne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:319 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism assumes that because advertisers buy a lot of what " "Big Tech is selling, Big Tech must be selling something real. But Big Tech’s " @@ -445,9 +630,13 @@ msgid "" "something even more pernicious: monopolistic control over our communications " "and commerce." msgstr "" +"Overvåkningskapitalismen antar det at det kjøpes mye av markedsføringen som " +"Storteknologien selges, så må Storteknologien selge noe som virker. Men det " +"enorme salget til Storteknologien kan like gjerne være et resultat av en " +"felles vrangforestilling eller noe enda mer skadelig, monopolistisk kontroll " +"over kommunikasjonen og handelen vår." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Being watched changes your behavior, and not for the better. It creates " "risks for our social progress. Zuboff’s book features beautifully wrought " @@ -460,23 +649,34 @@ msgid "" "ray out of a 1950s comic book, wielded by mad scientists whose " "supercomputers guarantee them perpetual and total world domination." msgstr "" +"Du endrer oppførsel når noen ser på deg, og ikke til det bedre. Det skaper " +"risiko for vår sosiale fremgang. Zuboffs bok inneholder vakkert formulerte " +"forklaringer av disse fenomenene. Men Zuboff påstår også at overvåkning " +"bokstavlig talt fjerner vår frie vilje, at når våre personlige data blandes " +"med maskinlæring, så oppstår et overtalelsessystem så ødeleggende at vi er " +"helt hjelpeløse i møte med det. Det vil si at Facebook med en algoritme til " +"å analysere data som det henter ut fra ditt daglige liv uten samtykke, " +"tilpasser feeden din slik at du kjøper ting. Det er en tankekontrollstråle " +"rett ut av en femtitalls-tegneserie, der brukt av gale forskere hvis " +"superdatamaskiner garanterer dem evigvarende og total verdensherredømme." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:340 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "What is persuasion?" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Hva er overtalelse?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:342 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand why you shouldn’t worry about mind-control rays — but why you " -"<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance " -"<emphasis>and</emphasis> Big Tech — we must start by unpacking what we mean " -"by “persuasion.”" +"<emphasis>should</emphasis> worry about surveillance <emphasis>and</" +"emphasis> Big Tech — we must start by unpacking what we mean by " +"<quote>persuasion.</quote>" msgstr "" +"For å forstå hvorfor du ikke bør bekymre deg over tankekontrollstråler, men " +"hvorfor du <emphasis>bør</emphasis> bekymre deg over overvåkning " +"<emphasis>og</emphasis> Storteknologi, så må vi starte ved å se på hva vi " +"mener med <quote>overtalelse</quote>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:348 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google, Facebook, and other surveillance capitalists promise their customers " "(the advertisers) that if they use machine-learning tools trained on " @@ -485,16 +685,23 @@ msgid "" "faculties of the public and direct their behavior, creating a stream of " "purchases, votes, and other desired outcomes." msgstr "" +"Google, Facebook, og andre overvåkningskapitalister lover sine kunder (de " +"som markedsfører) at hvis de bruker maskinlæringsverktøy opptrent på " +"ufattelig store datasett av personinformasjon høstet inn uten samtykke, så " +"vil de være i stand til å finne måter å overstyre de rasjonale evnene til " +"folket og styre deres oppførsel, og slik skape en strøm av kjøp, stemmer og " +"andre ønskede resultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:357 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be " "central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." msgstr "" +"Effekten av dominans er mye større enn effekten av manipulering og bør " +"derfor være hovedfokus i vår analyse og bestemmende for hvilke avhjelpende " +"midler vi går for." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:362 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But there’s little evidence that this is happening. Instead, the predictions " "that surveillance capitalism delivers to its customers are much less " @@ -502,14 +709,17 @@ msgid "" "surveillance capitalists like Mark Zuckerberg mostly do one or more of three " "things:" msgstr "" +"Men det finnes få indiser på at det er dette som skjer. I stedet er " +"forutsigelsene som overvåkningskapitalismen leverer til sine kunder mye " +"mindre imponerende. I stedet for å finne måter å omgå våre rasjonelle evner, " +"så gjør overvåkningskapitaliser som Mark Zuckerberg i hovedsak en eller " +"flere av tre ting:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:369 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "1. Segmenting" -msgstr "" +msgstr "1. Segmentering" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:371 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If you’re selling diapers, you have better luck if you pitch them to people " "in maternity wards. Not everyone who enters or leaves a maternity ward just " @@ -519,39 +729,53 @@ msgid "" "having a baby. Hence diaper ads around maternity wards (and even pitchmen " "for baby products, who haunt maternity wards with baskets full of freebies)." msgstr "" +"Hvis du selger bleier, så er det større sjanse for et salg hvis du forsøker " +"å selge dem til folk som er innom fødeavdelinger. Slett ikke alle som " +"ankommer eller forlater en fødeavdeling har nettopp fått en baby, og ikke " +"alle som har fått en baby er i markedet etter bleier. Men det å ha en baby " +"er svært nært knyttet til det å være ute etter å kjøpe bleier, og det å være " +"på en fødestue er svært nært knyttet til det å ha en baby. Dermed er det " +"bleiereklamer i nærheten av fødeavdelinger (samt selgere av babyprodukter, " +"som henger rundt fødeavdelinger med favnen full av gratispakker)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:382 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is segmenting times a billion. Diaper vendors can go " "way beyond people in maternity wards (though they can do that, too, with " "things like location-based mobile ads). They can target you based on " "whether you’re reading articles about child-rearing, diapers, or a host of " "other subjects, and data mining can suggest unobvious keywords to advertise " -"against. They can target you based on the articles you’ve recently " -"read. They can target you based on what you’ve recently purchased. They can " -"target you based on whether you receive emails or private messages about " -"these subjects — or even if you speak aloud about them (though Facebook and " -"the like convincingly claim that’s not happening — yet)." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:396 +"against. They can target you based on the articles you’ve recently read. " +"They can target you based on what you’ve recently purchased. They can target " +"you based on whether you receive emails or private messages about these " +"subjects — or even if you speak aloud about them (though Facebook and the " +"like convincingly claim that’s not happening — yet)." +msgstr "" +"Overvåkningskapitalisem er segmentering ganger en milliard. " +"Bleieprodusenter kan langt overgå å fokusere på folk på fødestuer (selv om " +"de også kan gjøre slikt, ved å bruke stedsbaserte mobilreklager). De kan " +"rette reklamen mot deg basert på om du leser artikler om barneoppdragelse, " +"bleier, eller en hel rekke andre tema, og datautvinningen kan foreslå ikke-" +"åpenbare nøkkelord å rette reklamen mot. De kan rette reklamen mot deg " +"basert på artikler du nylig har lest. De kan rette reklamen mot deg baser " +"på det du nylig har kjøpt. De kan rette reklamen mot deg basert på om du har " +"mottatt epost eller private meldinger om disse temaene — eller til og med om " +"du snakker høyt om dem (selv om Facebook og dets like overbevisende påstår " +"at dette ikke gjøres — ennå)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "This is seriously creepy." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Dette er veldig ekkelt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:399 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "But it’s not mind control." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Men det er ikke tankekontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:402 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "It doesn’t deprive you of your free will. It doesn’t trick you." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det fratar deg ikke din frie vilje. Det lurer deg ikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:405 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Think of how surveillance capitalism works in politics. Surveillance " "capitalist companies sell political operatives the power to locate people " @@ -562,9 +786,17 @@ msgid "" "organizers set up pitches at factory gates, and white supremacists hand out " "fliers at John Birch Society meetings." msgstr "" +"Se hvordan overvåkningskapitalisem virker i politikken. " +"Overvåkningskapitalistselskapene selger til politiske aktører evnen til å " +"spore opp folk som er mottakelige for deres argumenter. Kandidater som " +"kjører valgkamp på korrupsjon i finansbransjen leter etter folk som sliter " +"med gjeld. Kandidater som kjører valgkamp på fremmedfrykt leter etter " +"rasister. Politiske aktører har alltid rettet sine budskap uansett om " +"intensjonene var hederlige eller ikke. De som danner fagforeninger sprer " +"budskapet ved fabrikkportene, og forkjemperne for hvit overherredømme deler " +"ut foldere på møter i John Birch Society (FIXME bedre med norsk analogi?)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:416 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But this is an inexact and thus wasteful practice. The union organizer can’t " "know which worker to approach on the way out of the factory gates and may " @@ -574,9 +806,15 @@ msgid "" "convinced to cross the country to carry a tiki torch through the streets of " "Charlottesville, Virginia." msgstr "" +"Men dette er en unøyaktig og ressurssløsende praksis. Fagforeningenfyren kan " +"ikke vite hvilken arbeider de bør ta kontakt med på vei ut fra fabrikken, og " +"kan kaste bort tiden sin på en som er John Birch Society-medlem i skjul, og " +"forkjemperen for hvitt overherredømme kan ikke hvem ar John Birch Society-" +"medlemmene som er så fjern at det å komme seg på et møte er det meste de " +"klarer, og hvilke som kan overtales til å reise tvers over hele landet for å " +"bære en tiki-fakkel gjennom gatene i Charlottesville, Virginia." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:426 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Because targeting improves the yields on political pitches, it can " "accelerate the pace of political upheaval by making it possible for everyone " @@ -587,9 +825,16 @@ msgid "" "well as less savory players like the far-right white nationalist movements " "that marched in Charlottesville." msgstr "" +"Fordi målretting forbedrer nedslagsfeltet i politiske leire, kan det " +"akselerere tempoet i en politisk omveltning ved å åpne for at alle som i " +"hemmelighet ønsket å velte en autokrat - eller bare en politiker som har " +"sittet i elleve perioder - i å finne alle andre som mener det samme, og til " +"en lav kostnad. Dette har vært avgjørende for den raske utkrystalliseringen " +"av de siste politiske bevegelsene, inkludert Black Lives Matter og Occupy " +"Wall Street, samt mindre tiltalende aktører, som ytre høyrehvite " +"nasjonalistiske bevegelser som marsjerte i Charlottesville." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:437 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It’s important to differentiate this kind of political organizing from " "influence campaigns; finding people who secretly agree with you isn’t the " @@ -599,9 +844,15 @@ msgid "" "campaigns that convince impressionable people that they have been secretly " "queer all along." msgstr "" +"Det er viktig å skille denne typen politisk organisering fra " +"påvirkningskampanjer; å finne folk som i hemmelighet er enige med deg er " +"ikke det samme som å overbevise folk til å være enig med deg. Fremveksten av " +"fenomener som ikke-binære eller på annen måte avvikende kjønnsidentiteter er " +"ofte preget av reaksjonære som følge av hjernevaskingskampanjer på nettet " +"som overbeviser påvirkbare mennesker at i hemmelighet her vært skeive hele " +"tiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:446 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But the personal accounts of those who have come out tell a different story " "where people who long harbored a secret about their gender were emboldened " @@ -610,14 +861,18 @@ msgid "" "words from these low-cost means of finding people and learning about their " "ideas." msgstr "" +"Men de personlige beretningene til de som har trådt frem, forteller en annen " +"historie hvor folk som lenge hadde en hemmelighet om deres kjønn, ble " +"styrket av andre som trådte frem, og der folk som visste at de var " +"forskjellige, men manglet et ordforråd for å diskutere denne forskjellen, " +"lærte de riktige ordene på disse rimelige måtene ved å finne folk på og lære " +"om deres ideer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:455 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "2. Deception" -msgstr "" +msgstr "2. Villedning" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:457 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Lies and fraud are pernicious, and surveillance capitalism supercharges them " "through targeting. If you want to sell a fraudulent payday loan or subprime " @@ -629,21 +884,34 @@ msgid "" "queries that indicate, for example, someone struggling with ill-advised " "loans." msgstr "" +"Løgner og svindel er skadelige, og overvåkingskapitalismen overbelaster dem " +"gjennom målretting. Hvis du ønsker å selge et uredelig forskuddslån frem til " +"lønningsdagen eller et overbelastet boliglån, kan overvåkingskapitalismen " +"hjelpe deg å finne folk som er både desperate og usofistikerte og dermed " +"mottakelig for ditt påhopp. Dette står for fremveksten av mange fenomener, " +"som flernivå markedsføringsopplegg, der villedende påstander om potensiell " +"inntjening og effektive av salgsteknikker er rettet mot desperate mennesker " +"ved å annonsere mot søk som indikerer, for eksempel, at noen sliter med lån " +"som resultat av dårlig rådgiving." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:469 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism also abets fraud by making it easy to locate other " "people who have been similarly deceived, forming a community of people who " -"reinforce one another’s false beliefs. Think of <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vulture.com/2020/01/the-dream-podcast-review.html\">the " -"forums</ulink> where people who are being victimized by multilevel marketing " -"frauds gather to trade tips on how to improve their luck in peddling the " -"product." +"reinforce one another’s false beliefs. Think of <ulink url=\"https://www." +"vulture.com/2020/01/the-dream-podcast-review.html\">the forums</ulink> where " +"people who are being victimized by multilevel marketing frauds gather to " +"trade tips on how to improve their luck in peddling the product." msgstr "" +"Overvåkingskapitalismen fremmer også svindel ved å gjøre det enkelt å finne " +"andre mennesker som har blitt tilsvarende bedratt, og danner et fellesskap " +"av mennesker som forsterker hverandres falske tro. Tenk på <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.vulture.com/2020/01/the-dream-podcast-review.html\">forumene</" +"ulink> hvor folk, som blir utsatt for flernivå markedsføringssvindel, samles " +"for å utveksle tips om hvordan de kan forbedre sin situasjon ved å selv " +"selge produktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:479 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Sometimes, online deception involves replacing someone’s correct beliefs " "with incorrect ones, as it does in the anti-vaccination movement, whose " @@ -651,9 +919,12 @@ msgid "" "convinced by seemingly plausible evidence that leads them into the false " "belief that vaccines are harmful." msgstr "" +"Noen ganger innebærer villedning på nett å erstatte noens korrekte tro med " +"feil, som det gjør i anti-vaksinasjonsbevegelsen, hvis ofre ofte er folk som " +"begynner å tro på vaksiner, men er overbevist av tilsynelatende plausible " +"bevis som fører dem inn i den falske troen på at vaksiner er skadelige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:486 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But it’s much more common for fraud to succeed when it doesn’t have to " "displace a true belief. When my daughter contracted head lice at daycare, " @@ -664,32 +935,49 @@ msgid "" "know any better and when those beliefs are conveyed by someone who seems to " "know what they’re doing." msgstr "" +"Men det er mye mer vanlig for svindel å lykkes når den ikke trenger å " +"fortrenge en riktig overbevisning. Da datteren min fikk hodelus i " +"barnehagen, fortalte en av barnehagearbeiderne meg at jeg kunne bli kvitt " +"dem ved å behandle håret og hodebunnen med olivenolje. Jeg visste ikke noe " +"om hodelus, og jeg antok at barnehagearbeideren gjorde det, så jeg prøvde " +"det (det fungerte ikke, og det virker ikke). Det er lett å ende opp med " +"falske tro når du rett og slett ikke vet noe bedre, og når disse " +"overbevisningene formidles av noen som synes å vite hva de gjør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:497 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This is pernicious and difficult — and it’s also the kind of thing the " "internet can help guard against by making true information available, " "especially in a form that exposes the underlying deliberations among parties " "with sharply divergent views, such as Wikipedia. But it’s not brainwashing; " -"it’s fraud. In the <ulink " -"url=\"https://datasociety.net/library/data-voids/\">majority of " -"cases</ulink>, the victims of these fraud campaigns have an informational " -"void filled in the customary way, by consulting a seemingly reliable " -"source. If I look up the length of the Brooklyn Bridge and learn that it is " -"5,800 feet long, but in reality, it is 5,989 feet long, the underlying " -"deception is a problem, but it’s a problem with a simple remedy. It’s a very " -"different problem from the anti-vax issue in which someone’s true belief is " -"displaced by a false one by means of sophisticated persuasion." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:514 +"it’s fraud. In the <ulink url=\"https://datasociety.net/library/data-voids/" +"\">majority of cases</ulink>, the victims of these fraud campaigns have an " +"informational void filled in the customary way, by consulting a seemingly " +"reliable source. If I look up the length of the Brooklyn Bridge and learn " +"that it is 5,800 feet long, but in reality, it is 5,989 feet long, the " +"underlying deception is a problem, but it’s a problem with a simple remedy. " +"It’s a very different problem from the anti-vax issue in which someone’s " +"true belief is displaced by a false one by means of sophisticated persuasion." +msgstr "" +"Dette er skadelig og vanskelig - og det er også den typen ting Internett kan " +"bidra til å beskytte mot. Ved å gjøre sann informasjon tilgjengelig, " +"spesielt i en form som avslører de underliggende overveielsene blant parter " +"med skarpt divergerende synspunkter, som i Wikipedia. Men dette er ikke " +"hjernevasking; det er svindel. I <ulink url=\"https://datasociety.net/" +"library/data-voids/\">de fleste tilfellene</ulink>, har ofrene for disse " +"svindelkampanjene fått et informasjonstomrom fylt på vanlig måte, ved å " +"konsultere en tilsynelatende pålitelig kilde. Hvis jeg undersøker lengden på " +"Brooklyn Bridge,og finner at den er 5800 fot lang, men i virkeligheten er " +"den 5989 fot lang, er det underliggende villedningen er et problem, men det " +"er et problem med et enkelt hjelpemiddel. Det er et helt annet problem enn " +"anti-vaksineproblemet, der noens korrekte oppfatning er erstattet av en " +"falsk ved hjelp av sofistikert overtalelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "3. Domination" -msgstr "" +msgstr "3. Dominans" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:516 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalism is the result of monopoly. Monopoly is the cause, " "and surveillance capitalism and its negative outcomes are the effects of " @@ -698,24 +986,39 @@ msgid "" "has allowed companies to grow by merging with their rivals, buying up their " "nascent competitors, and expanding to control whole market verticals." msgstr "" +"Overvåkingskapitalismen er et resultat av monopol. Monopol er årsaken, og " +"overvåkingskapitalismen og dens negative resultater er virkningene av " +"monopol. Jeg vil gå dypere inn i dette senere, men nå er det nok å si at " +"teknologi-industrien har vokst opp med en radikal teori om antitrust, som " +"har tillatt selskaper å vokse ved å fusjonere med sine rivaler, kjøpe opp " +"sine gryende konkurrenter, og utvidet til å kontrollere hele markedet " +"vertikalt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:525 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "One example of how monopolism aids in persuasion is through dominance: " "Google makes editorial decisions about its algorithms that determine the " "sort order of the responses to our queries. If a cabal of fraudsters have " "set out to trick the world into thinking that the Brooklyn Bridge is 5,800 " "feet long, and if Google gives a high search rank to this group in response " -"to queries like “How long is the Brooklyn Bridge?” then the first eight or " -"10 screens’ worth of Google results could be wrong. And since most people " -"don’t go beyond the first couple of results — let alone the first " -"<emphasis>page</emphasis> of results — Google’s choice means that many " +"to queries like <quote>How long is the Brooklyn Bridge?</quote> then the " +"first eight or 10 screens’ worth of Google results could be wrong. And since " +"most people don’t go beyond the first couple of results — let alone the " +"first <emphasis>page</emphasis> of results — Google’s choice means that many " "people will be deceived." msgstr "" +"Et eksempel på hvordan monopolopptreden hjelper til å overtalelse gjennom " +"dominans: Google tar redaksjonelle beslutninger om sine algoritmer som " +"bestemmer sorteringsrekkefølgen for svarene på våre søk. Hvis en samling " +"svindlere vil lure verden til å tro at Brooklyn Bridge er 5800 fot lang, og " +"hvis Google gir en høy søkerangering til den gruppen som svar på spørsmål " +"som <quote>Hvor lang er Brooklyn Bridge? </quote> Da kan de første åtte " +"eller ti Google- skjermene ha feil verdier. Og siden de fleste ikke går " +"lengre enn de første par resultatene – enn si resultatene på den første " +"<emphasis>siden</emphasis> med resultater – betyr Googles valg, at mange " +"mennesker vil bli ført bak lyset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:538 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Google’s dominance over search — more than 86% of web searches are performed " "through Google — means that the way it orders its search results has an " @@ -727,119 +1030,189 @@ msgid "" "view to the top of the search results. There’s an obvious remedy to a " "company that is too big to audit: break it up into smaller pieces." msgstr "" +"Googles dominans over søk – mer enn 86 % av nettsøkene utføres via Google – " +"betyr at måten de organiserer søkeresultatene på, har en stor effekt på den " +"offentlige oppfatningen. Ironisk nok hevder Google at det er derfor det ikke " +"har råd til å ha noen åpenhet i sin algoritmedesign: Googles søkedominans " +"gjør resultatene av sorteringen er for viktig til å risikere å fortelle " +"verden hvordan den kommer til disse resultatene, om ikke en dårlig aktør " +"oppdager en feil i rangeringssystemet, og utnytter det til å presse sitt syn " +"frem til toppen av søkeresultatene. Det er et åpenbart hjelpemiddel overfor " +"et selskap som er for stort til å bli gjennomgått: Å bryte det opp i mindre " +"biter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:550 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a “rogue capitalism” whose " +"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> whose " "data-hoarding and machine-learning techniques rob us of our free will. But " "influence campaigns that seek to displace existing, correct beliefs with " "false ones have an effect that is small and temporary while monopolistic " -"dominance over informational systems has massive, enduring " -"effects. Controlling the results to the world’s search queries means " -"controlling access both to arguments and their rebuttals and, thus, control " -"over much of the world’s beliefs. If our concern is how corporations are " -"foreclosing on our ability to make up our own minds and determine our own " -"futures, the impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and " -"should be central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." +"dominance over informational systems has massive, enduring effects. " +"Controlling the results to the world’s search queries means controlling " +"access both to arguments and their rebuttals and, thus, control over much of " +"the world’s beliefs. If our concern is how corporations are foreclosing on " +"our ability to make up our own minds and determine our own futures, the " +"impact of dominance far exceeds the impact of manipulation and should be " +"central to our analysis and any remedies we seek." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: complete-book.xml:565 +"Zuboff kaller overvåkingskapitalismen en <quote>ukontrollert kapitalisme</" +"quote> hvis datahamstring og maskinlæringsteknikker frarøver oss vår frie " +"vilje. Men påvirkningskampanjer som søker å fortrenge eksisterende, korrekte " +"overbevisninger med falsk, har en effekt som er liten og midlertidig, mens " +"monopolistisk dominans over informasjonssystemer har massive, varige " +"effekter. Å kontrollere resultatene til verdens søk, betyr å kontrollere " +"tilgang både til argumenter og deres motsvar, og dermed kontroll over mye av " +"hva verdens tror på. Hvis vår bekymring er hvordan selskaper foregriper vår " +"muligheter å gjøre opp våre egne oppfatninger og bestemme vår egen fremtid, " +"så overstiger virkningen av slik dominans langt virkningen av manipulasjon " +"og bør stå sentralt i vår analyse og for alle utbedringer vi går for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "4. Bypassing our rational faculties" -msgstr "" +msgstr "4. Omgåelse av våre rasjonelle evner" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:567 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, “dark " -"patterns,” engagement hacking, and other techniques to get us to do things " -"that run counter to our better judgment. This is mind control." +"<emphasis>This</emphasis> is the good stuff: using machine learning, " +"<quote>dark patterns,</quote> engagement hacking, and other techniques to " +"get us to do things that run counter to our better judgment. This is mind " +"control." msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Dette</emphasis> er de gode greiene: ved hjelp av maskinlæring, " +"<quote>mørke mønstre</quote>, \"engagement hacking\" (FIXME) og andre " +"teknikker for å få oss til å gjøre ting som er i strid med vår egen sunne " +"fornuft. Dette er tankekontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:573 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Some of these techniques have proven devastatingly effective (if only in the " "short term). The use of countdown timers on a purchase completion page can " "create a sense of urgency that causes you to ignore the nagging internal " "voice suggesting that you should shop around or sleep on your decision. The " -"use of people from your social graph in ads can provide “social proof” that " -"a purchase is worth making. Even the auction system pioneered by eBay is " -"calculated to play on our cognitive blind spots, letting us feel like we " -"“own” something because we bid on it, thus encouraging us to bid again when " -"we are outbid to ensure that “our” things stay ours." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:586 -msgid "" -"Games are extraordinarily good at this. “Free to play” games manipulate us " -"through many techniques, such as presenting players with a series of " -"smoothly escalating challenges that create a sense of mastery and " +"use of people from your social graph in ads can provide <quote>social proof</" +"quote> that a purchase is worth making. Even the auction system pioneered by " +"eBay is calculated to play on our cognitive blind spots, letting us feel " +"like we <quote>own</quote> something because we bid on it, thus encouraging " +"us to bid again when we are outbid to ensure that <quote>our</quote> things " +"stay ours." +msgstr "" +"Noen av disse teknikkene har vist seg ødeleggende effektive (om bare på kort " +"sikt). Bruk av nedtellingstidtakere på en kjøpsfullføringsside kan skape en " +"følelse av hast som får deg til å ignorere den gnagende interne stemmen, som " +"antyder at du bør undersøke flere alternativer eller sove på avgjørelsen " +"din. Bruken av personer fra den sosiale grafen i annonser kan gi " +"<quote>sosiale bevis</quote> at et kjøp er verdt å gjøre. Selv " +"auksjonssystemet som eBay har utviklet, er beregnet til å spille på våre " +"kognitive blindsoner, slik at vi kan føle at vi <quote>eier</quote> noe " +"fordi vi byr på det, og dermed oppmuntrer oss til å by igjen, når vi blir " +"overbydd, for å sikre at <quote>våre</quote> ting forblir våre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +msgid "" +"Games are extraordinarily good at this. <quote>Free to play</quote> games " +"manipulate us through many techniques, such as presenting players with a " +"series of smoothly escalating challenges that create a sense of mastery and " "accomplishment but which sharply transition into a set of challenges that " "are impossible to overcome without paid upgrades. Add some social proof to " "the mix — a stream of notifications about how well your friends are faring — " "and before you know it, you’re buying virtual power-ups to get to the next " "level." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:597 -msgid "" -"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the “fallen” part " -"is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to stimulus: " -"Something that is very compelling or noteworthy when you first encounter it " -"fades with repetition until you stop noticing it altogether. Consider the " -"refrigerator hum that irritates you when it starts up but disappears into " -"the background so thoroughly that you only notice it when it stops again." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:607 -msgid "" -"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses “intermittent reinforcement " -"schedules.” Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " +"Spill er usedvanlig gode på dette. <quote> Gratis å spille</quote>-spill " +"manipulere oss gjennom mange teknikker, for eksempel ved å presentere " +"spillere med en rekke jevnt eskalerende utfordringer, som skaper en følelse " +"av mestring og prestasjon, men som skarpt går over til et sett med " +"utfordringer som er umulige å overvinne uten betalte oppgraderinger. Legg " +"til noen sosiale bevis i blandingen – en strøm av varsler om hvor godt " +"vennene dine klarer det – og før du vet av det, kjøper du virtuelle " +"oppgraderinger for å komme opp til neste nivå." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +msgid "" +"Companies have risen and fallen on these techniques, and the <quote>fallen</" +"quote> part is worth paying attention to. In general, living things adapt to " +"stimulus: Something that is very compelling or noteworthy when you first " +"encounter it fades with repetition until you stop noticing it altogether. " +"Consider the refrigerator hum that irritates you when it starts up but " +"disappears into the background so thoroughly that you only notice it when it " +"stops again." +msgstr "" +"Selskaper har steget og falt på disse teknikkene, og de <quote>fallende</" +"quote> delen er verdt å vie oppmerksomhet. Generelt tilpasser levende ting " +"seg til stimuli: Noe som er veldig overbevisende eller bemerkelsesverdig når " +"du først møter det, falmer med repetisjon til du slutter å legge merke til " +"det helt. Tenk på lyden fra kjøleskapet, som irriterer deg når det starter " +"opp, men som forsvinner helt i bakgrunnen, slik at du bare legger merke til " +"den når det stopper igjen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +msgid "" +"That’s why behavioral conditioning uses <quote>intermittent reinforcement " +"schedules.</quote> Instead of giving you a steady drip of encouragement or " "setbacks, games and gamified services scatter rewards on a randomized " "schedule — often enough to keep you interested and random enough that you " "can never quite find the pattern that would make it boring." msgstr "" +"Det er derfor atferdskondisjonering bruker <quote>periodiske " +"forsterkningsmetodikker.</quote> I stedet for å gi deg et jevnt drypp av " +"oppmuntring eller tilbakeslag, fordeler spill og spill-lignende tjenester " +"belønninger med et randomisert oppsett - ofte nok til å holde deg " +"interessert og tilfeldig nok til at du aldri helt kan finne mønsteret som " +"ville gjøre det kjedelig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:615 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Intermittent reinforcement is a powerful behavioral tool, but it also " "represents a collective action problem for surveillance capitalism. The " -"“engagement techniques” invented by the behaviorists of surveillance " -"capitalist companies are quickly copied across the whole sector so that what " -"starts as a mysteriously compelling fillip in the design of a service—like " -"“pull to refresh” or alerts when someone likes your posts or side quests " -"that your characters get invited to while in the midst of main " -"quests—quickly becomes dully ubiquitous. The impossible-to-nail-down " -"nonpattern of randomized drips from your phone becomes a grey-noise wall of " -"sound as every single app and site starts to make use of whatever seems to " -"be working at the time." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:630 +"<quote>engagement techniques</quote> invented by the behaviorists of " +"surveillance capitalist companies are quickly copied across the whole sector " +"so that what starts as a mysteriously compelling fillip in the design of a " +"service—like <quote>pull to refresh</quote> or alerts when someone likes " +"your posts or side quests that your characters get invited to while in the " +"midst of main quests—quickly becomes dully ubiquitous. The impossible-to-" +"nail-down nonpattern of randomized drips from your phone becomes a grey-" +"noise wall of sound as every single app and site starts to make use of " +"whatever seems to be working at the time." +msgstr "" +"Periodiske forsterkninger er et kraftig atferdsverktøy, men det " +"representerer også et kollektivt handlingsproblem for " +"overvåkingskapitalismen. <quote>Engasjementsteknikkene</quote> er oppfunnet " +"av atferdseksperter i overvåkingskapitalistiske selskaper og kopieres raskt " +"over hele sektoren. Slik at det som starter som en mystisk overbevisende " +"stimuli i utformingen av en tjeneste – som <quote>trykk for å oppdatere</" +"quote> eller varsler når noen liker innleggene eller siden din, og som " +"karakteren din inviteres til, mens den er midt i et kjedelig, " +"allestedsnærværende hovedoppdrag. Videre tikker de tilfeldige dryppene fra " +"din mobil, som det er umulig å ta tak i, og som blir til en grå lydvegg når " +"hver enkelt app og nettsted arbeider." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "From the surveillance capitalist’s point of view, our adaptive capacity is " "like a harmful bacterium that deprives it of its food source — our attention " "— and novel techniques for snagging that attention are like new antibiotics " -"that can be used to breach our defenses and destroy our " -"self-determination. And there <emphasis>are</emphasis> techniques like " -"that. Who can forget the Great Zynga Epidemic, when all of our friends were " -"caught in <emphasis>FarmVille</emphasis>’s endless, mindless dopamine loops? " -"But every new attention-commanding technique is jumped on by the whole " -"industry and used so indiscriminately that antibiotic resistance sets " -"in. Given enough repetition, almost all of us develop immunity to even the " -"most powerful techniques — by 2013, two years after Zynga’s peak, its user " -"base had halved." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:645 +"that can be used to breach our defenses and destroy our self-determination. " +"And there <emphasis>are</emphasis> techniques like that. Who can forget the " +"Great Zynga Epidemic, when all of our friends were caught in " +"<emphasis>FarmVille</emphasis>’s endless, mindless dopamine loops? But every " +"new attention-commanding technique is jumped on by the whole industry and " +"used so indiscriminately that antibiotic resistance sets in. Given enough " +"repetition, almost all of us develop immunity to even the most powerful " +"techniques — by 2013, two years after Zynga’s peak, its user base had halved." +msgstr "" +"Fra overvåkingskapitalistens synspunkt blir vår adaptive kapasitet som en " +"skadelig bakterie som frarøver den matkilden – som er vår oppmerksomhet – og " +"nye teknikker for å hekte denne oppmerksomheten er som ny antibiotika som " +"kan brukes til å bryte vårt forsvar og ødelegge vår selvbestemmelse. Og der " +"<emphasis> er</emphasis> slike teknikker. Hvem kan glemme den store Zynga-" +"epidemien, da alle våre venner ble fanget i <emphasis>FarmVille</emphasis>s " +"endeløse, tankeløse dopaminsløyfer? Men hele bransjen hopper på hver ny " +"oppmerksomhets-kommanderende teknikk, som så brukes så ukritisk at " +"antibiotikaresistens setter inn. Gitt nok repetisjon utvikler nesten alle " +"immunitet mot selv de kraftigste teknikkene - og innen 2013, to år etter " +"Zyngas topp, hadde brukerbasen halvert seg." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Not everyone, of course. Some people never adapt to stimulus, just as some " "people never stop hearing the hum of the refrigerator. This is why most " @@ -848,20 +1221,33 @@ msgid "" "buy adult diapers, and position themselves in front of a machine until they " "collapse." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:653 -msgid "" -"But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification " -"suck. Tripling the rate at which someone buys a widget sounds great <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/priceonomics/2018/03/09/the-advertising-conversion-rates-for-every-major-tech-platform/#2f6a67485957\">unless " -"the base rate is way less than 1%</ulink> with an improved rate of… still " -"less than 1%. Even penny slot machines pull down pennies for every spin " -"while surveillance capitalism rakes in infinitesimal penny fractions." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:663 +"Ikke alle, selvfølgelig. Noen mennesker tilpasser seg aldri stimulanser, " +"akkurat som noen mennesker aldri slutter å høre summingen av kjøleskapet. " +"Dette er grunnen til at de fleste som er utsatt for spilleautomater spille " +"dem for en stund og deretter går videre mens en liten og tragisk minoritet " +"bruker barnas oppsparte studiemidler, kjøper voksen bleier, og plasserer seg " +"foran en maskin til de kollapser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +msgid "" +"But surveillance capitalism’s margins on behavioral modification suck. " +"Tripling the rate at which someone buys a widget sounds great <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/priceonomics/2018/03/09/the-advertising-" +"conversion-rates-for-every-major-tech-platform/#2f6a67485957\">unless the " +"base rate is way less than 1%</ulink> with an improved rate of… still less " +"than 1%. Even penny slot machines pull down pennies for every spin while " +"surveillance capitalism rakes in infinitesimal penny fractions." +msgstr "" +"Men overvåkingskapitalismens marginer på atferdsendring stinker. Tredobling " +"av hastigheten når noen kjøper et skjermelement høres bra ut <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.forbes.com/sites/priceonomics/2018/03/09/the-advertising-" +"conversion-rates-for-every-major-tech-platform/#2f6a67485957\"> med mindre " +"grunnprisen er langt mindre enn 1 % </ulink> med en forbedret hastighet " +"på ... fortsatt mindre enn 1 %. Selv spilleautomater med mynt bruker mynter " +"for hvert spinn, mens overvåkingskapitalismen raker inn uendelige " +"brøkerdeler av mynter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Slot machines’ high returns mean that they can be profitable just by " "draining the fortunes of the small rump of people who are pathologically " @@ -878,22 +1264,38 @@ msgid "" "fared a little better, but they are rare and throw away many failures for " "every success." msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: complete-book.xml:681 +"Spilleautomatenes høye avkastning betyr at de kan være lønnsomme bare ved å " +"tømme formuene til den lille gjenstående delen av personer som er patologisk " +"sårbare for dem og ikke kan tilpasse seg triksene deres. Men " +"overvåkingskapitalismen kan ikke overleve på brøkdeler av mynter som bringes " +"inn fra sårbare. Det er derfor, etter at den store Zynga epidemien endelig " +"hadde brent seg ut, kunne det lille antallet fortsatt avhengige spillere " +"fortsatt opprettholde spillet som et globalt fenomen. Og nye kraftige " +"oppmerksomhetsvåpen er ikke lett å finne, som det fremgår av de mange årene " +"siden forrige gang Zynga hadde en hit. Til tross for hundrevis av millioner " +"dollar som Zynga må bruke på å utvikle nye verktøy for å sprenge gjennom vår " +"tilpasning, har det aldri klart å gjenta den heldige treffet som haket inn " +"så mye av vår oppmerksomhet for et kort øyeblikk i 2009. Kraftsentra, som " +"Supercell, har klart seg litt bedre, men de er sjeldne har mange bortkastede " +"feil for hver suksess." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The vulnerability of small segments of the population to dramatic, efficient " "corporate manipulation is a real concern that’s worthy of our attention and " "energy. But it’s not an existential threat to society." msgstr "" +"Sårbarheten fra avgrensede deler av befolkningen til dramatisk, effektiv " +"bedriftsmanipulasjon, er et reelt anliggende som er verdig vår oppmerksomhet " +"og energi. Men det er ikke en eksistensiell trussel mot samfunnet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:688 -msgid "If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +msgid "" +"If data is the new oil, then surveillance capitalism’s engine has a leak" msgstr "" +"Hvis data er den nye oljen, så har overvåkningskapitalismen motorlekkasje" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:691 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This adaptation problem offers an explanation for one of surveillance " "capitalism’s most alarming traits: its relentless hunger for data and its " @@ -901,32 +1303,49 @@ msgid "" "sensors, online surveillance, and acquisition of data streams from third " "parties." msgstr "" +"Dette tilpasningsproblemet gir en forklaring på en av " +"overvåkingskapitalismens mest alarmerende egenskaper: dens nådeløse sult " +"etter data og dens endeløse utvidelse av evnen til datainnsamling ved " +"spredning av sensorer, nettovervåking og oppkjøp av datastrømmer fra " +"tredjeparter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:698 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff observes this phenomenon and concludes that data must be very " "valuable if surveillance capitalism is so hungry for it. (In her words: " -"“Just as industrial capitalism was driven to the continuous intensification " -"of the means of production, so surveillance capitalists and their market " -"players are now locked into the continuous intensification of the means of " -"behavioral modification and the gathering might of instrumentarian power.”) " -"But what if the voracious appetite is because data has such a short " -"half-life — because people become inured so quickly to new, data-driven " -"persuasion techniques — that the companies are locked in an arms race with " -"our limbic system? What if it’s all a Red Queen’s race where they have to " -"run ever faster — collect ever-more data — just to stay in the same spot?" -msgstr "" +"<quote>Just as industrial capitalism was driven to the continuous " +"intensification of the means of production, so surveillance capitalists and " +"their market players are now locked into the continuous intensification of " +"the means of behavioral modification and the gathering might of " +"instrumentarian power.</quote>) But what if the voracious appetite is " +"because data has such a short half-life — because people become inured so " +"quickly to new, data-driven persuasion techniques — that the companies are " +"locked in an arms race with our limbic system? What if it’s all a Red " +"Queen’s race where they have to run ever faster — collect ever-more data — " +"just to stay in the same spot?" +msgstr "" +"Zuboff observerer dette fenomenet og konkluderer med at data må være svært " +"verdifulle hvis overvåkingskapitalismen er så sulten på det. (I hennes ord: " +"<quote>Akkurat som industriell kapitalisme ble drevet til kontinuerlig " +"intensivering av produksjonsmidlene, så nå er overvåkingskapitalister og " +"deres markedsaktører låst inn i den kontinuerlige intensiveringen av " +"virkemidler for atferdsmodifisering og innsamlingskraftens makt. </quote>) " +"Men hva om den grådige appetitten er fordi dataene har en så kort " +"halveringstid - fordi folk så raskt herdes mot nye, datadrevne " +"overtalelsesteknikker - at selskapene er låst i et våpenkappløp mot vårt " +"glemsomme system? Hva om det hele er en Red Queen's rase hvor de må løpe " +"stadig raskere - samle stadig mer data - bare for å holde seg på samme sted?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Of course, all of Big Tech’s persuasion techniques work in concert with one " "another, and collecting data is useful beyond mere behavioral trickery." msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig fungerer alle Storteknolgiens overtalelsesteknikker sammen med " +"hverandre, og innsamling av data er nyttig utover bare til atferdsmessig " +"lureri." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If someone wants to recruit you to buy a refrigerator or join a pogrom, they " "might use profiling and targeting to send messages to people they judge to " @@ -940,9 +1359,19 @@ msgid "" "learning and other techniques to figure out what kind of pitch works best on " "someone like you." msgstr "" +"Hvis noen ønsker å rekruttere deg til å kjøpe et kjøleskap eller bli med i " +"en pogrom, kan de bruke profilering og målretting for å sende meldinger til " +"folk de bedømmer for å gi gode salgsutsikter. Meldingene i seg selv kan være " +"villedende, og gjør påstander om ting du ikke er veldig kunnskapsrik om " +"(matsikkerhet og energieffektivitet, eller eugenikk og historiske påstander " +"om rasemessig overlegenhet). De kan bruke søkemotoroptimalisering og/eller " +"hærer av falske korrekturlesere og kommentatorer og/eller betalt plassering " +"for å dominere diskursen, slik at ethvert søk etter ytterligere informasjon " +"tar deg tilbake til meldingene sine. Og til slutt kan de avgrense de " +"forskjellige banene ved hjelp av maskinlæring og andre teknikker for å finne " +"ut hva slags tonehøyde som fungerer best på noen som deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:732 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Each phase of this process benefits from surveillance: The more data they " "have, the more precisely they can profile you and target you with specific " @@ -950,30 +1379,45 @@ msgid "" "your prospect’s fridge just expired and that they were expecting a tax " "rebate in April." msgstr "" +"Hver fase av denne prosessen drar nytte av overvåking: Jo flere data de har, " +"jo mer presist kan de profilere deg og målrette deg mot bestemte meldinger. " +"Tenk på hvordan du ville selge et kjøleskap, hvis du visste at garantien på " +"prospektets kjøleskap nettopp er utløpt, og at de forventer en skatterabatt " +"i april." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:739 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Also, the more data they have, the better they can craft deceptive messages " "— if I know that you’re into genealogy, I might not try to feed you " -"pseudoscience about genetic differences between “races,” sticking instead to " -"conspiratorial secret histories of “demographic replacement” and the like." +"pseudoscience about genetic differences between <quote>races,</quote> " +"sticking instead to conspiratorial secret histories of <quote>demographic " +"replacement</quote> and the like." msgstr "" +"Jo mer data de har, desto bedre kan de lage villedende meldinger - hvis jeg " +"vet at du liker slektsforskning, kan jeg ikke prøve å mate deg " +"pseudovitenskap om genetiske forskjeller mellom <quote> raser,</quote> " +"stikker i stedet til konspiratoriske hemmelige historier om <quote> " +"demografi</quote> og lignende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:746 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also helps you locate people who have the same odious or antisocial " "views as you. It makes it possible to find other people who want to carry " -"tiki torches through the streets of Charlottesville in Confederate " -"cosplay. It can help you find other people who want to join your militia and " -"go to the border to look for undocumented migrants to terrorize. It can help " -"you find people who share your belief that vaccines are poison and that the " +"tiki torches through the streets of Charlottesville in Confederate cosplay. " +"It can help you find other people who want to join your militia and go to " +"the border to look for undocumented migrants to terrorize. It can help you " +"find people who share your belief that vaccines are poison and that the " "Earth is flat." msgstr "" +"Facebook hjelper deg også med å finne personer som har de samme motbydelige " +"eller antisosiale synspunktene som deg. Det gjør det mulig å finne andre " +"mennesker som ønsker å bære bambusfakler gjennom gatene i Charlottesville i " +"Confederate-utstyr. Det kan hjelpe deg med å finne andre mennesker som " +"ønsker å bli med i militsen din og gå til grensen i å lete etter " +"udokumenterte innvandrere å terrorisere. Det kan hjelpe deg å finne folk som " +"deler din tro på at vaksiner er gift og at jorden er flat." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:756 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There is one way in which targeted advertising uniquely benefits those " "advocating for socially unacceptable causes: It is invisible. Racism is " @@ -987,9 +1431,19 @@ msgid "" "and the only potential downside is that your ad will be seen by a lot of " "people who don’t want refrigerators, resulting in a lot of wasted expense." msgstr "" +"Det er en måte der målrettet markedsføring særskilt har fordeler for de som " +"fremmer sosialt uakseptable saker: Den er usynlig. Rasisme er spredt over " +"et stort geografisk områdæ, og det er få plasser der rasister — og kun " +"rasister — samles. Dette tilsvarer problemet med å selge kjøleskap i at " +"potensielle kjøleskapskjøpere er geografisk spredt og det er få plasser der " +"du kan kjøpe reklameplass som i all hovedsak kun vil bli sett av " +"kjøleskapskunder. Men kjøp av kjøleskap er sosialt akseptabelt, mens det å " +"være nazist er det ikke, så du kan kjøpe en reklametavle eller reklamere i " +"avisens sportsdel for kjøleskapene, og den eneste potensielle ulempen er at " +"reklamen din vil bli sett av masse folk som ikke ønsker å kjøpe kjøleskap " +"som gir store unødvendige kostnader." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:771 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But even if you wanted to advertise your Nazi movement on a billboard or " "prime-time TV or the sports section, you would struggle to find anyone " @@ -997,9 +1451,13 @@ msgid "" "your views and partly because they fear censure (boycott, reputational " "damage, etc.) from other people who disagree with your views." msgstr "" +"Men selv om du ønsker å reklamere for din nazi-bevegelse på en reklametavle " +"eller på TV i beste sendetid eller i sportsdelen av avisen, så vil du slite " +"med å finne noen som er villig til å selge deg reklameplass, delvis fordi de " +"er uenige i ditt syn og delvis fordi de frykter negative konsekvenser " +"(boykott, skadet omdømme, etc) fra andre folk som er uenige med deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:779 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Targeted ads solve this problem: On the internet, every ad unit can be " "different for every person, meaning that you can buy ads that are only shown " @@ -1010,9 +1468,18 @@ msgid "" "by an online ad buyer is different than the risks to a traditional publisher " "or billboard owner who might want to run a Nazi ad." msgstr "" +"Målrettet reklame løser dette problemet: På Internettet kan hver person få " +"forskjellige reklameeksponeringer, som betyr at du kan kjøpe reklamer som " +"kun vises til personer som gir inntrykk av å være nazister, og ikke til folk " +"som hater nazister. Når budskapet når feil mottaker, når noen som hater " +"rasisme blir vist reklame for å rekruttere rasister, så kan det bli litt " +"krøll. Plattformen eller publikasjonen kan få rasende fordømmelser enten " +"offentlig eller privat. Men egenskapene til risikoen som en kjøper av " +"reklame på nettet tar på seg, er forskjellig fra risikoen til en " +"tradisjonell utgiver eller reklametavleeier som ønsker å publisere nazi-" +"reklame." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:790 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Online ads are placed by algorithms that broker between a diverse ecosystem " "of self-serve ad platforms that anyone can buy an ad through, so the Nazi ad " @@ -1020,14 +1487,25 @@ msgid "" "failing but rather as a failure in some distant, upstream ad supplier. When " "a publication gets a complaint about an offensive ad that’s appearing in one " "of its units, it can take some steps to block that ad, but the Nazi might " -"buy a slightly different ad from a different broker serving the same " -"unit. And in any event, internet users increasingly understand that when " -"they see an ad, it’s likely that the advertiser did not choose that " -"publication and that the publication has no idea who its advertisers are." -msgstr "" +"buy a slightly different ad from a different broker serving the same unit. " +"And in any event, internet users increasingly understand that when they see " +"an ad, it’s likely that the advertiser did not choose that publication and " +"that the publication has no idea who its advertisers are." +msgstr "" +"Reklamer på nettet plasseres av algoritmer som megler mellom ulike " +"økosystemer av selvbetjente plastformer som enhver kan kjøpe reklame " +"gjennom, hvilket gjør at nazi-reklame som dukker opp i din " +"favorittpublikasjon på nettet ses ikke på publikasjonens moralske fallitt, " +"men derimot som en feil som oppstår i en fjern underleverandør av reklame. " +"Når en publikasjon får klager om en støtende annonse som dukker opp på et av " +"sine enheter, så kan den ta noen grep for å blokkere den reklamen, men " +"nazistene kan kjøpe en litt anderledes reklame fra en annen megler rettet " +"mot den samme enhet. Og uansett forstår Internettbrukerne i stadig større " +"grad at når de ser en reklame, så er det sannsynlig at de som reklamerer " +"ikke valgte publikasjonen, og at publikasjonen ikke aner hvem som reklamerer " +"hos dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:804 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These layers of indirection between advertisers and publishers serve as " "moral buffers: Today’s moral consensus is largely that publishers shouldn’t " @@ -1035,17 +1513,24 @@ msgid "" "not actively choosing to put those ads there. Because of this, Nazis are " "able to overcome significant barriers to organizing their movement." msgstr "" +"Disse lagene av omdirigering mellom de som reklamerer og utgiverne fungerer " +"som moralske buffer: Dagens moralske konsensus er i stor grad at utgiverne " +"ikke bør holdes ansvarlig for reklamen som dukker opp på sidene deres fordi " +"de ikke har aktivt valgt å plassere disse reklamene der. Nazistene er, " +"takket være dette, i stand til å overkomme signifikante hindre for å " +"organisere sin bevegelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:812 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Data has a complex relationship with domination. Being able to spy on your " "customers can alert you to their preferences for your rivals and allow you " "to head off your rivals at the pass." msgstr "" +"Data har et komplekst forhold til det å dominere. Når du kan spionere på " +"kundene dine så kan du få varsel når de foretrekker dine rivaler og det gir " +"deg mulighet til å gjøre det bedre enn konkurrentene dine i neste omgang." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:817 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "More importantly, if you can dominate the information space while also " "gathering data, then you make other deceptive tactics stronger because it’s " @@ -1054,52 +1539,81 @@ msgid "" "supercharger that makes every tactic worth pursuing because monopolistic " "domination deprives your target of an escape route." msgstr "" +"Viktigere, hvis du kan dominere informasjonsområdet samtidig med innsamling " +"av data, så kan du forsterke andre villedende taktikker fordi det er " +"vanskeligere å bryte ut av nettet av svik som du spinner. Dominering, det " +"vil si til slutt å bli et monopol, og ikke dataene i seg selv, er " +"drivkraften som gjør enhver taktikk verdt å utnytte fordi monopolistisk " +"dominering fratar ditt mål enhver fluktrute." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:826 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you’re a Nazi who wants to ensure that your prospects primarily see " "deceptive, confirming information when they search for more, you can improve " "your odds by seeding the search terms they use through your initial " -"communications. You don’t need to own the top 10 results for “voter " -"suppression” if you can convince your marks to confine their search terms to " -"“voter fraud,” which throws up a very different set of search results." -msgstr "" +"communications. You don’t need to own the top 10 results for <quote>voter " +"suppression</quote> if you can convince your marks to confine their search " +"terms to <quote>voter fraud,</quote> which throws up a very different set of " +"search results." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du er en nazist som vil sikre at dine potensielle kun ser villedende og " +"bekreftende informasjon når de søker etter mer, så kan du forbedre oddsene " +"dine ved å gi dem søkeord som de vil bruke i din initielle kommunikasjon. Du " +"trenger ikke eie de 10 første resultatene for <quote>undertrykking av " +"stemmer</quote> hvis du kan overbevise dine mål om å begrense sine søke ord " +"til <quote>stemmejuks</quote>, hvilket gir en helt annen gruppe " +"søkeresultater." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:835 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance capitalists are like stage mentalists who claim that their " "extraordinary insights into human behavior let them guess the word that you " "wrote down and folded up in your pocket but who really use shills, hidden " "cameras, sleight of hand, and brute-force memorization to amaze you." msgstr "" +"Overvåkningskapitalister er som scenementalister som påstår at deres " +"ekstraordinære forståelse av menneskelig oppførsel lar dem gjette hvilket " +"ord du skrev ned og brettet sammen i lommen din, men som i virkeligheten " +"bruker fordekte hjelpere, skjulte kamera, fingerferdigheter og direkte " +"memorering for å gjøre deg forbløffet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:842 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Or perhaps they’re more like pick-up artists, the misogynistic cult that " "promises to help awkward men have sex with women by teaching them " -"“neurolinguistic programming” phrases, body language techniques, and " -"psychological manipulation tactics like “negging” — offering unsolicited " -"negative feedback to women to lower their self-esteem and prick their " -"interest." -msgstr "" +"<quote>neurolinguistic programming</quote> phrases, body language " +"techniques, and psychological manipulation tactics like <quote>negging</" +"quote> — offering unsolicited negative feedback to women to lower their self-" +"esteem and prick their interest." +msgstr "" +"Eller kanskje er de mer som sjekke-kunstnere, denne misogynistiske kulten " +"som lover å hjelpe klønete menn å ha sex med kvinner ved å lære dem " +"<quote>nevrolinguistisk programmerings</quote>-fraser, kroppsspråkteknikker " +"og psykologiske manipulasjonsteknikker ala <quote>negging</quote> — ved å " +"komme med uønskede negative tilbakemeldinger til kvinner for å senke deres " +"selvtillit og fange deres interesse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:850 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Some pick-up artists eventually manage to convince women to go home with " "them, but it’s not because these men have figured out how to bypass women’s " -"critical faculties. Rather, pick-up artists’ “success” stories are a mix of " -"women who were incapable of giving consent, women who were coerced, women " -"who were intoxicated, self-destructive women, and a few women who were sober " -"and in command of their faculties but who didn’t realize straightaway that " -"they were with terrible men but rectified the error as soon as they could." -msgstr "" +"critical faculties. Rather, pick-up artists’ <quote>success</quote> stories " +"are a mix of women who were incapable of giving consent, women who were " +"coerced, women who were intoxicated, self-destructive women, and a few women " +"who were sober and in command of their faculties but who didn’t realize " +"straightaway that they were with terrible men but rectified the error as " +"soon as they could." +msgstr "" +"Noen sjekke-kunstnere klarer til slutt å overbevise kvinner om å bli med dem " +"hjem, men det er ikke fordi disse mennene har klart å finne ut hvordan en " +"overstyrer kvinners kritiske tankeevner. I stedet er sjekke-kunstnernes " +"<quote>suksesshistorier</quote> en blanding av kvinner som var ute av stand " +"til å samtykke, kvinner som ble presset, kvinner som var beruset, selv-" +"destruktive kvinner, og noen få kvinner som var edru og hadde kontroll over " +"seg selv, men som ikke forsto med en gang at de var sammen med forferdelige " +"menn og korrigerte feilen så raskt de kunne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:861 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Pick-up artists <emphasis>believe</emphasis> they have figured out a secret " "back door that bypasses women’s critical faculties, but they haven’t. Many " @@ -1108,46 +1622,71 @@ msgid "" "anyone they try these tactics on will immediately recognize them and dismiss " "the men who use them as irredeemable losers." msgstr "" +"Sjekke-kunstnere <emphasis>tror</emphasis> de har oppdaget en hemmelig " +"bakdør som overstyrer kvinners kritiske evner, men det har de ikke. Mange av " +"taktikkene de benytter seg av, som negging, er blitt poenget i vitser (på " +"samme måte som folk vitser om dårlig annonsemålretting), og det er en stor " +"sjanse for at enhver de forsøker disse teknikkene på, umiddelbart vil " +"gjenkjenne teknikken og avvise mennene som bruker dem som uhelbredelige " +"tapere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:870 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Pick-up artists are proof that people can believe they have developed a " -"system of mind control <emphasis>even when it doesn’t " -"work</emphasis>. Pick-up artists simply exploit the fact that " -"one-in-a-million chances can come through for you if you make a million " -"attempts, and then they assume that the other 999,999 times, they simply " -"performed the technique incorrectly and commit themselves to doing better " -"next time. There’s only one group of people who find pick-up artist lore " -"reliably convincing: other would-be pick-up artists whose anxiety and " -"insecurity make them vulnerable to scammers and delusional men who convince " -"them that if they pay for tutelage and follow instructions, then they will " -"someday succeed. Pick-up artists assume they fail to entice women because " -"they are bad at being pick-up artists, not because pick-up artistry is " -"bullshit. Pick-up artists are bad at selling themselves to women, but " -"they’re much better at selling themselves to men who pay to learn the " -"secrets of pick-up artistry." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:888 -msgid "" -"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, “Half the " -"money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don’t know which " -"half.” The fact that Wanamaker thought that only half of his advertising " -"spending was wasted is a tribute to the persuasiveness of advertising " -"executives, who are <emphasis>much</emphasis> better at convincing potential " -"clients to buy their services than they are at convincing the general public " -"to buy their clients’ wares." -msgstr "" +"system of mind control <emphasis>even when it doesn’t work</emphasis>. Pick-" +"up artists simply exploit the fact that one-in-a-million chances can come " +"through for you if you make a million attempts, and then they assume that " +"the other 999,999 times, they simply performed the technique incorrectly and " +"commit themselves to doing better next time. There’s only one group of " +"people who find pick-up artist lore reliably convincing: other would-be pick-" +"up artists whose anxiety and insecurity make them vulnerable to scammers and " +"delusional men who convince them that if they pay for tutelage and follow " +"instructions, then they will someday succeed. Pick-up artists assume they " +"fail to entice women because they are bad at being pick-up artists, not " +"because pick-up artistry is bullshit. Pick-up artists are bad at selling " +"themselves to women, but they’re much better at selling themselves to men " +"who pay to learn the secrets of pick-up artistry." +msgstr "" +"Sjekkekunstnere er beviset på at folk kan tro de har utviklet et system for " +"tankekontroll <emphasis>selv når det ikke virker</emphasis>. Sjekkekunstnere " +"utnytter ganske enkelt det faktum at en-til-en-million-sjanser kan slå til " +"hvis du gjør en million forsøk, og så antar de ganske enkelt at de øvrige " +"999 999 gangene gjennomførte de ganske enkelt teknikken feil og bestemte seg " +"for å gjøre det bedre neste gang. Det er bare en annen gruppe mennesker som " +"lar seg overbevise av sjekkekunstnernes mytologi, og det er potensielle " +"sjekkekunstere hvis angst og usikkerhet gjør den sårbare for svindlere og " +"menn med vrangforestillinger som overbeviser dem om at hvis de betaler for " +"veiledningen og følger instruksene, så vil de før eller senere lykkes. " +"Sjekkekunstnere antar at de ikke klarer å sjekke opp kvinner fordi de er " +"dårlige sjekkekunstnere, ikke fordi sjekkekunst er vrøvl. Sjekkekunstnerne " +"er dårlige til å markedsføre seg til kvinner, men de er mye bedre til å " +"markedsføre seg til menn som betaler for å lære seg sjekkekunstens " +"hemmeligheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:898 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +msgid "" +"Department store pioneer John Wanamaker is said to have lamented, " +"<quote>Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I " +"don’t know which half.</quote> The fact that Wanamaker thought that only " +"half of his advertising spending was wasted is a tribute to the " +"persuasiveness of advertising executives, who are <emphasis>much</emphasis> " +"better at convincing potential clients to buy their services than they are " +"at convincing the general public to buy their clients’ wares." +msgstr "" +"Dagligvarehandelpioneren John Wanamaker sies å ha klaget over at " +"<quote>Halvparten av pengene jeg bruker på markedsføring er bortkastet. " +"Problemet er at jeg vet ikke hvilken halvpart.</quote> Det faktum at " +"Wanamaker tenkte at kun halvparten av hans markedsføringsutgifter var " +"bortkastet er hyllest til hvor overbevisende lederne i markedsføringbransjen " +"er, som er <emphasis>mye</emphasis> flinkere til å overtale potensielle " +"klienter om å kjøpe tjenester fra dem enn de er til å overbevise allmenheten " +"om å kjøpe varene fra kundene deres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "What is Facebook?" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Hva er Facebook?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:900 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook is heralded as the origin of all of our modern plagues, and it’s " "not hard to see why. Some tech companies want to lock their users in but " @@ -1159,44 +1698,73 @@ msgid "" "among the Western tech giants has built a business based on locking in its " "users <emphasis>and</emphasis> spying on them all the time." msgstr "" +"Facebook meldes å være kilden til all moderne pest, og det er ikke vanskelig " +"å forstå hvorfor. Noen teknologiselskaper ønsker å låse kundene sine inne " +"mens de tjener penger på å kontrollere tilgangen til markedet for " +"programvare på enhetene deres, og melker dem på pris i stedet for å spionere " +"på dem (som Apple). Noen selskaper bryr seg ikke om innlåsing av brukerne " +"fordi de har funnet ut hvordan de kan spionere på dem uansett hvor de er og " +"hva de gjør, og klart å omforme denne overvåkningen til penger (Google). " +"Facebook er alene blant de vestlige teknologigigantene i å ha bygget sin " +"forretning basert på å låse inne brukerne sine <emphasis>og samtidig</" +"emphasis> spionere på dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:912 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook’s surveillance regime is really without parallel in the Western " "world. Though Facebook tries to prevent itself from being visible on the " "public web, hiding most of what goes on there from people unless they’re " "logged into Facebook, the company has nevertheless booby-trapped the entire " -"web with surveillance tools in the form of Facebook “Like” buttons that web " -"publishers include on their sites to boost their Facebook profiles. Facebook " -"also makes various libraries and other useful code snippets available to web " -"publishers that act as surveillance tendrils on the sites where they’re " -"used, funneling information about visitors to the site — newspapers, dating " -"sites, message boards — to Facebook." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:926 +"web with surveillance tools in the form of Facebook <quote>Like</quote> " +"buttons that web publishers include on their sites to boost their Facebook " +"profiles. Facebook also makes various libraries and other useful code " +"snippets available to web publishers that act as surveillance tendrils on " +"the sites where they’re used, funneling information about visitors to the " +"site — newspapers, dating sites, message boards — to Facebook." +msgstr "" +"Overvåkningsregimet til Facebook er i grunnen helt uten like i den vestlige " +"verden. Selv om Facebook forsøker å unngå at de er synlige på den offentlige " +"verdensveven, ved å skjule det meste av det som foregår der fra folk med " +"mindre de er logget inn på Facebook, så har selskapet likevel minelagt de " +"fleste nettsider med overvåkningsverktøy i form av Facebook <quote>Lik</" +"quote>-knapper som de som publiserer nettsider tar med på sine nettsteder " +"for å fremme sine Facebook-profiler. Facebook gjør også ulike biblioteker og " +"andre nyttige kodesnutter tilgjengelig for de som publiserer nettsider, som " +"fungerer som overvåkningstentakler på nettsteder der de blir brukt, og " +"sluser informasjon om besøkende på nettstedene — aviser, sjekkesteder, " +"oppslagstavler — til Facebook." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>." msgstr "" +"Det er ikke på grunn av at den er teknologi at Storteknologien kan utøve " +"overvåkning, men på grunn av at den er <emphasis>stor</emphasis>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:931 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook offers similar tools to app developers, so the apps — games, fart " "machines, business review services, apps for keeping abreast of your kid’s " "schooling — you use will send information about your activities to Facebook " "even if you don’t have a Facebook account and even if you don’t download or " "use Facebook apps. On top of all that, Facebook buys data from third-party " -"brokers on shopping habits, physical location, use of “loyalty” programs, " -"financial transactions, etc., and cross-references that with the dossiers it " -"develops on activity on Facebook and with apps and the public web." -msgstr "" +"brokers on shopping habits, physical location, use of <quote>loyalty</quote> " +"programs, financial transactions, etc., and cross-references that with the " +"dossiers it develops on activity on Facebook and with apps and the public " +"web." +msgstr "" +"Facebook tilbyr lignende verktøy til app-utviklere, slik at app-ene du " +"bruker — spill, prompemaskiner, selskapsvurderingstjenester, app-er for å " +"holde styr på skolehverdagen til ungene dine — vil sende informasjon om det " +"du driver med til Facebook selv om du ikke har Facebook-konto og selv om du " +"ikke laster ned eller bruker Facebook-app-er. Ikke nok med det, Facebook " +"kjøper data fra tredjeparts datameglere om handlevaner, fysisk plassering, " +"bruk av <quote>loyalitetsprogrammer</quote>, finansielle transaksjoner, etc, " +"og kobler dette med personprofiler som utvikles basert på aktiviteten på " +"Facebook, med app-er og den offentlige verdensveven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:942 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Though it’s easy to integrate the web with Facebook — linking to news " "stories and such — Facebook products are generally not available to be " @@ -1208,9 +1776,18 @@ msgid "" "alternative interfaces to Facebook that merge your Facebook inbox with those " "of other services that you use." msgstr "" +"Selv om det er enkelt å integrere fra verdensveven til Facebook, å linke til " +"nyheter og slike ting, så er produktene pa Facebook generelt sett ikke " +"tilgjengelig for integering tilbake til verdensveven. Du kan bake inn en " +"twittermelding i en Facebook-melding, men hvis du forsøker å bake inn en " +"Facebook-melding i en twittermelding, så får du bare en lenke tilbake til " +"Facebook og må logge inn for å se den. Facebook har brukt ekstreme " +"teknologiske og juridiske mottiltak for å hindre rivaler fra å gjøre det " +"mulig for deres brukere å bake inn snutter fra Facebook i konkurrerende " +"tjenester, eller lage alternative grensesnitt til Facebook som slår sammen " +"nye meldinger på Facebook med de fra andre tjenester du bruker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:954 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And Facebook is incredibly popular, with 2.3 billion claimed users (though " "many believe this figure to be inflated). Facebook has been used to organize " @@ -1221,16 +1798,24 @@ msgid "" "bad things are the result of Facebook’s mind-control system, which it rents " "out to anyone with a few bucks to spend." msgstr "" +"Og Facebook er utrolig populær, med 2.3 milliarder påståtte brukere (selv om " +"mange tror dette tallet er blåst opp). Facebook har vært brukt til å " +"organisere folkemord, rasistiske opptøyer, antivaksinebevegelser, flat jord-" +"kulter og det politiske livet til noen av verdens styggeste, mest brutale " +"autokrater. Det er i sannhet mange alarmerende ting som foregår i verden, og " +"Facebook er implisert i mange av dem, så det er enkelt å konkludere med at " +"disse stygge tingene som foregår er resultat av tankekontrollsystemet til " +"Facebook, som de leier ut til enhver med penger å bruke på det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:965 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand what role Facebook plays in the formulation and mobilization " "of antisocial movements, we need to understand the dual nature of Facebook." msgstr "" +"For å forstå hvilken rolle Facebook har i formuleringen og mobiliseringen av " +"antisosiale bevegelser, så må vi forstå Facebook sin splittede natur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:970 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Because it has a lot of users and a lot of data about those users, Facebook " "is a very efficient tool for locating people with hard-to-find traits, the " @@ -1245,26 +1830,48 @@ msgid "" "anyone who has even the slenderest chance of being in the market for a new " "fridge." msgstr "" +"På grunn av at Facebook har veldig mange brukere og veldig mye data om disse " +"brukerne, så er Facebook et veldig effektivt verktøy for å spore opp folk " +"med egenskaper som det er vanskelig å finne. Det vil si den type egenskaper " +"som er veldig spredt i populasjonen slik at markedsførere historisk har " +"slitt med å finne kostnadseffektive måter å nå dem. La oss gå tilbake til " +"kjøleskap. De fleste av oss bytter bare våre store apparater noen få ganger " +"i livet. Hvis du er en kjøleskapsprodusent eller -forhandler, så har du bare " +"disse små lukene i en forbrukers liv når de vurderer slike kjøp, og du må " +"finne en måte å nå dem da. Alle som har lagt inn en statusendring etter å ha " +"kjøpt et hus kan skrive under på at utstyrsprodusenter er utrolig desperate " +"etter å nå enhver der det er den minste sjanse for at de er i markedet etter " +"ett nytt kjøleskap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:985 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a " -"<emphasis>lot</emphasis> easier. It can target ads to people who’ve " -"registered a new home purchase, to people who’ve searched for refrigerator " -"buying advice, to people who have complained about their fridge dying, or " -"any combination thereof. It can even target people who’ve recently bought " -"<emphasis>other</emphasis> kitchen appliances on the theory that someone " -"who’s just replaced their stove and dishwasher might be in a fridge-buying " -"kind of mood. The vast majority of people who are reached by these ads will " -"not be in the market for a new fridge, but — crucially — the percentage of " -"people who <emphasis>are</emphasis> looking for fridges that these ads reach " -"is <emphasis>much</emphasis> larger than it is than for any group that might " -"be subjected to traditional, offline targeted refrigerator marketing." -msgstr "" +"Facebook makes finding people shopping for refrigerators a <emphasis>lot</" +"emphasis> easier. It can target ads to people who’ve registered a new home " +"purchase, to people who’ve searched for refrigerator buying advice, to " +"people who have complained about their fridge dying, or any combination " +"thereof. It can even target people who’ve recently bought <emphasis>other</" +"emphasis> kitchen appliances on the theory that someone who’s just replaced " +"their stove and dishwasher might be in a fridge-buying kind of mood. The " +"vast majority of people who are reached by these ads will not be in the " +"market for a new fridge, but — crucially — the percentage of people who " +"<emphasis>are</emphasis> looking for fridges that these ads reach is " +"<emphasis>much</emphasis> larger than it is than for any group that might be " +"subjected to traditional, offline targeted refrigerator marketing." +msgstr "" +"Facebook gjør det <emphasis>mye</emphasis> enklere å finne folk som handler " +"kjøleskap . Det kan målrette annonser mot folk som har registrert et nytt " +"boligkjøp, mot folk som har søkt etter råd om kjøp av kjøleskap, mot folk " +"som har klaget over at kjøleskapet deres dør, eller en kombinasjon av disse. " +"Det kan til og med målrette mot folk som nylig har kjøpt <emphasis> " +"kjøkkenutstyr</emphasis> med teorien om at noen som nettopp har erstattet " +"komfyren og oppvaskmaskinen, kan være i humør til å kjøpe et kjøleskap. De " +"aller fleste som nås av disse annonsene, vil ikke være i markedet etter et " +"nytt kjøleskap, men — det avgjørende er at prosentandelen av personer som " +"<emphasis>er</emphasis> på jakt etter kjøleskap som disse annonsene når, er " +"<emphasis>mye</emphasis> større enn for noen gruppe som kan bli utsatt for " +"tradisjonell, målrettet kjøleskapmarkedsføring i den fysiske verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1001 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also makes it a lot easier to find people who have the same rare " "disease as you, which might have been impossible in earlier eras — the " @@ -1273,9 +1880,14 @@ msgid "" "decades have passed and your former classmates have all been scattered to " "the four corners of the Earth." msgstr "" +"Facebook gjør det også mye enklere å finne folk som har samme sjeldne sykdom " +"som deg, noe som kan ha vært umulig i tidligere - den nærmeste med samme " +"lidelse kan ellers være hundrevis av miles unna. Det gjør det lettere å " +"finne folk som gikk på samme videregående skole som deg, selv om flere tiår " +"er gått og dine tidligere klassekamerater har blitt spredt for alle " +"verdenshjørner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1009 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook also makes it much easier to find people who hold the same rare " "political beliefs as you. If you’ve always harbored a secret affinity for " @@ -1288,9 +1900,18 @@ msgid "" "shared trait, giving you both comfort and the courage to come out to the " "people in your life." msgstr "" +"Facebook gjør det også mye enklere å finne folk som har samme sjeldne " +"politiske overbevisning som deg. Hvis du alltid har hatt en hemmelig " +"dragning for sosialisme, men aldri våget å ytre dette høyt for at du ikke " +"skal bli kritisert av naboene dine, kan Facebook hjelpe deg med å oppdage " +"andre mennesker som føler det på samme måte (og det kan kanskje vise deg at " +"din dragning er mer utbredt enn du noen gang har trodd). Det kan gjøre det " +"enklere å finne personer som deler din seksuelle identitet. Og igjen, det " +"kan hjelpe deg å forstå at det du trodde var en skammelig hemmelighet som " +"bare påvirket deg, i virkeligheten var en allment delt egenskap, noe som gir " +"deg både trygghet og mot til å komme ut til personene i livet ditt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1022 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All of this presents a dilemma for Facebook: Targeting makes the company’s " "ads more effective than traditional ads, but it also lets advertisers see " @@ -1298,32 +1919,47 @@ msgid "" "that Facebook ads are more effective than ads on systems with less " "sophisticated targeting, advertisers can also see that in nearly every case, " "the people who see their ads ignore them. Or, at best, the ads work on a " -"subconscious level, creating nebulous unmeasurables like “brand " -"recognition.” This means that the price per ad is very low in nearly every " -"case." -msgstr "" +"subconscious level, creating nebulous unmeasurables like <quote>brand " +"recognition.</quote> This means that the price per ad is very low in nearly " +"every case." +msgstr "" +"Alt dette presenterer et dilemma for Facebook: Målretting gjør selskapets " +"annonser mer effektive enn tradisjonelle annonser, men det lar også " +"annonsører se hvor effektiv annonsene deres er. Annonsører er glade for å " +"høre at Facebook-annonser er mer effektive enn annonser på systemer med " +"mindre sofistikert målretting, men annonsører kan også se at i nesten alle " +"tilfeller blir annonsene ignorerer av personene som ser dem. Eller i beste " +"fall fungerer annonsene på et underbevisst nivå, og skaper en ikke målbar " +"<quote>merkevaregjenkjenning</quote>. Dette betyr at prisen per annonse er " +"svært lav i nesten alle tilfeller." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1033 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little " -"discussion. Your little-league soccer team, the people with the same rare " -"disease as you, and the people you share a political affinity with may " -"exchange the odd flurry of messages at critical junctures, but on a daily " -"basis, there’s not much to say to your old high school chums or other " -"hockey-card collectors." +"To make things worse, many Facebook groups spark precious little discussion. " +"Your little-league soccer team, the people with the same rare disease as " +"you, and the people you share a political affinity with may exchange the odd " +"flurry of messages at critical junctures, but on a daily basis, there’s not " +"much to say to your old high school chums or other hockey-card collectors." msgstr "" +"For å gjøre ting verre, starter mange Facebook-grupper svært lite diskusjon. " +"Ditt lokale fotballag, folk med samme sjeldne sykdom som deg, og de du deler " +"en politisk interesse med, kan utveksle en merkelige miks av meldinger på " +"kritiske tidspunkt, men i hverdagen er det ikke mye å si til dine gamle " +"kamerater fra videregående, eller andre fotballkort-samlere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1041 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"With nothing but “organic” discussion, Facebook would not generate enough " -"traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to continually expand " -"by buying up its competitors while returning handsome sums to its investors." +"With nothing but <quote>organic</quote> discussion, Facebook would not " +"generate enough traffic to sell enough ads to make the money it needs to " +"continually expand by buying up its competitors while returning handsome " +"sums to its investors." msgstr "" +"Med bare diskusjoner som vokste frem <quote>naturlig</quote>, ville Facebook " +"ikke generere nok trafikk til å selge tilstrekkelig med annonser til å tjene " +"pengene den trenger for å kontinuerlig utvide ved å kjøpe opp sine " +"konkurrenter mens de gir kjekke summer i utbytte til sine investorer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1047 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So Facebook has to gin up traffic by sidetracking its own forums: Every time " "Facebook’s algorithm injects controversial materials — inflammatory " @@ -1334,9 +1970,16 @@ msgid "" "happiness, and it turns out that automated systems are pretty good at " "figuring out things that people will get angry about." msgstr "" +"Så Facebook må bidra til å øke trafikken ved å spore av egne fora: Hver gang " +"Facebooks algoritme setter inn kontroversielt materiale — brennhete " +"politiske artikler, konspirasjonsteorier, rasende historier — inn i en " +"gruppe, så kan de kapre denne gruppens tiltenkte formål med sine fornærmende " +"diskusjoner og ødelegge disse diskusjonene ved å gjøre dem til bitre, " +"uproduktive argumentasjoner. Facebook er optimalisert for engasjement, ikke " +"lykke, og det viser seg at automatiserte systemer er ganske flinke til å " +"finne ting som folk vil bli sinte over." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1058 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Facebook <emphasis>can</emphasis> modify our behavior but only in a couple " "of trivial ways. First, it can lock in all your friends and family members " @@ -1347,21 +1990,36 @@ msgid "" "staying in touch with your friends. This is a very limited form of mind " "control, and it can only really make us miserable, angry, and anxious." msgstr "" +"Facebook <emphasis> kan</emphasis> endre vår oppførsel, men bare på et par " +"trivielle måter. For det første kan det låse inne alle dine venner og " +"slektninger slik at du sjekker og sjekker og sjekker med Facebook for å " +"finne ut hva de gjør; og for det andre, det kan gjøre deg sint og engstelig. " +"Det kan tvinge deg til å velge mellom å bli avbrutt hele tiden av " +"oppdateringer — en prosess som bryter konsentrasjonen og gjør det vanskelig " +"å være innadvendt — samt holde kontakten med vennene dine. Dette er en svært " +"begrenset form for mental kontroll, og det kan i virkeligheten bare gjøre " +"oss ulykkelige, sinte og engstelige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1069 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is why Facebook’s targeting systems — both the ones it shows to " "advertisers and the ones that let users find people who share their " "interests — are so next-gen and smooth and easy to use as well as why its " "message boards have a toolset that seems like it hasn’t changed since the " -"mid-2000s. If Facebook delivered an equally flexible, sophisticated " -"message-reading system to its users, those users could defend themselves " -"against being nonconsensually eyeball-fucked with Donald Trump headlines." -msgstr "" +"mid-2000s. If Facebook delivered an equally flexible, sophisticated message-" +"reading system to its users, those users could defend themselves against " +"being nonconsensually eyeball-fucked with Donald Trump headlines." +msgstr "" +"Dette er grunnen til at Facebooks målrettingssystemer – både de som vises " +"til annonsører, og de som lar brukerne finne folk som deler deres interesser " +"— er så moderne, glatte, og enkle å bruke, samtidig som meldingstavlene har " +"et verktøysett som virker som om det ikke har endret seg siden midten av " +"2000-tallet. Hvis Facebook leverte et tilsvarende fleksibelt og sofistikert " +"system for meldingslesing til sine brukere, da kunne disse brukerne forsvart " +"seg mot å få øynene dratt uten samtykke mot blikkfangende overskrifter om " +"Donald Trump." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1079 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The more time you spend on Facebook, the more ads it gets to show you. The " "solution to Facebook’s ads only working one in a thousand times is for the " @@ -1373,23 +2031,34 @@ msgid "" "even though they make you miserable, spending so much time on the site that " "it eventually shows you at least one ad that you respond to." msgstr "" +"Jo mer tid du bruker på Facebook, jo flere annonser får de vist deg. " +"Løsningen når for Facebooks annonser fungerer bare én gang av tusen, er at " +"selskapet prøver å øke hvor mye tid du bruker på Facebook med en faktor på " +"tusen. I stedet for å tenke på Facebook som et selskap som har funnet ut " +"hvordan det skal vise deg nøyaktig den riktige annonsen på nøyaktig riktig " +"måte for å få deg til å gjøre hva annonsørene vil, tenk på det som et " +"selskap som har funnet ut hvordan det får deg til å slite deg gjennom en " +"endeløs strøm av argumenter, selv om de får deg til å føle deg elendig, men " +"bruker så mye tid på nettstedet, at det til slutt viser deg minst én annonse " +"du reagerer på." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1091 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Monopoly and the right to the future tense" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Monopol og retten til den spennende fremtiden" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1093 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Zuboff and her cohort are particularly alarmed at the extent to which " "surveillance allows corporations to influence our decisions, taking away " -"something she poetically calls “the right to the future tense” — that is, " -"the right to decide for yourself what you will do in the future." +"something she poetically calls <quote>the right to the future tense</quote> " +"— that is, the right to decide for yourself what you will do in the future." msgstr "" +"Zuboff og andre nær henne er spesielt skremt over i hvilken grad overvåking " +"gjør det mulig for selskaper å påvirke våre beslutninger, og tar bort noe " +"hun poetisk kaller <quote>retten til en spennende fremtid</quote> - det vil " +"si retten til å bestemme selv hva du vil gjøre i fremtiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1100 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s true that advertising can tip the scales one way or another: When " "you’re thinking of buying a fridge, a timely fridge ad might end the search " @@ -1400,38 +2069,54 @@ msgid "" "systems of total control, but they are hardly unbiased observers, and the " "risks from their dreams coming true are very speculative." msgstr "" +"Det er sant at annonsering kan gi utslag på en eller annen måte: Når du " +"tenker på å kjøpe et kjøleskap, så kan en kjøleskapsannonse i rette øyeblikk " +"avslutte letingen der og da. Men Zuboff legger enorm og utilbørlig vekt på " +"den overbevisende kraften i overvåkingsbaserte påvirkningsteknikker. De " +"fleste av disse fungerer ikke så bra, og de som gjør vil ikke fungere veldig " +"lenge. Skaperne av disse påvirkningsverktøyene er sikre på at de en dag vil " +"raffinere dem til systemer som gir total kontroll, men de er neppe upartiske " +"observatører, og risikoen for at drømmene deres går i oppfyllelse er svært " +"spekulativ." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1111 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "By contrast, Zuboff is rather sanguine about 40 years of lax antitrust " "practice that has allowed a handful of companies to dominate the internet, " -"ushering in an information age with, <ulink " -"url=\"https://twitter.com/tveastman/status/1069674780826071040\">as one " -"person on Twitter noted</ulink>, five giant websites each filled with " -"screenshots of the other four." +"ushering in an information age with, <ulink url=\"https://twitter.com/" +"tveastman/status/1069674780826071040\">as one person on Twitter noted</" +"ulink>, five giant websites each filled with screenshots of the other four." msgstr "" +"Derimot er Zuboff ganske avslappet i forhold til 40 år med slapp antitrust-" +"praksis, som har tillatt en håndfull selskaper å dominere Internettet, " +"innlede en informasjonsalder med, <ulink url=\"https://twitter.com/tveastman/" +"status/1069674780826071040\">som en person på Twitter bemerket</ulink>, fem " +"gigantiske nettsteder hver fylt med skjermbilder fra de fire andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1119 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, if we are to be alarmed that we might lose the right to choose for " "ourselves what our future will hold, then monopoly’s nonspeculative, " "concrete, here-and-now harms should be front and center in our debate over " "tech policy." msgstr "" +"Hvis vi imidlertid skal bli skremt over at vi kan miste retten til å selv " +"velge hva vår fremtid skal innebære, så bør monopolets ikke-hypotetiske, " +"konkrete, her-og-nå skader være i fokus for vår debatt om teknologipolitikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1125 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Start with “digital rights management.” In 1998, Bill Clinton signed the " -"Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex piece of " -"legislation with many controversial clauses but none more so than Section " -"1201, the “anti-circumvention” rule." +"Start with <quote>digital rights management.</quote> In 1998, Bill Clinton " +"signed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) into law. It’s a complex " +"piece of legislation with many controversial clauses but none more so than " +"Section 1201, the <quote>anti-circumvention</quote> rule." msgstr "" +"La oss starte med <quote>digitale restriksjonsmekanismer</quote>. I 1998 " +"undertegnet Bill Clinton loven Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). Det " +"er et komplekst lovverk med mange kontroversielle bestemmelser, men ingen " +"mer enn paragraf 1201, <quote>anti-omgåelsesregelen</quote>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1131 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is a blanket ban on tampering with systems that restrict access to " "copyrighted works. The ban is so thoroughgoing that it prohibits removing a " @@ -1440,9 +2125,14 @@ msgid "" "copyright infringements; rather, they are legal activities that frustrate " "manufacturers’ commercial plans." msgstr "" +"Dette er et heldekkede forbud mot å tukle med systemer som begrenser adgang " +"til opphavsrettsbeskyttede verk. Forbudet er så gjennomgripende at det at " +"det forbyr å fjerne en opphavsrettslås, selv uten at det skjer noe brudd på " +"opphavsretten; Aktivitetene som DMCAs paragraf 1201 skal forby, er ikke " +"brudd på opphavsretten; snarere er det lovlige aktiviteter som frustrerer " +"produsentenes kommersielle planer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1139 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, Section 1201’s first major application was on DVD players as a " "means of enforcing the region coding built into those devices. DVD-CCA, the " @@ -1454,29 +2144,44 @@ msgid "" "disc’s region matched, the player would play the disc; otherwise, it would " "reject it." msgstr "" +"For eksempel var første store anvendelse av paragraf 1201 DVD-spillere, som " +"en måte til å håndheve regionkodingen som er innebygd i disse enhetene. DVD-" +"CCA, som standardiserte DVDer og DVD-spillere, delte verden inn i seks " +"regioner og spesifiserte at DVD-spillere må sjekke hver plate for å finne ut " +"hvilke regioner den var autorisert til å spilles av i. DVD-spillere ville ha " +"sin egen tilsvarende region (en DVD-spiller kjøpt i USA ville være region 1 " +"mens en kjøpt i India ville være region 5). Hvis spilleren og platens region " +"sammenfalt, kunne spilleren spille av platen; Ellers ville den avvise den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1151 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, watching a lawfully produced disc in a country other than the one " -"where you purchased it is not copyright infringement — it’s the " -"opposite. Copyright law imposes this duty on customers for a movie: You must " -"go into a store, find a licensed disc, and pay the asking price. Do that — " -"and <emphasis>nothing else</emphasis> — and you and copyright are square " -"with one another." -msgstr "" +"where you purchased it is not copyright infringement — it’s the opposite. " +"Copyright law imposes this duty on customers for a movie: You must go into a " +"store, find a licensed disc, and pay the asking price. Do that — and " +"<emphasis>nothing else</emphasis> — and you and copyright are square with " +"one another." +msgstr "" +"Men å se en lovlig produsert plate i et annet land enn den der du kjøpte " +"den, er ikke brudd på åndsverksloven – det er det motsatte. Åndsverksloven " +"pålegger kundene denne plikten for en film: Du må gå inn i en butikk, finne " +"en lisensiert plate og betale prisen for den. Gjør det — og " +"<emphasis>ingenting annet</emphasis> — så har du og åndsverksloven ingenting " +"usnakket." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1159 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fact that a movie studio wants to charge Indians less than Americans or " "release in Australia later than it releases in the U.K. has no bearing on " "copyright law. Once you lawfully acquire a DVD, it is no copyright " "infringement to watch it no matter where you happen to be." msgstr "" +"Det faktum at et filmstudio ønsker å kreve mindre betaling fra indere enn " +"amerikanere eller gi den ut i Australia senere enn i Storbritannia, har " +"ingen betydning for åndsverksloven. Når du lovlig anskaffer en DVD, er det " +"ingen brudd på opphavsretten å se den uansett hvor du tilfeldigvis er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1166 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So DVD and DVD player manufacturers would not be able to use accusations of " "abetting copyright infringement to punish manufacturers who made " @@ -1484,57 +2189,75 @@ msgid "" "that modified players to let you watch out-of-region discs or software " "programmers who created programs to let you do this." msgstr "" +"Så produsenter av DVD og DVD-spillere skulle ikke være i stand til å bruke " +"beskyldninger om brudd på opphavsretten for å straffe produsenter som laget " +"ikke-samsvarende spillere som kunne spille plater fra en hvilken som helst " +"region, eller reparasjonsverksteder som endret spillere for å la deg se " +"disker utenfor riktig region, eller dataprogrammerere som laget programmer " +"som lot deg gjøre dette." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1174 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s where Section 1201 of the DMCA comes in: By banning tampering with an " -"“access control,” the rule gave manufacturers and rights holders standing to " -"sue competitors who released superior products with lawful features that the " -"market demanded (in this case, region-free players)." +"<quote>access control,</quote> the rule gave manufacturers and rights " +"holders standing to sue competitors who released superior products with " +"lawful features that the market demanded (in this case, region-free players)." msgstr "" +"Det er der paragraf 1201 i DMCA kommer inn: Ved å forby tukling med en " +"<quote>tilgangskontroll,</quote> ga regelen produsenter og rettighetshavere " +"grunnlag for å saksøke konkurrenter som markedsførte bedre produkter med " +"lovlige egenskaper som markedet krevde (i dette tilfellet regionfrie " +"spillere)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1181 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is an odious scam against consumers, but as time went by, Section 1201 " "grew to encompass a rapidly expanding constellation of devices and services " "as canny manufacturers have realized certain things:" msgstr "" +"Dette er en stygg svindel mot forbrukerne, men etter hvert som tiden gikk, " +"vokste paragraf 1201 til å omfatte en raskt voksende samling av enheter og " +"tjenester etterhvert som dyktige produsenter har innsett visse ting:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1189 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" -"Any device with software in it contains a “copyrighted work” — i.e., the " -"software." +"Any device with software in it contains a <quote>copyrighted work</quote> — " +"i.e., the software." msgstr "" +"Alt utstyr med programvare i, inneholder et <quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"verk</quote> – det vil si programvaren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1195 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "A device can be designed so that reconfiguring the software requires " -"bypassing an “access control for copyrighted works,” which is a potential " -"felony under Section 1201." +"bypassing an <quote>access control for copyrighted works,</quote> which is a " +"potential felony under Section 1201." msgstr "" +"Datautstyr kan konstrueres slik at å rekonfigurere programvaren krever at en " +"omgår en <quote>adgangskontroll for opphavsrettsbeskyttede verk</quote> som " +"er et potensielt lovbrudd etter paragraf 1201." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1202 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> msgid "" "Thus, companies can control their customers’ behavior after they take home " "their purchases by designing products so that all unpermitted uses require " "modifications that fall afoul of Section 1201." msgstr "" +"Dermed kan selskaper kontrollere kundenes atferd, etterat de har tatt med " +"seg sine kjøp hjem, ved å designe produkter slik at alle ikke-tillatt bruk " +"krever modifiseringer som bryter med paragraf 1201." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1210 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Section 1201 then becomes a means for manufacturers of all descriptions to " "force their customers to arrange their affairs to benefit the manufacturers’ " "shareholders instead of themselves." msgstr "" +"Paragraf 1201 blir da et middel for produsenter av alle beskrivelser til å " +"tvinge sine kunder til å ordne sine saker til fordel for produsentenes " +"aksjonærer i stedet til fordel for kundene selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1215 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This manifests in many ways: from a new generation of inkjet printers that " "use countermeasures to prevent third-party ink that cannot be bypassed " @@ -1543,23 +2266,36 @@ msgid "" "recognized by the tractor’s control system until it is supplied with a " "manufacturer’s unlock code." msgstr "" +"Dette manifesterer seg på mange måter: Fra en ny generasjon blekkskrivere " +"som bruker mottiltak for å forhindre tredjepartsblekk som ikke kan omgås " +"uten juridisk risiko, - til lignende systemer i traktorer som hindrer " +"tredjepartsteknikkere i å bytte ut produsentens egne deler, med deler som " +"ikke gjenkjennes av traktorens kontrollsystem før den leveres med den " +"opprinnelige produsentens opplåsingskode." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1224 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both " -"third-party service and third-party software installation. This allows Apple " -"to decide when an iPhone is beyond repair and must be shredded and " -"landfilled as opposed to the iPhone’s purchaser. (Apple is notorious for its " +"Closer to home, Apple’s iPhones use these measures to prevent both third-" +"party service and third-party software installation. This allows Apple to " +"decide when an iPhone is beyond repair and must be shredded and landfilled " +"as opposed to the iPhone’s purchaser. (Apple is notorious for its " "environmentally catastrophic policy of destroying old electronics rather " "than permitting them to be cannibalized for parts.) This is a very useful " "power to wield, especially in light of CEO Tim Cook’s January 2019 warning " "to investors that the company’s profits are endangered by customers choosing " "to hold onto their phones for longer rather than replacing them." msgstr "" +"Nærmere hjemme bruker Apples iPhone disse tiltakene for å forhindre både " +"tredjepartstjeneste og tredjeparts programvareinstallasjon. Dette gjør at " +"Apple kan bestemme når en iPhone ikke kan repareres og må makuleres og " +"deponeres, imot hensynet til iPhone-kjøperen. (Apple er notorisk kjent for " +"sin negative miljøpolitikk som ødelegger gammel elektronikk i stedet for " +"tillate delebruk.) Dette er en svært nyttig maktutøvelse, spesielt i lys av " +"at administrerende direktør Tim Cook i januar 2019 advarte investorer om at " +"selskapets fortjeneste er truet av kunder som velger å beholde sine " +"telefoner lenger i stedet for å erstatte dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1237 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Apple’s use of copyright locks also allows it to establish a monopoly over " "how its customers acquire software for their mobile devices. The App Store’s " @@ -1569,72 +2305,112 @@ msgid "" "app. This comes out of the bottom line of software developers, who must " "either charge more or accept lower profits for their products." msgstr "" +"Apples bruk av opphavsrettslåser gjør det også mulig å monopolisere kundenes " +"programvarekjøp til sine mobile enheter. App Stores kommersielle vilkår " +"garanterer Apple en andel av alle inntekter generert av appene som selges " +"der, noe som betyr at Apple får betalt når du kjøper en app fra butikken og " +"deretter fortsetter å få betalt hver gang du kjøper noe ved hjelp av den " +"appen. Dette kommer ra bunnlinjen til programvareutviklere, som enten må ta " +"mer betalt eller akseptere lavere fortjeneste for sine produkter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1247 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Crucially, Apple’s use of copyright locks gives it the power to make " "editorial decisions about which apps you may and may not install on your own " -"device. Apple has used this power to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/5982243/Apple-bans-dictionary-from-App-Store-over-swear-words.html\">reject " -"dictionaries</ulink> for containing obscene words; to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/538kan/apple-just-banned-the-app-that-tracks-us-drone-strikes-again\">limit " -"political speech</ulink>, especially from apps that make sensitive political " -"commentary such as an app that notifies you every time a U.S. drone kills " -"someone somewhere in the world; and to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-19-palestinian-indie-game-must-not-be-called-a-game-apple-says\">object " -"to a game</ulink> that commented on the Israel-Palestine conflict." -msgstr "" +"device. Apple has used this power to <ulink url=\"https://www.telegraph.co." +"uk/technology/apple/5982243/Apple-bans-dictionary-from-App-Store-over-swear-" +"words.html\">reject dictionaries</ulink> for containing obscene words; to " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/538kan/apple-just-banned-the-" +"app-that-tracks-us-drone-strikes-again\">limit political speech</ulink>, " +"especially from apps that make sensitive political commentary such as an app " +"that notifies you every time a U.S. drone kills someone somewhere in the " +"world; and to <ulink url=\"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-19-" +"palestinian-indie-game-must-not-be-called-a-game-apple-says\">object to a " +"game</ulink> that commented on the Israel-Palestine conflict." +msgstr "" +"Avgjørende er det at Apples bruk av opphavsrett låser inn og gir den makt " +"til å ta redaksjonelle beslutninger om hvilke apper du kan og ikke kan " +"installere på din egen enhet. Apple har brukt denne makten til å <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/5982243/Apple-bans-dictionary-" +"from-App-Store-over-swear-words.html\">avise ordbøker</ulink> for å " +"inneholde uanstendige ord; til <ulink url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/" +"article/538kan/apple-just-banned-the-app-that-tracks-us-drone-strikes-again" +"\">begrense politiske uttalelser</ulink>, spesielt fra apper som gjør " +"sensitive politiske kommentarer, som en app som varsler deg hver gang en " +"amerikansk drone dreper noen et sted i verden; Og til <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-05-19-palestinian-indie-game-must-not-be-" +"called-a-game-apple-says\">har innvending mot et spill</ulink> som " +"kommenterte Israel-Palestina-konflikten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1260 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Apple often justifies monopoly power over software installation in the name " "of security, arguing that its vetting of apps for its store means that it " "can guard its users against apps that contain surveillance code. But this " -"cuts both ways. In China, the government <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.ft.com/content/ad42e536-cf36-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc\">ordered " -"Apple to prohibit the sale of privacy tools</ulink> like VPNs with the " -"exception of VPNs that had deliberately introduced flaws designed to let the " -"Chinese state eavesdrop on users. Because Apple uses technological " -"countermeasures — with legal backstops — to block customers from installing " -"unauthorized apps, Chinese iPhone owners cannot readily (or legally) acquire " -"VPNs that would protect them from Chinese state snooping." -msgstr "" +"cuts both ways. In China, the government <ulink url=\"https://www.ft.com/" +"content/ad42e536-cf36-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc\">ordered Apple to prohibit the " +"sale of privacy tools</ulink> like VPNs with the exception of VPNs that had " +"deliberately introduced flaws designed to let the Chinese state eavesdrop on " +"users. Because Apple uses technological countermeasures — with legal " +"backstops — to block customers from installing unauthorized apps, Chinese " +"iPhone owners cannot readily (or legally) acquire VPNs that would protect " +"them from Chinese state snooping." +msgstr "" +"Apple rettferdiggjør ofte monopolmakt over programvareinstallasjon ut fra " +"sikkerhetshensynet, og hevder at dets verifisering av apper for butikken sin " +"betyr at den kan beskytte brukerne mot apper som inneholder overvåkingskode. " +"Men dette går begge veier. I Kina beordret regjeringen <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.ft.com/content/ad42e536-cf36-11e7-b781-794ce08b24dc\">Apple til å forby " +"salg av personvernverktøy</ulink> som VPN med unntak av VPN-er som bevisst " +"hadde innført designfeil for å la den kinesiske staten tyvlytte på brukere. " +"Fordi Apple bruker teknologiske mottiltak – med juridisk beskyttelse – for å " +"blokkere kunder fra å installere uautoriserte apper, kan ikke kinesiske " +"iPhone-eiere lett (eller lovlig) skaffe VPN-er som ville beskytte dem mot " +"kinesisk statssnoking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1274 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a “rogue capitalism.” Theoreticians of " -"capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink " -"url=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_signal\">aggregates information in " -"the form of consumers’ decisions</ulink>, producing efficient " -"markets. Surveillance capitalism’s supposed power to rob its victims of " -"their free will through computationally supercharged influence campaigns " -"means that our markets no longer aggregate customers’ decisions because we " -"customers no longer decide — we are given orders by surveillance " -"capitalism’s mind-control rays." -msgstr "" +"Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote> " +"Theoreticians of capitalism claim that its virtue is that it <ulink url=" +"\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_signal\">aggregates information in the " +"form of consumers’ decisions</ulink>, producing efficient markets. " +"Surveillance capitalism’s supposed power to rob its victims of their free " +"will through computationally supercharged influence campaigns means that our " +"markets no longer aggregate customers’ decisions because we customers no " +"longer decide — we are given orders by surveillance capitalism’s mind-" +"control rays." +msgstr "" +"Zuboff kaller overvåkingskapitalismen en <quote>bedragersk kapitalisme. </" +"quote> Kapitalismens teoretikere hevder at dens dyd er at den <ulink url=" +"\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price_signal\">aggregerer informasjon om " +"forbrukernes beslutninger</ulink>, som produserer effektive markeder. " +"Overvåkingskapitalismens antatte makt til å bemektige seg sine ofres frie " +"vilje gjennom beregnede, superladede innflytelseskampanjer som betyr at våre " +"markeder ikke lenger samler kundenes beslutninger fordi vi kunder ikke " +"lenger bestemmer - vi får ordrer av overvåkingskapitalismens " +"tankekontrollstråler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1285 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If our concern is that markets cease to function when consumers can no " "longer make choices, then copyright locks should concern us at " "<emphasis>least</emphasis> as much as influence campaigns. An influence " "campaign might nudge you to buy a certain brand of phone; but the copyright " "locks on that phone absolutely determine where you get it serviced, which " -"apps can run on it, and when you have to throw it away rather than fixing " -"it." +"apps can run on it, and when you have to throw it away rather than fixing it." msgstr "" +"Hvis vår bekymring er at markedene slutter å fungere når forbrukerne ikke " +"lenger kan ta valg, bør opphavsrettslåser angå oss <emphasis>minst</" +"emphasis> så mye som innflytelseskampanjer. En påvirkningskampanje kan skyve " +"deg til å kjøpe et bestemt telefonmerke. men opphavsretten låser denne " +"telefonen helt til å bestemme hvor du får det reparert, hvilke apper som kan " +"kjøre på den, og når du må kvitte deg med den i stedet for å fikse den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1294 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Search order and the right to the future tense" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Søkerekkefølge og retten til en spennende fremtid" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1296 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Markets are posed as a kind of magic: By discovering otherwise hidden " "information conveyed by the free choices of consumers, those consumers’ " @@ -1642,79 +2418,123 @@ msgid "" "efficient allocations—more efficient than any computer could calculate. But " "monopolies are incompatible with that notion. When you only have one app " "store, the owner of the store — not the consumer — decides on the range of " -"choices. As Boss Tweed once said, “I don’t care who does the electing, so " -"long as I get to do the nominating.” A monopolized market is an election " -"whose candidates are chosen by the monopolist." -msgstr "" +"choices. As Boss Tweed once said, <quote>I don’t care who does the electing, " +"so long as I get to do the nominating.</quote> A monopolized market is an " +"election whose candidates are chosen by the monopolist." +msgstr "" +"Markedene fremstilles som en slags magi: Ved å oppdage ellers skjult " +"informasjon formidlet av de frie valgene til forbrukerne, blir disse " +"forbrukernes lokale kunnskap integrert i et selv korrigerende system som " +"gjør effektive tildelinger - mer effektive enn noen datamaskin kunne " +"beregne. Men monopoler er uforenlige med den oppfatningen. Når du bare har " +"én appbutikk, bestemmer eieren av butikken – ikke forbrukeren – bredden i " +"utvalget. Som Boss Tweed en gang sa: <quote>Jeg bryr meg ikke om hvem som " +"velger, så lenge jeg får lage innstillingen.</quote> Et monopolisert marked " +"er et valg der utvalget er valgt ut av monopolisten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1308 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This ballot rigging is made more pernicious by the existence of monopolies " "over search order. Google’s search market share is about 90%. When Google’s " "ranking algorithm puts a result for a popular search term in its top 10, " "that helps determine the behavior of millions of people. If Google’s answer " -"to “Are vaccines dangerous?” is a page that rebuts anti-vax conspiracy " -"theories, then a sizable portion of the public will learn that vaccines are " -"safe. If, on the other hand, Google sends those people to a site affirming " -"the anti-vax conspiracies, a sizable portion of those millions will come " -"away convinced that vaccines are dangerous." -msgstr "" +"to <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</quote> is a page that rebuts anti-vax " +"conspiracy theories, then a sizable portion of the public will learn that " +"vaccines are safe. If, on the other hand, Google sends those people to a " +"site affirming the anti-vax conspiracies, a sizable portion of those " +"millions will come away convinced that vaccines are dangerous." +msgstr "" +"Oppsettet av stemmeseddelen skades mer ved eksistensen av søkeorden-" +"monopoler. Googles søkemarkedsandel er ca 90%. Når Googles " +"rangeringsalgoritme legger et resultat for et populært søkeord i topp 10, " +"bidrar det til å bestemme atferden til millioner av mennesker. Hvis Googles " +"svar på <quote>Er vaksiner farlige?</quote> er en side som motbeviser anti-" +"vaksine konspirasjonsteorier, vil en betydelig del av publikum lære at " +"vaksiner er trygge. Hvis Google derimot sender disse menneskene til et " +"nettsted som bekrefter anti-vaksine-konspirasjonene, vil en betydelig del av " +"disse millionene komme bort overbevist om at vaksiner er farlige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1320 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google’s algorithm is often tricked into serving disinformation as a " "prominent search result. But in these cases, Google isn’t persuading people " "to change their minds; it’s just presenting something untrue as fact when " "the user has no cause to doubt it." msgstr "" +"Googles algoritme blir ofte lurt til å støtte desinformasjon som et tydelig " +"søkeresultat. Men i disse tilfellene overtaler ikke Google folk til å " +"ombestemme seg. det presenteres bare noe usant som faktum når brukeren ikke " +"har noen grunn til å trekke det i tvil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1326 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This is true whether the search is for “Are vaccines dangerous?” or “best " -"restaurants near me.” Most users will never look past the first page of " -"search results, and when the overwhelming majority of people all use the " -"same search engine, the ranking algorithm deployed by that search engine " -"will determine myriad outcomes (whether to adopt a child, whether to have " -"cancer surgery, where to eat dinner, where to move, where to apply for a " -"job) to a degree that vastly outstrips any behavioral outcomes dictated by " -"algorithmic persuasion techniques." -msgstr "" +"This is true whether the search is for <quote>Are vaccines dangerous?</" +"quote> or <quote>best restaurants near me.</quote> Most users will never " +"look past the first page of search results, and when the overwhelming " +"majority of people all use the same search engine, the ranking algorithm " +"deployed by that search engine will determine myriad outcomes (whether to " +"adopt a child, whether to have cancer surgery, where to eat dinner, where to " +"move, where to apply for a job) to a degree that vastly outstrips any " +"behavioral outcomes dictated by algorithmic persuasion techniques." +msgstr "" +"Dette gjelder enten søket er for <quote>Er vaksiner farlige?</quote> eller " +"<quote>beste restauranter i nærheten av meg.</quote> De fleste brukere vil " +"aldri se forbi den første siden med søkeresultater, og når det store " +"flertallet bruker samme søkemotor, vil rangeringsalgoritmen gitt av denne " +"søkemotoren bestemme utallige utfall (om å adoptere et barn, om å ha " +"kreftkirurgi, hvor de skal spise middag, hvor de skal flytte, hvor du skal " +"søke jobb) som i stor grad overgår mulige atferdsutfall diktert av " +"algoritmiske overtalelsesteknikker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many of the questions we ask search engines have no empirically correct " -"answers: “Where should I eat dinner?” is not an objective question. Even " -"questions that do have correct answers (“Are vaccines dangerous?”) don’t " -"have one empirically superior source for that answer. Many pages affirm the " -"safety of vaccines, so which one goes first? Under conditions of " -"competition, consumers can choose from many search engines and stick with " -"the one whose algorithmic judgment suits them best, but under conditions of " -"monopoly, we all get our answers from the same place." -msgstr "" +"answers: <quote>Where should I eat dinner?</quote> is not an objective " +"question. Even questions that do have correct answers (<quote>Are vaccines " +"dangerous?</quote>) don’t have one empirically superior source for that " +"answer. Many pages affirm the safety of vaccines, so which one goes first? " +"Under conditions of competition, consumers can choose from many search " +"engines and stick with the one whose algorithmic judgment suits them best, " +"but under conditions of monopoly, we all get our answers from the same place." +msgstr "" +"Mange av spørsmålene vi stiller til søkemotorer har ingen empirisk riktige " +"svar: <quote>Hvor skal jeg spise middag?</quote> er ikke et objektivt " +"spørsmål. Selv spørsmål som har riktige svar (<quote>Er vaksiner farlige?</" +"quote>) har ikke en empirisk overlegen kilde til det svaret. Mange sider " +"bekrefter sikkerheten til vaksiner, så hvilken går først? Ved konkurranse " +"kan forbrukerne velge mellom mange søkemotorer og holde seg til den der " +"algoritme-dommen passer best for dem, men i en monopolsituasjon får vi alle " +"våre svar fra samme sted." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1348 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Google’s search dominance isn’t a matter of pure merit: The company has " -"leveraged many tactics that would have been prohibited under classical, " -"pre-Ronald-Reagan antitrust enforcement standards to attain its " -"dominance. After all, this is a company that has developed two major " -"products: a really good search engine and a pretty good Hotmail clone. Every " -"other major success it’s had — Android, YouTube, Google Maps, etc. — has " -"come through an acquisition of a nascent competitor. Many of the company’s " -"key divisions, such as the advertising technology of DoubleClick, violate " -"the historical antitrust principle of structural separation, which forbade " -"firms from owning subsidiaries that competed with their " -"customers. Railroads, for example, were barred from owning freight companies " -"that competed with the shippers whose freight they carried." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1364 +"leveraged many tactics that would have been prohibited under classical, pre-" +"Ronald-Reagan antitrust enforcement standards to attain its dominance. After " +"all, this is a company that has developed two major products: a really good " +"search engine and a pretty good Hotmail clone. Every other major success " +"it’s had — Android, YouTube, Google Maps, etc. — has come through an " +"acquisition of a nascent competitor. Many of the company’s key divisions, " +"such as the advertising technology of DoubleClick, violate the historical " +"antitrust principle of structural separation, which forbade firms from " +"owning subsidiaries that competed with their customers. Railroads, for " +"example, were barred from owning freight companies that competed with the " +"shippers whose freight they carried." +msgstr "" +"Googles søkedominans er ikke et spørsmål om ren fortjeneste: Selskapet har " +"utnyttet mange taktikker som ville ha blitt forbudt under klassiske, pre-" +"Ronald-Reagan antitrust håndhevelsestandarder for å oppnå sin dominans. " +"Tross alt er dette et selskap som har utviklet to store produkter: En veldig " +"god søkemotor og en ganske god Hot-mail klone. Hver annen større suksess det " +"har hatt - Android, YouTube, Google Maps, etc. - har kommet gjennom et " +"oppkjøp av en gryende konkurrent. Mange av selskapets sentrale divisjoner, " +"som reklameteknologien til DoubleClick, bryter med det historiske " +"antitrustprinsippet om strukturell separasjon, som forbød bedrifter å eie " +"datterselskaper som konkurrerte med sine kunder. Jernbaner, for eksempel, " +"ble utestengt fra å eie fraktselskaper som konkurrerte med avsenderne de " +"fraktet for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If we’re worried about giant companies subverting markets by stripping " "consumers of their ability to make free choices, then vigorous antitrust " @@ -1724,9 +2544,15 @@ msgid "" "(and good judgment, too) of Google search engineers and product managers " "would not have such an outsized effect on consumer choice." msgstr "" +"Hvis vi er bekymret for at gigantiske selskaper skal undergrave markeder ved " +"å strippe forbrukerne evne til å gjøre frie valg, så er kraftig antitrust-" +"håndhevelse et utmerket middel. Hvis vi hadde nektet Google retten til å " +"gjennomføre sine mange fusjoner, ville vi også sannsynligvis ha nektet det " +"sin totale søkedominans. Uten denne dominansen ville ikke yndlings-teoriene, " +"skjevhetene, feilene (og god dømmekraft) hos Googlec søkeingeniører og " +"produktansvarlige ha en så stor effekt på forbrukervalg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1374 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This goes for many other companies. Amazon, a classic surveillance " "capitalist, is obviously the dominant tool for searching Amazon — though " @@ -1741,9 +2567,20 @@ msgid "" "monopoly for stripping consumers of their right to the future tense and the " "ability to shape markets by making informed choices." msgstr "" +"Dette gjelder også for mange andre selskaper. Amazon, en klassisk " +"overvåkingskapitalist, er åpenbart det dominerende verktøyet for å søke i " +"Amazon - selv om mange mennesker finner veien til Amazon gjennom Google-søk " +"og Facebook-innlegg - og Amazon kontrollerer åpenbart Amazon-søk. Det betyr " +"at Amazons egenbetjente redaksjonelle valg – som å fremme sine egne " +"varemerker fremfor rivaliserende varer fra selgerne, samt egne " +"yndlingsteorier, fordommer og feil – bestemmer mye av det vi kjøper på " +"Amazon. Og siden Amazon er den dominerende nettforhandler utenfor Kina, og " +"siden det er oppnådd dominans ved å kjøpe opp både store rivaler og gryende " +"konkurrenter i tross for historiske antitrust regler, kan vi klandre " +"monopolet for å frata forbrukere deres rett til en spennende fremtid og " +"evnen til å forme markeder ved å gjøre informerte valg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1389 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Not every monopolist is a surveillance capitalist, but that doesn’t mean " "they’re not able to shape consumer choices in wide-ranging ways. Zuboff " @@ -1757,28 +2594,45 @@ msgid "" "new products to launch, effectively using independent software vendors as " "free-market researchers, then forcing them out of any markets they discover." msgstr "" +"Ikke alle monopolister er en overvåkingskapitalist, men det betyr ikke at de " +"ikke er i stand til å forme forbrukervalg som favner vidt. Zuboff hyller " +"Apple for sin App Store og iTunes Store, og insisterer på at det å legge til " +"prislapper på funksjonene på plattformene har vært hemmeligheten bak å " +"motstå overvåking og dermed skape markeder. Men Apple er den eneste " +"forhandleren som har lov til å selge på sine plattformer, og det er den nest " +"største leverandøren av mobilenheter i verden. De uavhengige " +"programvareleverandørene som selger gjennom Apples markedsplass anklager " +"selskapet for de samme overvåkingssyndene som Amazon og andre store " +"forhandlere: spionere på sine kunder for å finne lukrative nye produkter å " +"lansere, å effektivt bruke uavhengige programvareleverandører til fritt å " +"utforske markedet, og deretter tvinge dem ut av alle markeder de oppdager." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1404 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Because of its use of copyright locks, Apple’s mobile customers are not " "legally allowed to switch to a rival retailer for its apps if they want to " "do so on an iPhone. Apple, obviously, is the only entity that gets to decide " "how it ranks the results of search queries in its stores. These decisions " "ensure that some apps are often installed (because they appear on page one) " -"and others are never installed (because they appear on page one " -"million). Apple’s search-ranking design decisions have a vastly more " -"significant effect on consumer behaviors than influence campaigns delivered " -"by surveillance capitalism’s ad-serving bots." -msgstr "" +"and others are never installed (because they appear on page one million). " +"Apple’s search-ranking design decisions have a vastly more significant " +"effect on consumer behaviors than influence campaigns delivered by " +"surveillance capitalism’s ad-serving bots." +msgstr "" +"Ved bruk av opphavsrettslåser har Apples mobilkunder ikke lov til å bytte " +"sine Iphone-apper til en rivaliserende forhandler hvis de ønsker det. Apple " +"er åpenbart den eneste enheten som får bestemme hvordan den rangerer " +"resultatene av søk i butikkene sine. Disse beslutningene sikrer at enkelte " +"apper ofte installeres (fordi de vises på side én) og andre aldri " +"installeres (fordi de vises på side én million). Apples beslutninger om " +"søkedesign har en vesentlig større virkning på forbrukeratferd enn å påvirke " +"kampanjer levert av overvåkingskapitalismens roboter for annonselevering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1416 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Monopolists can afford sleeping pills for watchdogs" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Monopolister har råd til sovepiller for vakthundene" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1418 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Only the most extreme market ideologues think that markets can self-regulate " "without state oversight. Markets need watchdogs — regulators, lawmakers, and " @@ -1788,27 +2642,40 @@ msgid "" "activities that companies are able to get away with because no one is " "holding them to account." msgstr "" +"Bare de mest ekstreme markedsideologene tror at markedene selvregulerer uten " +"statlig tilsyn. Markeder trenger vakthunder – regulatorer, lovgivere og " +"andre demokratiske kontrollelementer – for at de skal være pålitelige. Når " +"disse vaktbikkjene sover på jobben, slutter markedene å aggregere " +"forbrukervalg, fordi disse valgene begrenses av illegitime og villedende " +"aktiviteter, som selskaper klarer å komme unna med, fordi ingen holder dem " +"ansvarlige." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1428 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But this kind of regulatory capture doesn’t come cheap. In competitive " "sectors, where rivals are constantly eroding one another’s margins, " "individual firms lack the surplus capital to effectively lobby for laws and " "regulations that serve their ends." msgstr "" +"Men denne typen regulatoriske seire kommer ikke billig. I konkurransedyktige " +"sektorer, der rivaler stadig svekker hverandres marginer, mangler " +"enkeltbedrifter overskuddskapital til effektivt å lobbe for lover og " +"forskrifter som tjener sine formål." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1434 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many of the harms of surveillance capitalism are the result of weak or " "nonexistent regulation. Those regulatory vacuums spring from the power of " "monopolists to resist stronger regulation and to tailor what regulation " "exists to permit their existing businesses." msgstr "" +"Mye av skadene fra overvåkningskapitalisem er resultat av svak eller " +"manglende regulering. Dette fravær av regulering kommer av makten " +"monopolistene har til å hindre sterkere regulering og å tilpasse den " +"reguleringen som finnes slik at det gjør deres eksisterende " +"forretningsmodell mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1440 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Here’s an example: When firms over-collect and over-retain our data, they " "are at increased risk of suffering a breach — you can’t leak data you never " @@ -1817,16 +2684,22 @@ msgid "" "ever-worsening data breaches, each one uniquely horrible in the scale of " "data breached and the sensitivity of that data." msgstr "" +"Her er et eksempel: Når bedrifter samler inn for mye og lagrer våre data for " +"lenge, så øker de risikoen for å utsettes for datalekkasje – du kan ikke " +"lekke data du aldri har samlet inn, og når du sletter alle kopier av disse " +"dataene, kan du ikke lenger lekke dem. I mer enn et tiår har vi levd gjennom " +"en endeløs rekke av stadig forverrede datalekkasjer, hvert og ett helt " +"avskyelig i omfanget og i hvor sensive disse datasettene har vært." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1449 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But still, firms continue to over-collect and over-retain our data for three " "reasons:" msgstr "" +"Men likevel fortsetter bedrifter av tre grunner å over-samle og over-beholde " +"våre data:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1453 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">1. They are locked in the aforementioned limbic " "arms race with our capacity to shore up our attentional defense systems to " @@ -1838,13 +2711,21 @@ msgid "" "it, hastening the day in which all potential refrigerator buyers have been " "inured to the pitch." msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">1. De er låst i det nevnte lemlestende " +"våpenkappløpet opp mot vår evne til å sikre oppmerksomhet fra våre " +"forsvarssystemer til å motstå de nye overtalelsesteknikker deres.</emphasis> " +"De er også låst i et våpenkappløp med sine konkurrenter for å finne nye " +"måter å målrette folk til sine salgssteder. Så snart de oppdager et mykt " +"sted i vårt oppmerksomhetsforsvar (en mot-intuitiv, ulydig måte å målrette " +"potensielle kjøleskap kjøpere på), begynner publikum å bli oppmerksom på " +"taktikken, og konkurrentene deres hopper på den, fremskyndes dagen der alle " +"potensielle kjøleskapskjøpere har kommet på banen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1465 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism " -"story.</emphasis> Data is cheap to aggregate and store, and both proponents " -"and opponents of surveillance capitalism have assured managers and product " +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. They believe the surveillance capitalism story." +"</emphasis> Data is cheap to aggregate and store, and both proponents and " +"opponents of surveillance capitalism have assured managers and product " "designers that if you collect enough data, you will be able to perform " "sorcerous acts of mind control, thus supercharging your sales. Even if you " "never figure out how to profit from the data, someone else will eventually " @@ -1853,25 +2734,41 @@ msgid "" "will buy it from you for more than you paid for it, often to sell to someone " "else at an even greater price." msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">2. De tror på overvåkingskapitalismens historie.</" +"emphasis> Data er billige å samle og lagre, og både tilhengere og " +"motstandere av overvåkingskapitalismen har forsikret ledere og " +"produktdesignere om at hvis du samler inn nok data, vil du kunne utføre " +"trolldom med mental kontroll, og dermed overoppfylle salget. Selv om du " +"aldri finner ut hvordan du kan tjene på dataene, noen andre vil til slutt " +"tilby å kjøpe de fra deg for å gjøre et forsøk. Dette er kjennetegner alle " +"økonomiske bobler: Å anskaffe en eiendel med antagelsen om at noen andre vil " +"kjøpe den fra deg for mer enn du betalte for det, ofte å selge til noen " +"andre til en enda høyere pris." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1478 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are " -"negligible.</emphasis> Most countries limit these penalties to actual " -"damages, meaning that consumers who’ve had their data breached have to show " -"actual monetary harms to get a reward. In 2014, Home Depot disclosed that it " -"had lost credit-card data for 53 million of its customers, but it settled " -"the matter by paying those customers about $0.34 each — and a third of that " -"$0.34 wasn’t even paid in cash. It took the form of a credit to procure a " -"largely ineffectual credit-monitoring service." -msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. The penalties for leaking data are negligible.</" +"emphasis> Most countries limit these penalties to actual damages, meaning " +"that consumers who’ve had their data breached have to show actual monetary " +"harms to get a reward. In 2014, Home Depot disclosed that it had lost credit-" +"card data for 53 million of its customers, but it settled the matter by " +"paying those customers about $0.34 each — and a third of that $0.34 wasn’t " +"even paid in cash. It took the form of a credit to procure a largely " +"ineffectual credit-monitoring service." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">3. Straffen for å lekke data er ubetydelig.</" +"emphasis> De fleste land begrenser disse straffene til faktiske tap, noe som " +"betyr at forbrukere som har fått sine data misbrukt, må vise til faktiske " +"pengetap for å få en erstatning. I 2014 avslørte Home Depot at de hadde " +"mistet kredittkortdata for 53 millioner av sine kunder. Saken ble avgjort " +"ved å betale disse kundene rundt $ 0,34 hver - og en tredjedel av de $ 0,34 " +"ble ikke engang betalt i kontanter. Det tok form av en kreditt til å dekke " +"en i stor grad ineffektiv kreditt-overvåkingstjeneste." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1489 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these " -"actual-damages rules capture. Identity thieves and fraudsters are wily and " +"But the harms from breaches are much more extensive than these actual-" +"damages rules capture. Identity thieves and fraudsters are wily and " "endlessly inventive. All the vast breaches of our century are being " "continuously recombined, the data sets merged and mined for new ways to " "victimize the people whose data was present in them. Any reasonable, " @@ -1879,48 +2776,71 @@ msgid "" "confine damages to actual damages but rather would allow users to claim " "these future harms." msgstr "" +"Men skadene fra bruddene er mye mer omfattende enn de faktiske tapene som " +"reglene fanger opp. Identitetstyver og svindlere er kloke og uendelige " +"oppfinnsomme. Alle de store bruddene i vårt århundre blir kontinuerlig " +"rekombinert, datasettene fusjonert og brukt til nye måter å gjøre folk til " +"ofre på når dataene om dem var tilgjengelige. Enhver rimelig, bevisbasert " +"teori om avskrekking og kompensasjon for brudd ville ikke begrense skader " +"til faktiske tap, men heller ville tillate brukere å stille krav for " +"fremtidige tap." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1499 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "However, even the most ambitious privacy rules, such as the EU General Data " "Protection Regulation, fall far short of capturing the negative " -"externalities of the platforms’ negligent over-collection and " -"over-retention, and what penalties they do provide are not aggressively " -"pursued by regulators." +"externalities of the platforms’ negligent over-collection and over-" +"retention, and what penalties they do provide are not aggressively pursued " +"by regulators." msgstr "" +"Men selv de mest ambisiøse personvernreglene, som EUs personvernforordning, " +"fanger langt fra opp de negative eksterne kostnadene ved plattformenes " +"uaktsomme overinnsamling og overoppbevaring, og hvilke straffer den gir, " +"forfølges ikke aggressivt opp av regulatorene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1506 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and " -"over-retention can be ascribed in part to the sheer lobbying muscle of the " +"This tolerance of — or indifference to — data over-collection and over-" +"retention can be ascribed in part to the sheer lobbying muscle of the " "platforms. They are so profitable that they can handily afford to divert " "gigantic sums to fight any real change — that is, change that would force " "them to internalize the costs of their surveillance activities." msgstr "" +"Denne toleransen for – eller likegyldighet til – dataoverinnsamling og " +"overoppbevaring kan delvis tilskrives plattformenes rene lobbyvirksomhet. De " +"er så lønnsomme at de enkelt har råd til å kanalisere gigantiske summer for " +"å bekjempe enhver reell endring - det vil si endring som ville tvinge dem " +"til å internalisere kostnadene til overvåkingsaktivitetene deres." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1514 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And then there’s state surveillance, which the surveillance capitalism story " "dismisses as a relic of another era when the big worry was being jailed for " "your dissident speech, not having your free will stripped away with machine " "learning." msgstr "" +"Og så er det den statlige overvåkningen, som historien til " +"overvåkingskapitalismen avviser som en overlevning fra en annen æra, da den " +"store bekymringen var å bli fengslet som dissidenter, ikke å få din frie " +"vilje strippet bort med maskinlæring." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1520 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But state surveillance and private surveillance are intimately related. As " "we saw when Apple was conscripted by the Chinese government as a vital " "collaborator in state surveillance, the only really affordable and tractable " "way to conduct mass surveillance on the scale practiced by modern states — " -"both “free” and autocratic states — is to suborn commercial services." +"both <quote>free</quote> and autocratic states — is to suborn commercial " +"services." msgstr "" +"Men statlig og privat overvåkning er nært relatert. Som vi så ble Apple " +"innrullert av de kinesiske myndighetene som en vital samarbeidspartner i " +"statlig overvåkning, og den eneste kostnadseffektive og gjennomførbare måten " +"å gjennomføre masseovervåkning i den skalaen det gjøres av moderne stater, " +"både <quote>frie</quote> og autokratiske stater, er å ta i bruk kommersielle " +"tjenester." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1528 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Whether it’s Google being used as a location tracking tool by local law " "enforcement across the U.S. or the use of social media tracking by the " @@ -1937,21 +2857,40 @@ msgid "" "attributed to this symbiotic relationship. There is no mass state " "surveillance without mass commercial surveillance." msgstr "" +"Enten det er Google som brukes som stedsporingsverktøy av lokale " +"politimyndigheter over hele USA, eller bruk av sporing av sosiale medier av " +"Department of Homeland Security for å bygge mapper om deltakere i protester " +"mot Immigrasjon and Customs Enforcement familieseparasjonspraksis, ville " +"mulige strengere grenser for overvåkingskapitalisme, hindre statens egen " +"overvåkingsevne. Uten Palantir, Amazon, Google og andre store " +"teknologileverandører, ville amerikanske politifolk ikke være i stand til å " +"spionere på svarte mennesker, ICE ville ikke være i stand til å håndtere " +"innburing av barn ved USAs grense, og statlige velferdssystemer ville ikke " +"være i stand til å rense sine ruller ved å kle inn grusomhet som faktabasert " +"og hevde at fattige og sårbare mennesker ikke kvalifiserer for hjelp. I det " +"minste bør noen av statenes uvilje mot meningsfulle tiltak for å dempe " +"overvåking tilskrives dette symbiotiske forholdet. Det er ingen statlig " +"masseovervåking uten masse kommersiell overvåking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1546 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Monopolism is key to the project of mass state surveillance. It’s true that " "smaller tech firms are apt to be less well-defended than Big Tech, whose " "security experts are drawn from the tops of their field and who are given " -"enormous resources to secure and monitor their systems against " -"intruders. But smaller firms also have less to protect: fewer users whose " -"data is more fragmented across more systems and have to be suborned one at a " -"time by state actors." -msgstr "" +"enormous resources to secure and monitor their systems against intruders. " +"But smaller firms also have less to protect: fewer users whose data is more " +"fragmented across more systems and have to be suborned one at a time by " +"state actors." +msgstr "" +"Monopoler er nøkkelen til systemet med statlig massestatsovervåkning. Det er " +"sant at mindre teknologifirmaer er tilbøyelige til å være mindre godt " +"forsvart enn Storteknologien, hvis sikkerhetseksperter valgt ut fra toppen i " +"sitt felt, og som får enorme ressurser til å sikre og overvåke sine systemer " +"mot inntrengere. Men mindre bedrifter har også mindre å beskytte seg med: " +"færre brukere med data som er mer fragmentert over flere systemer, og få det " +"til et og et om gangen hos statlige aktører." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1555 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "A concentrated tech sector that works with authorities is a much more " "powerful ally in the project of mass state surveillance than a fragmented " @@ -1965,9 +2904,20 @@ msgid "" "ex-Pentagon and ex-DOD top staffers and officers to work in their own " "government relations departments." msgstr "" +"En konsentrert teknologisektor som samarbeider med myndighetene er en mye " +"kraftigere allierte for å sikre oppgaven med en massestatsovervåking - enn " +"en fragmentert gruppe bestående av mindre aktører. Den amerikanske " +"teknologisektoren er liten nok til at alle topplederne passer inn rundt ett " +"enkelt bord i et styrerom i Trump Tower i 2017, kort tid etter Trumps " +"innsettelse. De fleste av de største aktørene byr på å vinne JEDI, Pentagons " +"$ 10 milliarders Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure sky-kontrakt. I " +"likhet med andre svært konsentrerte bransjer roterer Storteknolgien sine " +"nøkkelansatte inn og ut av offentlig tjeneste, sender dem til tjeneste i " +"Forsvarsdepartementet og Det hvite hus, og ansetter deretter tidligere " +"Pentagon og tidligere DOD-toppansatte og offiserer i sine egne avdelinger " +"for regjeringsrelasjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1569 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "They can even make a good case for doing this: After all, when there are " "only four or five big companies in an industry, everyone qualified to " @@ -1976,16 +2926,22 @@ msgid "" "everyone qualified for a senior role at any of them is by definition working " "at one of the other ones." msgstr "" +"De kan til og med få til en god sak for å gjøre dette: Tross alt, når det " +"bare er fire eller fem store selskaper i en bransje, har alle som er " +"kvalifisert til å regulere disse selskapene, fungert som en leder i minst et " +"par av dem - fordi, på samme måte, når det bare er fem selskaper i en " +"bransje, er alle kvalifisert for en seniorrolle i hvilket helst av dem, " +"arbeider per definisjon hos en av de andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "While surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies certainly abet " "surveillance." msgstr "" +"Selv om overvåking ikke forårsaker monopoler, medvirker monopoler gjerne til " +"overvåking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1583 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Industries that are competitive are fragmented — composed of companies that " "are at each other’s throats all the time and eroding one another’s margins " @@ -1994,9 +2950,14 @@ msgid "" "getting everyone to agree to pool their resources to benefit the industry as " "a whole." msgstr "" +"Bransjer som er konkurransedyktige er fragmentert - sammensatt av selskaper " +"som er i strupen på hverandre hele tiden og svekker hverandres marginer med " +"tilbud for å stjele deres beste kunder. Dette etterlater dem med en mye mer " +"begrenset kapital til lobbyvirksomhet for å oppnå gunstige regler, og en mye " +"vanskeligere jobb for å få alle til å bli enige om å samle sine ressurser " +"til fordel for bransjen som helhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1591 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance combined with machine learning is supposed to be an existential " "crisis, a species-defining moment at which our free will is just a few more " @@ -2004,14 +2965,17 @@ msgid "" "claim, but I <emphasis>do</emphasis> think that tech poses an existential " "threat to our society and possibly our species." msgstr "" +"Overvåking kombinert med maskinlæring er antatt å være en eksistensiell " +"krise, et artsdefinerende øyeblikk hvor vår frie vilje bare er noen få " +"skritt fra å bli skallet vekk. Jeg er skeptisk til denne påstanden, men jeg " +"<emphasis>tror virkelig</emphasis> at teknologi utgjør en eksistensiell " +"trussel mot vårt samfunn og muligens vår art." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1599 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "But that threat grows out of monopoly." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Men den trusselen vokser frem fra monopol." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1602 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "One of the consequences of tech’s regulatory capture is that it can shift " "liability for poor security decisions onto its customers and the wider " @@ -2020,9 +2984,14 @@ msgid "" "and to threaten security researchers who seek to independently audit those " "products." msgstr "" +"En av konsekvensene av teknologiens regulatoriske fangst, er at det kan " +"flytte ansvaret for dårlige sikkerhetsbeslutninger over på kunder sine og " +"samfunnet generelt. Det er helt normalt i teknologi for bedrifter å tilsløre " +"arbeidet med sine produkter, for å gjøre dem bevisst vanskelig å forstå, og " +"å true sikkerhetsforskere som søker en uavhengig gjennomgang av disse " +"produktene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1610 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "IT is the only field in which this is practiced: No one builds a bridge or a " "hospital and keeps the composition of the steel or the equations used to " @@ -2031,9 +3000,14 @@ msgid "" "with whole classes of devices being revealed as vulnerable long after they " "are deployed in the field and put into sensitive places." msgstr "" +"DET er det eneste feltet der dette praktiseres: Ingen som bygger en bro " +"eller et sykehus holder sammensetningen av stålet eller ligningene som " +"brukes til å beregne belastningstress hemmelige. Det er en særlig bisarr " +"praksis som fører, gang på gang, til groteske sikkerhetsfeil i et asburd " +"omfang, med hele klasser av enheter avslørt som sårbare lenge etter at de er " +"utplassert i feltet og benyttet på sensitive områder." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1619 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The monopoly power that keeps any meaningful consequences for breaches at " "bay means that tech companies continue to build terrible products that are " @@ -2043,52 +3017,78 @@ msgid "" "made its 737 fleet a global pariah, a rare instance in which bad tech " "decisions have been seriously punished in the market." msgstr "" +"Kraften i monopoler som holder alle meningsfulle konsekvenser av brudd i " +"sjakk, betyr at teknologiselskaper fortsetter å bygge forferdelige produkter " +"som er usikre i designen, og som ender opp integrert i våre liv, er i " +"besittelse av våre data, og koblet til vår fysiske verden. I årevis har " +"Boeing slitt med etterdønningene av en rekke dårlige teknologibeslutninger " +"som gjorde sin 737-flåte til en global paria, et sjeldent tilfelle der " +"dårlige tekniske beslutninger har blitt alvorlig straffet i markedet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1629 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These bad security decisions are compounded yet again by the use of " -"copyright locks to enforce business-model decisions against " -"consumers. Recall that these locks have become the go-to means for shaping " -"consumer behavior, making it technically impossible to use third-party ink, " -"insulin, apps, or service depots in connection with your lawfully acquired " -"property." +"copyright locks to enforce business-model decisions against consumers. " +"Recall that these locks have become the go-to means for shaping consumer " +"behavior, making it technically impossible to use third-party ink, insulin, " +"apps, or service depots in connection with your lawfully acquired property." msgstr "" +"Disse dårlige sikkerhetsbeslutningene forsterkes nok en gang ved bruk av " +"opphavsrettslåser for å håndheve forretningsmodellbeslutninger rettet mot " +"forbrukerne. Husk at disse låsene har blitt go-to-metoder for å forme " +"forbrukeratferd, noe som gjør det teknisk umulig å bruke tredjeparts blekk, " +"insulin, apper eller servicesteder til din lovlig ervervede eiendel." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1637 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Recall also that these copyright locks are backstopped by legislation (such " "as Section 1201 of the DMCA or Article 6 of the 2001 EU Copyright Directive) " -"that ban tampering with (“circumventing”) them, and these statutes have been " -"used to threaten security researchers who make disclosures about " -"vulnerabilities without permission from manufacturers." +"that ban tampering with (<quote>circumventing</quote>) them, and these " +"statutes have been used to threaten security researchers who make " +"disclosures about vulnerabilities without permission from manufacturers." msgstr "" +"Husk også at disse opphavsrettslåsene har ryggdekning i lovgivningen (for " +"eksempel paragraf 1201 i DMCA eller artikkel 6 i EUs opphavsrettsdirektiv " +"fra 2001) som forbyr manipulering (<quote>omgåelse</quote>) av dem, og disse " +"bestemmelsene har blitt brukt til å true sikkerhetsforskere som avslører " +"sårbarheter uten tillatelse fra produsenter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and " -"criticism. While this is far from the legislative intent of the DMCA and its " -"sister statutes around the world, Congress has not intervened to clarify the " +"This amounts to a manufacturer’s veto over safety warnings and criticism. " +"While this is far from the legislative intent of the DMCA and its sister " +"statutes around the world, Congress has not intervened to clarify the " "statute nor will it because to do so would run counter to the interests of " "powerful, large firms whose lobbying muscle is unstoppable." msgstr "" +"Dette summerer se til en produsents veto over sikkerhetsadvarsler og " +"kritikk. Selv om dette er langt fra lovgivers hensikt med DMCA og dets " +"søstervedtekter rundt om i verden, har Kongressen ikke grepet inn for å " +"klargjøre bestemmelsene, og det vil den heller ikke fordi det ville være å " +"gå mot interessene til mektige, store bedrifter men en ustoppelig " +"lobbystyrke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1653 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Copyright locks are a double whammy: They create bad security decisions that " "can’t be freely investigated or discussed. If markets are supposed to be " "machines for aggregating information (and if surveillance capitalism’s " -"notional mind-control rays are what make it a “rogue capitalism” because it " -"denies consumers the power to make decisions), then a program of legally " -"enforced ignorance of the risks of products makes monopolism even more of a " -"“rogue capitalism” than surveillance capitalism’s influence campaigns." -msgstr "" +"notional mind-control rays are what make it a <quote>rogue capitalism</" +"quote> because it denies consumers the power to make decisions), then a " +"program of legally enforced ignorance of the risks of products makes " +"monopolism even more of a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> than surveillance " +"capitalism’s influence campaigns." +msgstr "" +"Opphavsrettslåser slår dobbelt: De skaper dårlige sikkerhetsbeslutninger som " +"hverken kan undersøkes fritt eller diskuteres. Hvis markedene skal være " +"maskiner for å samle informasjon (og hvis overvåkingskapitalismens nominelle " +"tankekontrollstråler er det som gjør det til en <quote>bedragersk " +"kapitalisme</quote> fordi den nekter forbrukerne makt til å ta " +"beslutninger), gjør et opplegg med lovlig håndhevet uvitenhet om risikoen " +"til produkter gir monopol en enda mer <quote>bedragersk kapitalisme</quote> " +"enn overvåkingskapitalismens lobbykampanjer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1663 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And unlike mind-control rays, enforced silence over security is an " "immediate, documented problem, and it <emphasis>does</emphasis> constitute " @@ -2098,41 +3098,66 @@ msgid "" "say, steering your car or flipping a breaker at a power station — is a kind " "of technology debt." msgstr "" +"Og i motsetning til tankekontrollstråler er håndhevet taushet over sikkerhet " +"et umiddelbart, dokumentert problem, og det <emphasis>utgjør</emphasis> en " +"eksistensiell trussel mot vår sivilisasjon og muligens vår art. Spredningen " +"av usikre enheter - spesielt enheter som spionerer på oss, og spesielt når " +"disse enhetene også kan manipulere den fysiske verden ved for eksempel å " +"styre bilen eller snu en bryter på et kraftverk - er en slags teknologiskyld." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1672 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In software design, “technology debt” refers to old, baked-in decisions that " -"turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago developer decided " -"to incorporate a networking protocol made by a vendor that has since stopped " -"supporting it. But everything in the product still relies on that " -"superannuated protocol, and so, with each revision, the product team has to " -"work around this obsolete core, adding compatibility layers, surrounding it " -"with security checks that try to shore up its defenses, and so on. These " -"Band-Aid measures compound the debt because every subsequent revision has to " -"make allowances for <emphasis>them</emphasis>, too, like interest mounting " -"on a predatory subprime loan. And like a subprime loan, the interest mounts " -"faster than you can hope to pay it off: The product team has to put so much " -"energy into maintaining this complex, brittle system that they don’t have " -"any time left over to refactor the product from the ground up and “pay off " -"the debt” once and for all." -msgstr "" +"In software design, <quote>technology debt</quote> refers to old, baked-in " +"decisions that turn out to be bad ones in hindsight. Perhaps a long-ago " +"developer decided to incorporate a networking protocol made by a vendor that " +"has since stopped supporting it. But everything in the product still relies " +"on that superannuated protocol, and so, with each revision, the product team " +"has to work around this obsolete core, adding compatibility layers, " +"surrounding it with security checks that try to shore up its defenses, and " +"so on. These Band-Aid measures compound the debt because every subsequent " +"revision has to make allowances for <emphasis>them</emphasis>, too, like " +"interest mounting on a predatory subprime loan. And like a subprime loan, " +"the interest mounts faster than you can hope to pay it off: The product team " +"has to put so much energy into maintaining this complex, brittle system that " +"they don’t have any time left over to refactor the product from the ground " +"up and <quote>pay off the debt</quote> once and for all." +msgstr "" +"I programvaredesign refererer <quote>-teknologiskyld</quote> til gamle, " +"innbakte beslutninger som viser seg å stå seg dårlige i ettertid. Kanskje en " +"utvikler for lenge siden besluttet å legge inn en nettverksprotokoll laget " +"av en leverandør som siden har sluttet å støtte den. Men alt i produktet er " +"fortsatt avhengig av den utdaterte protokollen, og så, ved hver revisjon, må " +"produktteamet omgå denne foreldede kjernen, legge til kompatibilitetslag, " +"omgi den med sikkerhetskontroller som støtter forsvaret, og så videre. Disse " +"Band-Aid-tiltakene binder sammen skylden, fordi hver påfølgende revisjon må " +"kompensere også for <emphasis>dem</emphasis>, som renter baller på seg for " +"dårlige lån. Og som et dårlig lån, stiger rentekostnaden raskere enn du kan " +"håpe på å betale den ned: Produktteamet må legge så mye energi i å " +"opprettholde dette komplekse, skjøre systemet, at de ikke har tid igjen til " +"å omstrukturere produktet fra grunnen av og <quote>betale ned gjelden</" +"quote> en gang for alle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Typically, technology debt results in a technological bankruptcy: The " -"product gets so brittle and unsustainable that it fails " -"catastrophically. Think of the antiquated COBOL-based banking and accounting " -"systems that fell over at the start of the pandemic emergency when " -"confronted with surges of unemployment claims. Sometimes that ends the " -"product; sometimes it takes the company down with it. Being caught in the " -"default of a technology debt is scary and traumatic, just like losing your " -"house due to bankruptcy is scary and traumatic." -msgstr "" +"product gets so brittle and unsustainable that it fails catastrophically. " +"Think of the antiquated COBOL-based banking and accounting systems that fell " +"over at the start of the pandemic emergency when confronted with surges of " +"unemployment claims. Sometimes that ends the product; sometimes it takes " +"the company down with it. Being caught in the default of a technology debt " +"is scary and traumatic, just like losing your house due to bankruptcy is " +"scary and traumatic." +msgstr "" +"Vanligvis resulterer teknologisk gjeld i en teknologisk konkurs: Produktet " +"blir så skjørt og uholdbart at det svikter katastrofalt. Tenk på de gamle " +"COBOL-baserte bank- og regnskapssystemene som veltet ved starten av " +"pandemikrisen når de ble konfrontert med mengder av arbeidsledighetskrav. " +"Noen ganger gjør dette slutt på produktet; noen ganger tar det selskapet med " +"seg ned. Å bli fanget i mislighold av teknologisk gjeld er skremmende og " +"traumatisk, akkurat som å miste huset ditt på grunn av konkurs er skremmende " +"og traumatisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1701 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the technology debt created by copyright locks isn’t individual debt; " "it’s systemic. Everyone in the world is exposed to this over-leverage, as " @@ -2143,87 +3168,133 @@ msgid "" "debt in part due to the presence of deliberately insecure and deliberately " "unauditable copyright locks — it will indeed pose an existential risk." msgstr "" +"Men teknologisk gjeld forårsaket av opphavsrettslåser er ikke individuell " +"gjeld; det er systemisk. Alle i verden er utsatt for denne overbelastningen, " +"som under finanskrisen i 2008. Når denne gjelden forfaller – når vi står " +"overfor en kaskade av sikkerhetsbrudd som truer global skipsfart og " +"logistikk, matforsyningen, farmasøytiske produksjonslinjer, nødkommunikasjon " +"og andre kritiske systemer som akkumulerer teknologisk gjeld delvis på grunn " +"av tilstedeværelsen av bevisst usikre og bevisst ikkereviderbare " +"opphavsrettslåser – vil det faktisk utgjøre en eksistensiell risiko." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Privacy and monopoly" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Monopol og vern av privatsfæren" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1715 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Many tech companies are gripped by an orthodoxy that holds that if they just " "gather enough data on enough of our activities, everything else is possible " "— the mind control and endless profits. This is an unfalsifiable hypothesis: " "If data gives a tech company even a tiny improvement in behavior prediction " "and modification, the company declares that it has taken the first step " -"toward global domination with no end in sight. If a company " -"<emphasis>fails</emphasis> to attain any improvements from gathering and " -"analyzing data, it declares success to be just around the corner, attainable " -"once more data is in hand." -msgstr "" +"toward global domination with no end in sight. If a company <emphasis>fails</" +"emphasis> to attain any improvements from gathering and analyzing data, it " +"declares success to be just around the corner, attainable once more data is " +"in hand." +msgstr "" +"Mange teknologiselskaper har en klokkertro på at om bare de samler nok data " +"om mange nok av våre aktiviteter, så er alt annet mulig — tankekontroll og " +"endeløs fortjeneste. Dette er en hypotese som er umulig å falsifisere: Hvis " +"data gir et teknologiselskap selv en liten forbedring i å forutse eller " +"endre oppførsel, så erklærer selskapet at det har tatt første steg mot " +"global dominans, uten noen ende i sikte. Hvis selskapet <emphasis>mislykkes</" +"emphasis> i å oppnå forbedring fra innsamling og analyse av data, så " +"erklærer det at suksessen er rett rundt hjørnet, oppnåelig når det har mere " +"data for hånden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1727 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance tech is far from the first industry to embrace a nonsensical, " "self-serving belief that harms the rest of the world, and it is not the " -"first industry to profit handsomely from such a delusion. Long before " -"hedge-fund managers were claiming (falsely) that they could beat the " -"S&P 500, there were plenty of other “respectable” industries that have " +"first industry to profit handsomely from such a delusion. Long before hedge-" +"fund managers were claiming (falsely) that they could beat the S&P 500, " +"there were plenty of other <quote>respectable</quote> industries that have " "been revealed as quacks in hindsight. From the makers of radium " "suppositories (a real thing!) to the cruel sociopaths who claimed they " -"could “cure” gay people, history is littered with the formerly respectable " -"titans of discredited industries." -msgstr "" +"could <quote>cure</quote> gay people, history is littered with the formerly " +"respectable titans of discredited industries." +msgstr "" +"Overvåkingsteknologi er langt fra den første industrien som omfavner en " +"meningsløs, selvsentrert tro som skader resten av verden, og det er ikke den " +"første industrien til å tjene raust på en slik vrangforestilling. Lenge før " +"hedgefondforvaltere hevdet (feilaktig) at de kunne slå S&P 500, var det " +"nok av andre <quote>respektable</quote> bransjer som har blitt avslørt som " +"kvakksalvere i ettertid. Fra skaperne av stikkpiller med radium (en ekte " +"ting!) til de grusomme sosiopatene som hevdet at de kunne <quote>kurere</" +"quote> homofile mennesker. Historien er fylt med tidligere respektable " +"titaner i diskrediterte næringer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1739 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is not to say that there’s nothing wrong with Big Tech and its " "ideological addiction to data. While surveillance’s benefits are mostly " "overstated, its harms are, if anything, <emphasis>understated</emphasis>." msgstr "" +"Dette betyr ikke at det ikke er noe galt med Storteknologien og dens " +"ideologiske dataavhengighet. Selv om gevinsten av overvåkningen i stor grad " +"er overdrevet, så er skadevirkningene, om noe, <emphasis>underdrevet</" +"emphasis>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1745 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a “rogue " -"capitalism” is driven by the belief that markets wouldn’t tolerate firms " -"that are gripped by false beliefs. An oil company that has false beliefs " -"about where the oil is will eventually go broke digging dry wells after all." +"There’s real irony here. The belief in surveillance capitalism as a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is driven by the belief that markets " +"wouldn’t tolerate firms that are gripped by false beliefs. An oil company " +"that has false beliefs about where the oil is will eventually go broke " +"digging dry wells after all." msgstr "" +"Det er virkelig ironi her. Troen på overvåkingskapitalismen som en " +"<quote>ukontrollert kapitalisme</quote> er drevet av troen på at markedene " +"ikke ville tolerere bedrifter som er grepet av falske oppfatninger. Et " +"oljeselskap som har falske oppfatninger om hvor oljen er, vil etter hvert gå " +"konkurs ved å grave etter tørre brønner, tross alt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1752 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But monopolists get to do terrible things for a long time before they pay " "the price. Think of how concentration in the finance sector allowed the " "subprime crisis to fester as bond-rating agencies, regulators, investors, " "and critics all fell under the sway of a false belief that complex " -"mathematics could construct “fully hedged” debt instruments that could not " -"possibly default. A small bank that engaged in this kind of malfeasance " -"would simply go broke rather than outrunning the inevitable crisis, perhaps " -"growing so big that it averted it altogether. But large banks were able to " -"continue to attract investors, and when they finally " +"mathematics could construct <quote>fully hedged</quote> debt instruments " +"that could not possibly default. A small bank that engaged in this kind of " +"malfeasance would simply go broke rather than outrunning the inevitable " +"crisis, perhaps growing so big that it averted it altogether. But large " +"banks were able to continue to attract investors, and when they finally " "<emphasis>did</emphasis> come a-cropper, the world’s governments bailed them " "out. The worst offenders of the subprime crisis are bigger than they were in " "2008, bringing home more profits and paying their execs even larger sums." msgstr "" +"Men monopolister får gjøre fryktelige ting i lang tid før de betaler prisen. " +"Tenk på hvordan konsentrasjonen i finanssektoren tillot subprime-krisen å " +"spre seg når obligasjonsvurderingsbyråer, regulatorer, investorer og " +"kritikere var under innflytelse av en falsk tro på at kompleks matematikk " +"kunne konstruere <quote>fullt garderte</quote> gjeldsinstrumenter som ikke " +"kunne misligholdes. En liten bank som engasjerte seg i denne typen feilgrep " +"ville ganske enkelt gå konk i stedet for å løpe fra den uunngåelige krisen, " +"eller kanskje vokser seg så stor at det avverget dette helt. Men store " +"banker var i stand til å fortsette å tiltrekke seg investorer, og da de " +"endelig <emphasis>feilet</emphasis>, kausjonerte verdens regjeringer dem ut. " +"De verste lovbrytere i subprime-krisen er større enn de var i 2008, og " +"brakte hjem mer fortjeneste og betale sine direktører enda større summer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1767 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech is able to practice surveillance not just because it is tech but " "because it is <emphasis>big</emphasis>. The reason every web publisher " -"embeds a Facebook “Like” button is that Facebook dominates the internet’s " -"social media referrals — and every one of those “Like” buttons spies on " -"everyone who lands on a page that contains them (see also: Google Analytics " -"embeds, Twitter buttons, etc.)." -msgstr "" +"embeds a Facebook <quote>Like</quote> button is that Facebook dominates the " +"internet’s social media referrals — and every one of those <quote>Like</" +"quote> buttons spies on everyone who lands on a page that contains them (see " +"also: Google Analytics embeds, Twitter buttons, etc.)." +msgstr "" +"Storteknologien kan praktisere overvåking ikke bare fordi det er teknisk, " +"men fordi de er <emphasis>store</emphasis>. Grunnen til at hver nettutgiver " +"bygger inn en Facebook <quote>Like</quote>-knapp, er at Facebook dominerer " +"Internettets henvisninger til sosiale medier – og hver og en av disse " +"<quote>Like</quote>-knappene spioner på alle som lander på en side som har " +"dem (se også: Google Analytics bygger inn, Twitter-knapper osv.)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1776 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason the world’s governments have been slow to create meaningful " "penalties for privacy breaches is that Big Tech’s concentration produces " @@ -2231,25 +3302,35 @@ msgid "" "Tech’s concentration means that the companies involved are able to arrive at " "a unified negotiating position that supercharges the lobbying." msgstr "" +"Grunnen til at verdens regjeringer har vært trege til å skape meningsfulle " +"straffer for brudd på personvernet, er at Storteknologiens konsentrasjon har " +"store fortjenester som kan brukes til å lobbiere mot disse straffene – og " +"Storteknologiens konsentrasjon betyr at de involverte selskapene er i stand " +"til å komme frem til en enhetlig forhandlingsposisjon, som superlader " +"lobbyvirksomheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1784 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason that the smartest engineers in the world want to work for Big " "Tech is that Big Tech commands the lion’s share of tech industry jobs." msgstr "" +"Grunnen til at de smarteste ingeniørene i verden ønsker å jobbe for " +"Storteknologien er at Storteknologien bestemmer over brorparten av jobbene i " +"teknologiindustrien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1789 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The reason people who are aghast at Facebook’s and Google’s and Amazon’s " "data-handling practices continue to use these services is that all their " "friends are on Facebook; Google dominates search; and Amazon has put all the " "local merchants out of business." msgstr "" +"Grunnen til at folk som er forferdet over Facebooks, Googles og Amazons " +"datahåndteringspraksis fortsetter å bruke disse tjenestene, er at alle " +"vennene deres er på Facebook; Google dominerer søk; og Amazon har satt alle " +"de lokale kjøpmennene ut av drift." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1795 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Competitive markets would weaken the companies’ lobbying muscle by reducing " "their profits and pitting them against each other in regulatory forums. It " @@ -2260,21 +3341,28 @@ msgid "" "incumbents. It would give web publishers multiple ways to reach audiences " "and make the case against Facebook and Google and Twitter embeds." msgstr "" +"Markeder med konkurranse ville svekke selskapenes lobbystyrke ved å redusere " +"fortjenesten og sette dem opp mot hverandre i regulatoriske fora. Det ville " +"gi kundene andre steder å gå til for å få sine elektroniske tjenester. Det " +"ville gjøre selskapene små nok til å kunne regulere og bane vei for " +"meningsfulle straffer for lovbrudd. Det ville la ingeniører med ideer som " +"utfordret overvåkingsortodoksien skaffe seg kapital til å konkurrere med de " +"etablerte. Det ville gi nettutgivere flere måter å nå publikum på, og kunne " +"stille opp mot innpasningene til Facebook- og Google- og Twitter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1806 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In other words, while surveillance doesn’t cause monopolies, monopolies " "certainly abet surveillance." msgstr "" +"Med andre ord, mens overvåking ikke forårsaker monopoler, medvirker " +"monopoler absolutt til overvåking." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1810 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Ronald Reagan, pioneer of tech monopolism" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Ronald Reagan, en pioner for teknologimonopoler" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1812 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Technology exceptionalism is a sin, whether it’s practiced by technology’s " "blind proponents or by its critics. Both of these camps are prone to " @@ -2286,9 +3374,17 @@ msgid "" "monopoly is inevitable so we should punish tech for its abuses but not try " "to break up the monopolies." msgstr "" +"Teknologisk eksepsjonellisme er en synd, enten det praktiseres av " +"teknologiens blinde talsmenn eller av dets kritikere. Begge disse leirene er " +"tilbøyelige til å forklare bort monopolistisk konsentrasjon ved å sitere " +"noen spesielle kjennetegn på teknologiindustrien, som nettverkseffekter " +"eller første-fordeler fordel. Den eneste virkelige forskjellen mellom disse " +"to gruppene er at de tekniske apologeter sier monopol er uunngåelig, så vi " +"bør bare la teknologien ikke komme unna med sine overgrep, mens " +"konkurranseregulatorer i USA og EU sier monopol er uunngåelig, så vi bør " +"straffe teknologien for sine overgrep, men ikke prøve å bryte opp monopolene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1824 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To understand how tech became so monopolistic, it’s useful to look at the " "dawn of the consumer tech industry: 1979, the year the Apple II Plus " @@ -2300,21 +3396,35 @@ msgid "" "Canada, Helmut Kohl in Germany, and Augusto Pinochet in Chile — went on to " "enact similar reforms that eventually spread around the world." msgstr "" +"For å forstå hvordan teknologien ble så monopolistisk, er det nyttig å se på " +"begynnelsen av forbrukerteknologiindustrien: 1979, året Apple II Plus ble " +"lansert og ble den første vellykkede hjemmedatamaskinen. Det er også året da " +"Ronald Reagan startet valgkampen for presidentvalget i 1980 – et løp han " +"vant, noe som førte til et radikalt skifte i måten antitrusthensyn håndteres " +"på i Amerika. Reagans kohort av politikere – inkludert Margaret Thatcher i " +"Storbritannia, Brian Mulroney i Canada, Helmut Kohl i Tyskland og Augusto " +"Pinochet i Chile – fortsatte med å vedta lignende reformer som til slutt " +"spredte seg over hele verden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1836 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Antitrust’s story began nearly a century before all that with laws like the " "Sherman Act, which took aim at monopolists on the grounds that monopolies " "were bad in and of themselves — squeezing out competitors, creating " -"“diseconomies of scale” (when a company is so big that its constituent parts " -"go awry and it is seemingly helpless to address the problems), and capturing " -"their regulators to such a degree that they can get away with a host of " -"evils." -msgstr "" +"<quote>diseconomies of scale</quote> (when a company is so big that its " +"constituent parts go awry and it is seemingly helpless to address the " +"problems), and capturing their regulators to such a degree that they can get " +"away with a host of evils." +msgstr "" +"Antitrusthistorien begynte nesten et århundre før alt dette med lover som " +"Sherman Act, som rettet seg mot monopolister med den begrunnelse at " +"monopoler var dårlige i og av seg selv - presser ut konkurrenter, og skapte " +"<quote>omfattende disøkonomi</quote> (når et selskap er så stort at " +"bestanddeler feiler og det tilsynelatende er håpløst å få problemene løst), " +"og fange sine regulatorer i en slik grad at de kan komme unna med svært mye " +"skade." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1845 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Then came a fabulist named Robert Bork, a former solicitor general who " "Reagan appointed to the powerful U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit " @@ -2322,34 +3432,53 @@ msgid "" "its successors out of whole cloth. Bork insisted that these statutes were " "never targeted at monopolies (despite a wealth of evidence to the contrary, " "including the transcribed speeches of the acts’ authors) but, rather, that " -"they were intended to prevent “consumer harm” — in the form of higher " -"prices." -msgstr "" +"they were intended to prevent <quote>consumer harm</quote> — in the form of " +"higher prices." +msgstr "" +"Så kom en fabulist ved navn Robert Bork, en tidligere generaladvokat som " +"Reagan utnevnte til den betydningsfulle U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. " +"Circuit som tatt ut av intet hadde laget en alternativ lovgivningshistorie " +"om Sherman Act og dens etterfølgere. Bork insisterte på at disse statuttene " +"aldri var rettet mot monopoler (til tross for et vell av bevis for det " +"motsatte, inkludert de transkriberte talene til lovens forfattere), men " +"heller at de var ment å forhindre <quote>forbrukerskade</quote> - i form av " +"høyere priser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1855 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Bork was a crank, but he was a crank with a theory that rich people really " "liked. Monopolies are a great way to make rich people richer by allowing " -"them to receive “monopoly rents” (that is, bigger profits) and capture " -"regulators, leading to a weaker, more favorable regulatory environment with " -"fewer protections for customers, suppliers, the environment, and workers." -msgstr "" +"them to receive <quote>monopoly rents</quote> (that is, bigger profits) and " +"capture regulators, leading to a weaker, more favorable regulatory " +"environment with fewer protections for customers, suppliers, the " +"environment, and workers." +msgstr "" +"Bork var en rotor, men han var en rotor med en teori som rike mennesker " +"virkelig likte. Monopoler er en fin måte å gjøre rike mennesker rikere ved å " +"tillate dem å motta <quote>monopolleie</quote> (det vil si større " +"fortjeneste) og binde fast regulatorer, noe som fører til et svakere, " +"gunstigere regulatorisk miljø med mindre beskyttelse for kunder, " +"leverandører, miljø og arbeidere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1863 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Bork’s theories were especially palatable to the same power brokers who " "backed Reagan, and Reagan’s Department of Justice and other agencies began " "to incorporate Bork’s antitrust doctrine into their enforcement decisions " "(Reagan even put Bork up for a Supreme Court seat, but Bork flunked the " "Senate confirmation hearing so badly that, 40 years later, D.C. insiders use " -"the term “borked” to refer to any catastrophically bad political " -"performance)." +"the term <quote>borked</quote> to refer to any catastrophically bad " +"political performance)." msgstr "" +"Borks teorier var spesielt spiselige for de samme kraftige påvirkere som " +"støttet Reagan, og Reagans justisdepartement og andre etater begynte å " +"inkorporere Borks antitrustdoktrine i sine håndhevingsbeslutninger (Reagan " +"foreslo til og med Bork til et sete i Supreme Court, men Bork strøk klart " +"ved senatets godkjenningshøring at 40 år senere bruker innsidere i D.C. " +"begrepet <quote>borkete</quote> (tilsvarer klønete på norsk) for å referere " +"til noen katastrofalt dårlige politiske prestasjoner)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1872 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Little by little, Bork’s theories entered the mainstream, and their backers " "began to infiltrate the legal education field, even putting on junkets where " @@ -2359,9 +3488,16 @@ msgid "" "the monopolists were making — and the more surplus capital they had at their " "disposal to lobby for even more Borkian antitrust influence campaigns." msgstr "" +"Litt etter litt kom Borks teorier inn som hovedretning, og deres " +"støttegrupper begynte å infiltrere den juridiske utdanningen, til og med å " +"tilsette smakstoffer der medlemmer i rettsvesenet ble behandlet med " +"overdådige måltider, morsomme utendørsaktiviteter og seminarer hvor de ble " +"indoktrinert i forbrukerskadeteorien om antitrust. Jo mer Borks teorier tok " +"tak, jo mer penger tjener monopolistene – og jo mer overskuddskapital hadde " +"de til rådighet for å lobbe i enda flere borkiske antitrust-" +"innflytelseskampanjer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1882 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The history of Bork’s antitrust theories is a really good example of the " "kind of covertly engineered shifts in public opinion that Zuboff warns us " @@ -2373,53 +3509,91 @@ msgid "" "a sign of virtue, and so on — all of these theories meshed to form a " "coherent ideology that elevated inequality to a virtue." msgstr "" +"Historien om Borks antitrustteorier er et veldig godt eksempel på den slags " +"skjulte konstruerte endringer i opinionen, som Zuboff advarer oss mot, hvor " +"ideer i utkanten blir den ortodokse hovedretningen. Men Bork forandrer ikke " +"verden over natten. Han spilte et veldig langvarig spill, i over en " +"generasjon, og han hadde en medvind fordi de samme kreftene som støttet " +"oligarkiske antitrust teorier også støttet mange andre oligarkiske " +"skiftninger i opinionen. For eksempel ideen om at beskatning er tyveri, at " +"rikdom er et tegn på dyd, og så videre - alle disse teoriene ble fanget opp " +"for å danne en sammenhengende ideologi som hevet ulikhet til en dyd." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1894 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, many fear that machine learning allows surveillance capitalism to " -"sell “Bork-as-a-Service,” at internet speeds, so that you can contract a " -"machine-learning company to engineer <emphasis>rapid</emphasis> shifts in " -"public sentiment without needing the capital to sustain a multipronged, " -"multigenerational project working at the local, state, national, and global " -"levels in business, law, and philosophy. I do not believe that such a " -"project is plausible, though I agree that this is basically what the " -"platforms claim to be selling. They’re just lying about it. Big Tech lies " -"all the time, <emphasis>including</emphasis> in their sales literature." -msgstr "" +"sell <quote>Bork-as-a-Service,</quote> at internet speeds, so that you can " +"contract a machine-learning company to engineer <emphasis>rapid</emphasis> " +"shifts in public sentiment without needing the capital to sustain a " +"multipronged, multigenerational project working at the local, state, " +"national, and global levels in business, law, and philosophy. I do not " +"believe that such a project is plausible, though I agree that this is " +"basically what the platforms claim to be selling. They’re just lying about " +"it. Big Tech lies all the time, <emphasis>including</emphasis> in their " +"sales literature." +msgstr "" +"I dag frykter mange at maskinlæring gjør det mulig for " +"overvåkingskapitalismen å selge <quote>Bork-som-tjeneste</quote>, med " +"internetthastighet, slik at du kan kontrakt et maskinlæringsselskap for å " +"konstruere <emphasis>raske</emphasis> endringer i offentlige holdninger uten " +"å trenge kapitalen til å opprettholde et flergenerasjonsprosjekt som " +"arbeider på lokalt, statlig, nasjonalt og globalt nivå innen næringsliv, jus " +"og filosofi. Jeg tror ikke at et slikt prosjekt er sannsynlig, selv om jeg " +"er enig i at dette i utgangspunktet er hva plattformene hevder å selge. De " +"lyver bare om det. Storteknologien lyver hele tiden <emphasis>inkludert</" +"emphasis> i sitt salgsmateriale." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1907 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The idea that tech forms “natural monopolies” (monopolies that are the " -"inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the monopolies " -"that accrue the first company to run long-haul phone lines or rail lines) is " -"belied by tech’s own history: In the absence of anti-competitive tactics, " -"Google was able to unseat AltaVista and Yahoo; Facebook was able to head off " -"Myspace. There are some advantages to gathering mountains of data, but those " -"mountains of data also have disadvantages: liability (from leaking), " -"diminishing returns (from old data), and institutional inertia (big " -"companies, like science, progress one funeral at a time)." -msgstr "" +"The idea that tech forms <quote>natural monopolies</quote> (monopolies that " +"are the inevitable result of the realities of an industry, such as the " +"monopolies that accrue the first company to run long-haul phone lines or " +"rail lines) is belied by tech’s own history: In the absence of anti-" +"competitive tactics, Google was able to unseat AltaVista and Yahoo; Facebook " +"was able to head off Myspace. There are some advantages to gathering " +"mountains of data, but those mountains of data also have disadvantages: " +"liability (from leaking), diminishing returns (from old data), and " +"institutional inertia (big companies, like science, progress one funeral at " +"a time)." +msgstr "" +"Ideen om at teknologi danner <quote>naturlige monopoler</quote> (monopoler " +"som er det uunngåelige resultatet av realitetene i en bransje, for eksempel " +"monopolene som tilflyter det første selskapet for å kjøre " +"langdistansetelefonlinjer eller jernbanelinjer) er motbevist av teknologiens " +"egen historie: I fravær av konkurransehemmende taktikk, var Google i stand " +"til å detronisere AltaVista og Yahoo; Facebook var i stand til å avverge " +"Myspace. Det er noen fordeler med å samle fjell av data, men disse " +"datafjellene har også ulemper: ansvar (fra lekkasjer), redusert avkastning " +"(fra gamle data), og institusjonell treghet (store selskaper, lik vitenskap, " +"fremdrift med en begravelse om gangen)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1919 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Indeed, the birth of the web saw a mass-extinction event for the existing " "giant, wildly profitable proprietary technologies that had capital, network " "effects, and walls and moats surrounding their businesses. The web showed " "that when a new industry is built around a protocol, rather than a product, " "the combined might of everyone who uses the protocol to reach their " -"customers or users or communities outweighs even the most massive " -"products. CompuServe, AOL, MSN, and a host of other proprietary walled " -"gardens learned this lesson the hard way: Each believed it could stay " -"separate from the web, offering “curation” and a guarantee of consistency " -"and quality instead of the chaos of an open system. Each was wrong and ended " -"up being absorbed into the public web." -msgstr "" +"customers or users or communities outweighs even the most massive products. " +"CompuServe, AOL, MSN, and a host of other proprietary walled gardens learned " +"this lesson the hard way: Each believed it could stay separate from the web, " +"offering <quote>curation</quote> and a guarantee of consistency and quality " +"instead of the chaos of an open system. Each was wrong and ended up being " +"absorbed into the public web." +msgstr "" +"Faktisk ble fremveksten av nettsteder en masseutryddelseshendelse for de " +"eksisterende gigantiske, svært lønnsomme proprietære teknologiene som hadde " +"kapital, nettverkseffekter, og vegger og vollgraver rundt sine virksomheter. " +"Nettet viste at når en ny bransje er bygget rundt en protokoll, i stedet for " +"et produkt, kan den kombinerte innflytelsen til alle som bruker protokollen " +"for å nå sine kunder, eller brukere, eller samfunn, oppveie selv de mest " +"massive produktene. CompuServe, AOL, MSN og en rekke andre proprietære " +"inngjerdede hager, lærte denne leksjonen på den harde måten: Hver trodde det " +"kunne holde seg atskilt fra nettet, og tilbød <quote>kurering</quote> og en " +"garanti for konsistens og kvalitet i stedet for kaoset i et åpent system. " +"Alle tok feil og endte opp med å bli absorbert inn i det offentlige nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1933 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yes, tech is heavily monopolized and is now closely associated with industry " "concentration, but this has more to do with a matter of timing than its " @@ -2431,9 +3605,16 @@ msgid "" "characteristics of tech, such as network effects, first-mover advantage, and " "so on." msgstr "" +"Ja, teknologien er sterkt monopolisert og er nå nært knyttet til " +"industrikonsentrasjon, men dette har mer å gjøre med timing enn sine iboende " +"monopolistiske tendenser. Teknologien ble født i det øyeblikket antitrust-" +"håndhevelsen ble demontert, og teknologien falt inn i nøyaktig de samme " +"patologiene som antitrust skulle beskytte mot. Som en første tilnærming er " +"det rimelig å anta at teknologiens monopoler er et resultat av mangel på " +"antimonopol-innsats og ikke de oppreklamerte unike egenskapene til " +"teknologi, for eksempel nettverkseffekter, pionerfordeler, og så videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1945 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In support of this thesis, I offer the concentration that every " "<emphasis>other</emphasis> industry has undergone over the same period. From " @@ -2448,9 +3629,20 @@ msgid "" "integration, and a suite of anti-competitive tactics that were once illegal " "but are not any longer." msgstr "" +"Til støtte for denne tesen, tilbyr jeg konsentrasjonen som alle " +"<emphasis>andre</emphasis> industrier har gjennomgått i samme periode. Fra " +"profesjonell bryting, til varer i forbrukerpakninger, til leasing av " +"næringseiendom, til bank, til sjøfrakt, til olje, til plateselskaper, til " +"aviseierskap, til fornøyelsesparker, <emphasis>hver</emphasis> industri har " +"gjennomgått et massivt skifte i retning konsentrasjon. Det er ingen åpenbare " +"nettverkseffekter eller pionerfordeler som utspiller seg i disse bransjene. " +"Men uansett, oppnådde disse næringene sin konsentrerte status med taktikker " +"som var forbudt før Borks triumf: Fusjon med store konkurrenter, kjøpe ut " +"innovative nye markedsdeltakere, horisontal og vertikal integrasjon, og en " +"pakke med konkurransehemmende taktikk, som en gang var ulovlig, men ikke " +"lenger." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1960 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Again: When you change the laws intended to prevent monopolies and then " "monopolies form in exactly the way the law was supposed to prevent, it is " @@ -2458,31 +3650,45 @@ msgid "" "can be readily explained without recourse to radical theories of network " "effects — but only if you’re willing to indict unregulated markets as " "tending toward monopoly. Just as a lifelong smoker can give you a hundred " -"reasons why their smoking didn’t cause their cancer (“It was the " -"environmental toxins”), true believers in unregulated markets have a whole " -"suite of unconvincing explanations for monopoly in tech that leave " +"reasons why their smoking didn’t cause their cancer (<quote>It was the " +"environmental toxins</quote>), true believers in unregulated markets have a " +"whole suite of unconvincing explanations for monopoly in tech that leave " "capitalism intact." msgstr "" +"Igjen: Når du endrer lovene som er ment å forhindre monopoler og deretter " +"monopoler dannes på akkurat den måten loven skulle forhindre, er det rimelig " +"å anta at disse fakta er relatert. Teknologikonsentrasjon kan lett " +"forklares uten å ty til radikale teorier om nettverkseffekter - men bare " +"hvis du er villig til å tiltale uregulerte markeder som tenderer i retning " +"monopol. Akkurat som en livslang røyker kan gi deg hundre grunner til at " +"deres røyking ikke forårsaket deres kreft (<quote>Det var miljøgiftene</" +"quote>), har sanne troende i uregulerte markeder en hel pakke med " +"overbevisende forklaringer på monopol i teknologi som holder kapitalismen " +"intakt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:1972 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Steering with the windshield wipers" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Styring med vindusviskerne" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1974 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s been 40 years since Bork’s project to rehabilitate monopolies achieved " "liftoff, and that is a generation and a half, which is plenty of time to " "take a common idea and make it seem outlandish and vice versa. Before the " "1940s, affluent Americans dressed their baby boys in pink while baby girls " -"wore blue (a “delicate and dainty” color). While gendered colors are " -"obviously totally arbitrary, many still greet this news with amazement and " -"find it hard to imagine a time when pink connoted masculinity." -msgstr "" +"wore blue (a <quote>delicate and dainty</quote> color). While gendered " +"colors are obviously totally arbitrary, many still greet this news with " +"amazement and find it hard to imagine a time when pink connoted masculinity." +msgstr "" +"Det er 40 år siden Borks prosjekt om å rehabilitere monopoler tok av, og det " +"er en og en halv generasjon siden, noe som er god tid til å ta en felles idé " +"og få den til å virke besynderlig og omvendt. Før 1940-tallet kledde " +"velstående amerikanere sine babygutter i rosa mens babyjenter hadde blå (en " +"<quote>delikat og lekker</quote> farge). Mens kjønnsfarger åpenbart er helt " +"vilkårlige, møter mange fortsatt denne nyheten med forbauselse og finner det " +"vanskelig å forestille seg en tid da rosa er knyttet til maskulinitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1984 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "After 40 years of studiously ignoring antitrust analysis and enforcement, " "it’s not surprising that we’ve all but forgotten that antitrust exists, that " @@ -2490,9 +3696,13 @@ msgid "" "prohibited under law, that market-cornering strategies like vertical " "integration could land a company in court." msgstr "" +"Etter 40 år med utstudert ignorering av analyse og håndhevelse av " +"antitrustlovgivning, er det ikke overraskende at vi alle nesten har glemt at " +"antitrust eksisterer, at som vi husker, var vekst gjennom fusjoner og " +"oppkjøp i stor grad forbudt etter loven, at strategier for å dominere " +"markedet, som vertikal integrasjon, kunne sende et selskap til retten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:1992 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Antitrust is a market society’s steering wheel, the control of first resort " "to keep would-be masters of the universe in their lanes. But Bork and his " @@ -2503,44 +3713,61 @@ msgid "" "of these other controls can be repurposed to let us choose where we’re " "heading before we careen off a cliff." msgstr "" +"Antitrust er et ratt for samfunnets styring av markedet, og er første utvei " +"for å holde potensielle verdensmestere i sjakk. Men Bork og kohorten hans " +"fjernet rattet vårt for 40 år siden. Bilen tromler fortsatt av gårde, så vi " +"rykker så hardt vi kan i alle <emphasis>andre</emphasis> regulatorer i " +"bilen, samt svinger desperat med dørene og ruller vinduene opp og ned i håp " +"om at en av disse andre tingene gir en omstilling som lar oss velge hvor vi " +"er på vei før vi velter utfor en klippe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2002 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s like a 1960s science-fiction plot come to life: People stuck in a " -"“generation ship,” plying its way across the stars, a ship once piloted by " -"their ancestors; and now, after a great cataclysm, the ship’s crew have " -"forgotten that they’re in a ship at all and no longer remember where the " -"control room is. Adrift, the ship is racing toward its extinction, and " -"unless we can seize the controls and execute emergency course correction, " -"we’re all headed for a fiery death in the heart of a sun." -msgstr "" +"<quote>generation ship,</quote> plying its way across the stars, a ship once " +"piloted by their ancestors; and now, after a great cataclysm, the ship’s " +"crew have forgotten that they’re in a ship at all and no longer remember " +"where the control room is. Adrift, the ship is racing toward its extinction, " +"and unless we can seize the controls and execute emergency course " +"correction, we’re all headed for a fiery death in the heart of a sun." +msgstr "" +"Det er som et virkelighetens science fiction-plott fra sekstitallet: Folk er " +"fanget i et <quote>generasjonsskip</quote> som raser av sted mellom " +"stjernene. Et skip som en gang ble styrt av forfedrene, mens nå, etter en " +"stor katastrofe, har skipets mannskap glemt at de er på et skip og ingen vet " +"lenger hvor kontrollrommet er. Ute av kontroll raser skipet mot slutten, og " +"med mindre vi kan ta tilbake kontrollen og gjennomføre kurskorreksjon i " +"tide, så er vi alle på tur mot en grusom død i hjertet av en sol." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2012 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Surveillance still matters" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Overvåking er fortsatt viktig" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2014 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "None of this is to minimize the problems with surveillance. Surveillance " "matters, and Big Tech’s use of surveillance <emphasis>is</emphasis> an " "existential risk to our species, but that’s not because surveillance and " "machine learning rob us of our free will." msgstr "" +"Ingenting av dette er å minimere problemene med overvåking. Overvåkning " +"betyr noe, og Storteknologiens bruk av overvåkning <emphasis>er</emphasis> " +"en eksistensiell risiko for vår art, men det er ikke fordi overvåking og " +"maskinlæring frarøver oss vår frie vilje." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2021 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance has become <emphasis>much</emphasis> more efficient thanks to " "Big Tech. In 1989, the Stasi — the East German secret police — had the whole " "country under surveillance, a massive undertaking that recruited one out of " "every 60 people to serve as an informant or intelligence operative." msgstr "" +"Overvåkingen har blitt <emphasis>mye</emphasis> mer effektiv takket være " +"Storteknologien. I 1989 hadde Stasi – det østtyske hemmelige politiet – hele " +"landet under overvåkning, et massivt foretak som rekrutterte hver sekstiende " +"person til å tjene som informant eller etterretningsagent." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2028 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, we know that the NSA is spying on a significant fraction of the " "entire world’s population, and its ratio of surveillance operatives to the " @@ -2549,9 +3776,14 @@ msgid "" "on this project — we don’t know how many of those cleared people are " "involved in NSA spying, but it’s definitely not all of them)." msgstr "" +"I dag vet vi at NSA spionerer på en betydelig fraksjon av hele verdens " +"befolkning, og forholdet mellom overvåkingsagenter og overvåket er mer som " +"1:10.000 (det er sannsynligvis i den lave enden da det forutsetter at hver " +"amerikaner med topphemmelig klarering jobber for NSA i dette prosjektet - vi " +"vet ikke hvor mange av disse klarerte personene som er involvert i NSAs " +"spionasje , men det er definitivt ikke alle disse)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2037 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "How did the ratio of surveillable citizens expand from 1:60 to 1:10,000 in " "less than 30 years? It’s thanks to Big Tech. Our devices and services gather " @@ -2559,21 +3791,41 @@ msgid "" "these devices and the services they connect to, and then we painstakingly " "perform the data-entry tasks associated with logging facts about our lives, " "opinions, and preferences. This mass surveillance project has been largely " -"useless for fighting terrorism: The NSA can <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-cites-case-as-success-of-phone-data-collection-program/2013/08/08/fc915e5a-feda-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_story.html\">only " -"point to a single minor success story</ulink> in which it used its data " -"collection program to foil an attempt by a U.S. resident to wire a few " -"thousand dollars to an overseas terror group. It’s ineffective for much the " -"same reason that commercial surveillance projects are largely ineffective at " -"targeting advertising: The people who want to commit acts of terror, like " -"people who want to buy a refrigerator, are extremely rare. If you’re trying " -"to detect a phenomenon whose base rate is one in a million with an " -"instrument whose accuracy is only 99%, then every true positive will come at " -"the cost of 9,999 false positives." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2058 +"useless for fighting terrorism: The NSA can <ulink url=\"https://www." +"washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-cites-case-as-success-of-" +"phone-data-collection-program/2013/08/08/fc915e5a-feda-11e2-96a8-" +"d3b921c0924a_story.html\">only point to a single minor success story</ulink> " +"in which it used its data collection program to foil an attempt by a U.S. " +"resident to wire a few thousand dollars to an overseas terror group. It’s " +"ineffective for much the same reason that commercial surveillance projects " +"are largely ineffective at targeting advertising: The people who want to " +"commit acts of terror, like people who want to buy a refrigerator, are " +"extremely rare. If you’re trying to detect a phenomenon whose base rate is " +"one in a million with an instrument whose accuracy is only 99%, then every " +"true positive will come at the cost of 9,999 false positives." +msgstr "" +"Hvordan utvidet forholdet mellom overvåkbare borgere seg fra 1:60 til " +"1:10,000 på mindre enn 30 år? Det er takket være Storteknologien. Vårt " +"utstyr og tjenester samler de fleste dataene som NSA utvinner til sitt " +"overvåkingsprosjekt. Vi betaler for dette utstyret og de tjenestene de " +"kobler seg til, og så utfører vi møysommelig dataregistreringsoppgavene " +"knyttet til logging av fakta om våre liv, meninger og preferanser. Dette " +"masseovervåkingsprosjektet har i stor grad vært ubrukelig for å bekjempe " +"terrorisme: NSA kan <ulink url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/" +"national-security/nsa-cites-case-as-success-of-phone-data-collection-" +"program/2013/08/08/fc915e5a-feda-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_story.html\"> bare " +"peke på en enkelt mindre suksesshistorie</ulink> der de brukte sitt " +"datainnsamlingsprogram for å hindre et forsøk fra en amerikansk innbygger å " +"overføre noen få tusen dollar til en oversjøisk terrorgruppe. Det er " +"ineffektivt for mye av den samme grunnen som at kommersielle " +"overvåkingsprosjekter i stor grad er ineffektive til å målrette reklame: " +"Folk som ønsker å begå terrorhandlinger, lik folk som ønsker å kjøpe et " +"kjøleskap, er ekstremt sjeldne. Hvis du prøver å oppdage et fenomen hvis " +"basisandelen bare er en av en million med et instrument med en nøyaktighet " +"på bare 99 %, kommer hver sanne positive til en kostnad på 9999 falske " +"positive." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Let me explain that again: If one in a million people is a terrorist, then " "there will only be about one terrorist in a random sample of one million " @@ -2581,9 +3833,13 @@ msgid "" "identify 10,000 terrorists in your million-person sample (1% of one million " "is 10,000). For every true positive, you’ll get 9,999 false positives." msgstr "" +"La meg forklare det igjen: Hvis en av en million mennesker er terrorist, så " +"vil det bare være omtrent en terrorist i et tilfeldig utvalg med en million " +"mennesker. Hvis testen for å oppdage terrorister er 99 % nøyaktig, vil den " +"identifisere 10.000 terrorister i din million-personer prøve (1 % av en " +"million er 10.000). For hver sann positiv, vil du få 9999 falske positive." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2066 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In reality, the accuracy of algorithmic terrorism detection falls far short " "of the 99% mark, as does refrigerator ad targeting. The difference is that " @@ -2591,9 +3847,14 @@ msgid "" "being falsely accused of planning a terror attack can destroy your life and " "the lives of everyone you love." msgstr "" +"I virkeligheten blir nøyaktigheten for algoritmisk gjenkjenning av " +"terrorisme langt under 99 %-merket, det samme gjør målrettingen av " +"kjøleskapannonser. Forskjellen er at å bli feilaktig anklaget for å ville " +"kjøpe et kjøleskap er en mindre plage, mens blir du feilaktig anklaget for å " +"planlegge et terrorangrep kan det ødelegge livet ditt og livene til alle du " +"elsker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2073 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Mass state surveillance is only feasible because of surveillance capitalism " "and its extremely low-yield ad-targeting systems, which require a constant " @@ -2602,9 +3863,14 @@ msgid "" "primary failure mode is grotesque human rights abuses, tending toward " "totalitarianism." msgstr "" +"Massestatlig overvåking er bare mulig på grunn av overvåkingskapitalismen og " +"dens ekstremt lavavkastnings systemer for annonsemålretting, som krever en " +"konstant påfyll av personopplysninger for å for å knapt bli levedyktige. " +"Overvåkingskapitalismens primære feilmodus er feilmålrettede annonser, mens " +"massestatovervåkingens primære feilmodus er groteske " +"menneskerettighetsbrudd, som tenderer mot et totalitært samfunn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2081 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "State surveillance is no mere parasite on Big Tech, sucking up its data and " "giving nothing in return. In truth, the two are symbiotes: Big Tech sucks up " @@ -2613,26 +3879,45 @@ msgid "" "spy agencies’ needs. There is no firm distinction between state surveillance " "and surveillance capitalism; they are dependent on one another." msgstr "" +"Statlig overvåking er ikke kun en snylter på Storteknologien som suger til " +"data derfra uten å gi noe tilbake. I sannhet er de to i symbiose: " +"Storteknologien suger opp våre data for spionbyråer, og spionbyråene sikrer " +"at regjeringene ikke begrenser Storteknologiens aktiviteter så sterkt at det " +"ikke lenger ville tjene spionbyråenes behov. Det er intet klart skille " +"mellom statlig overvåking og overvåkingskapitalisme; de er avhengige av " +"hverandre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2090 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To see this at work today, look no further than Amazon’s home surveillance " "device, the Ring doorbell, and its associated app, Neighbors. Ring — a " -"product that Amazon acquired and did not develop in house — makes a " -"camera-enabled doorbell that streams footage from your front door to your " -"mobile device. The Neighbors app allows you to form a neighborhood-wide " +"product that Amazon acquired and did not develop in house — makes a camera-" +"enabled doorbell that streams footage from your front door to your mobile " +"device. The Neighbors app allows you to form a neighborhood-wide " "surveillance grid with your fellow Ring owners through which you can share " -"clips of “suspicious characters.” If you’re thinking that this sounds like a " -"recipe for letting curtain-twitching racists supercharge their suspicions of " -"people with brown skin who walk down their blocks, <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">you’re " -"right</ulink>. Ring has become a <emphasis>de facto,</emphasis> " -"off-the-books arm of the police without any of the pesky oversight or rules." -msgstr "" +"clips of <quote>suspicious characters.</quote> If you’re thinking that this " +"sounds like a recipe for letting curtain-twitching racists supercharge their " +"suspicions of people with brown skin who walk down their blocks, <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-" +"efforts-some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">you’re right</ulink>. Ring " +"has become a <emphasis>de facto,</emphasis> off-the-books arm of the police " +"without any of the pesky oversight or rules." +msgstr "" +"For å se hvordan dette virker i dag, så trenger vi ikke se lenger enn til " +"Amazons enhet for hjemmeovervåking: dørklokken Ring og den tilhørende appen " +"Neighbors. Ring - er et produkt som Amazon kjøpte og ikke utviklet internt - " +"er en kameraaktivert dørklokke som strømmer videoopptak fra inngangsdøren " +"til mobilenheten din. Neighbors-appen lar deg danne et overvåkingsnett for " +"hele nabolaget med andre Ring-eiere, der du kan dele klipp av " +"<quote>mistenkelige individer</quote>. Hvis du tenker at dette høres ut som " +"en oppskrift på å la rasister bak gardinene virkelig gi krefter til sine " +"mistanker mot personer med brun hud som går langs gatene, <ulink url=\"https" +"://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/07/amazons-ring-enables-over-policing-efforts-" +"some-americas-deadliest-law-enforcement\">har du rett</ulink>. Ring har " +"blitt en <emphasis>de facto</emphasis>, uoffisiell forlengelse av politiet " +"uten noen irriterende tilsyn eller regler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2106 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In mid-2019, a series of public records requests revealed that Amazon had " "struck confidential deals with more than 400 local law enforcement agencies " @@ -2644,9 +3929,18 @@ msgid "" "down a police request, Amazon only requires the agency to formally request " "the footage from the company, which it will then produce." msgstr "" +"I midten av 2019 viste en rekke innsynsforespørsler at Amazon hadde inngått " +"konfidensielle avtaler med mer enn 400 lokale politimyndigheter der " +"myndighetene skulle markedsføre Ring og Neighbors mot å få tilgang til " +"opptak fra Ring-kameraene. I teorien måtte politifolk be om tilgang til " +"disse opptakene gjennom Amazon (og interne dokumenter viser at Amazon setter " +"av betydelige ressurser for å trene opp politifolk i hvordan lage en " +"troverdig forklaring når de gjør dette), men i praksis, hvis en Ring-kunde " +"avviser en forespørsel fra politiet, så krever Amazon kun at myndighetene " +"retter en formell henvendelse om opptaket til selskapet, for å få det " +"utlevert." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2118 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ring and law enforcement have found many ways to intertwine their " "activities. Ring strikes secret deals to acquire real-time access to 911 " @@ -2654,9 +3948,14 @@ msgid "" "serve as convincers for anyone who’s contemplating a surveillance doorbell " "but isn’t sure whether their neighborhood is dangerous enough to warrant it." msgstr "" +"Ring og politiet har funnet mange måter å flette sammen sine aktiviteter. " +"Ring inngår hemmelige avtaler for å skaffe sanntidstilgang til 911-" +"utkallinger og strømmer deretter alarmerende meldinger om kriminalitet til " +"brukere av Neighbors, som bidrar til å overbevise alle som vurderer en " +"overvåkningsdørklokke, men er ikke sikker på om nabolaget deres er så farlig " +"at det trengs." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2126 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The more the cops buzz-market the surveillance capitalist Ring, the more " "surveillance capability the state gets. Cops who rely on private entities " @@ -2667,30 +3966,39 @@ msgid "" "curb them. The fewer laws there are against them, the more the cops will " "rely on them." msgstr "" +"Jo mer politiet følger overvåkingskapitalisten Ring, jo mer overvåkingsevne " +"staten får. Politiet som stoler på private enheter for sin rettshåndhevelse, " +"og deretter guides i retning utplasseringen av denne teknologien, mens " +"selskapene returnere tjenesten ved lobbyvirksomhet mot regler som krever " +"offentlig tilsyn med politiets overvåkingsteknologi. Jo mer politiet stoler " +"på Ring og Neighbors, jo vanskeligere vil det være å vedta lover mot dem. Jo " +"færre lover er det mot dem, jo mer vil politiet stole på dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2137 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Dignity and sanctuary" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Verdighet og tilfluktsted" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2139 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But even if we could exercise democratic control over our states and force " "them to stop raiding surveillance capitalism’s reservoirs of behavioral " "data, surveillance capitalism would still harm us." msgstr "" +"Men selv om vi kunne utøve demokratisk kontroll over våre stater og tvinge " +"dem til å slutte å ransake overvåkingskapitalismens reservoarer av " +"atferdsdata, så ville overvåkingskapitalismen fortsatt skade oss." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2144 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on “sanctuary” — the " -"feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " +"This is an area where Zuboff shines. Her chapter on <quote>sanctuary</quote> " +"— the feeling of being unobserved — is a beautiful hymn to introspection, " "calmness, mindfulness, and tranquility." msgstr "" +"Dette er et område der Zuboff glimter til. Hennes kapittel om " +"<quote>tilfluktsted</quote> — følelsen av å ikke bli observert — er en " +"nydelig hyllest til introspeksjon, ro, oppmerksomt nærvær og stillhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2149 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "When you are watched, something changes. Anyone who has ever raised a child " "knows this. You might look up from your book (or more realistically, from " @@ -2703,12 +4011,22 @@ msgid "" "your authentic self, and in that moment, you are vulnerable like a hermit " "crab scuttling from one shell to the next. The tender, unprotected tissues " "you expose in that moment are too delicate to reveal in the presence of " -"another, even someone you trust as implicitly as a child trusts their " -"parent." -msgstr "" +"another, even someone you trust as implicitly as a child trusts their parent." +msgstr "" +"Når du blir overvåket, så endres noe. Alle som har oppdratt et barn vet " +"dette. Du kan se opp fra boken din (eller mer realistisk, fra mobilen) og " +"fange barnet ditt i et øyeblikk av dyp realisering og vekst, et øyeblikk " +"hvor de lærer noe som er helt i utkanten av sine evner, som krever " +"fullstendig og intens konsentrasjon. Et øyeblikk er du oppslukt, har det " +"sjeldne og vakre øyeblikket i fokus og utspille seg ut foran øynene dine, så " +"ser barnet opp og ser at du ser det, og øyeblikket kollapser. For å vokse, " +"trenger du å være og vise ditt sanne jeg, og i det øyeblikket er du sårbar " +"som en eremittkrabbe som skynder seg fra ett skall til det neste. Den ømme, " +"ubeskyttede overflaten du viser i det øyeblikket, er for delikate til å " +"avsløre i nærvær av en annen, selv noen du stoler så betingelsesløst på som " +"et barn stoler på sine foreldre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2165 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the digital age, our authentic selves are inextricably tied to our " "digital lives. Your search history is a running ledger of the questions " @@ -2716,16 +4034,21 @@ msgid "" "sought out and the experiences you’ve had there. Your social graph reveals " "the different facets of your identity, the people you’ve connected with." msgstr "" +"I den digitale tidsalder er vårt sanne jeg uløselig knyttet til våre " +"digitale liv. Søkehistorikken din er en løpende oversikt over spørsmålene du " +"har fundert på. Posisjonshistorikken din er et arkiv over steder du har " +"trukket mot og opplevelsene du har hatt der. Din sosiale graf avslører de " +"ulike sidene av identiteten din, og folkene du er knyttet til." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2173 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To be observed in these activities is to lose the sanctuary of your " "authentic self." msgstr "" +"Å få disse aktivitetene observert er å miste tilfluktstedet for ditt sanne " +"jeg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2177 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There’s another way in which surveillance capitalism robs us of our capacity " "to be our authentic selves: by making us anxious. Surveillance capitalism " @@ -2736,38 +4059,57 @@ msgid "" "on an intermittent schedule that is just random enough that our limbic " "systems never quite become inured to it." msgstr "" +"Det er en annen måte overvåkingskapitalismen frarøver oss vår evne til selv " +"å være vårt sanne jeg: Ved å gjøre oss engstelige. Overvåkingskapitalismen " +"er egentlig ikke en tankekontrollstråle, men du trenger ikke en " +"tankekontrollstråle for å gjøre noen engstelige. Tross alt, et annet ord for " +"angst er å være opprørt, og for å få noen til å bli opprørt, trenger du bare " +"å opprøre dem. Å pirke i dem og peke på dem og pipe mot dem og mumle mot dem " +"og bombardere dem i et periodisk opplegg som er akkurat tilfeldig nok til at " +"vår nervesystem aldri helt blir vant til det." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2188 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Our devices and services are “general purpose” in that they can connect " -"anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run any " -"program that can be written. This means that the distraction rectangles in " -"our pockets hold our most precious moments with our most beloved people and " -"their most urgent or time-sensitive communications (from “running late can " -"you get the kid?” to “doctor gave me bad news and I need to talk to you " -"RIGHT NOW”) as well as ads for refrigerators and recruiting messages from " -"Nazis." -msgstr "" +"Our devices and services are <quote>general purpose</quote> in that they can " +"connect anything or anyone to anything or anyone else and that they can run " +"any program that can be written. This means that the distraction rectangles " +"in our pockets hold our most precious moments with our most beloved people " +"and their most urgent or time-sensitive communications (from <quote>running " +"late can you get the kid?</quote> to <quote>doctor gave me bad news and I " +"need to talk to you RIGHT NOW</quote>) as well as ads for refrigerators and " +"recruiting messages from Nazis." +msgstr "" +"Våre enheter og tjenester har <quote>generelt formål</quote> i det at de kan " +"koble hva som helst eller hvem som helst til hva som helst eller hvem som " +"helst, og de kan gjøre ethvert program som kan lages. Dette betyr at " +"distraksjonsrektanglene i lommene våre passer på våre mest verdifulle " +"øyeblikk med våre kjæreste og deres mest presserende eller tidskritiske " +"meldinger (fra <quote>blir sen, kan du hente ungen?</quote> til <quote>legen " +"ga med dårlige nyheter og jeg trenger å snakke med deg MED EN GANG</quote>) " +"i tillegg til reklamer for kjøleskap og rekrutteringsmeldinger fra nazister." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2198 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All day and all night, our pockets buzz, shattering our concentration and " "tearing apart the fragile webs of connection we spin as we think through " "difficult ideas. If you locked someone in a cell and agitated them like " -"this, we’d call it “sleep deprivation torture,” and it would be <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">a war crime under the " -"Geneva Conventions</ulink>." -msgstr "" +"this, we’d call it <quote>sleep deprivation torture,</quote> and it would be " +"<ulink url=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">a war crime under " +"the Geneva Conventions</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Dag og natt vibrerer lommene våre, knuser konsentrasjonen vår og river i " +"stykker de skjøre edderkoppspinnene av sammenehenger vi spinner når vi " +"tenker gjennom vanskelige ideer. Hvis du låste noen inne i en celle og " +"forstyrret dem på dette viset, så ville vi kalt det " +"<quote>søvnnektingstortur</quote>, og det ville vært en <ulink url=\"https://" +"www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SKpRbvnx6g\">krigsforbrytelse i følge Geneve-" +"konvensjonen</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2207 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Afflicting the afflicted" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Pine de plagede" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2209 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The effects of surveillance on our ability to be our authentic selves are " "not equal for all people. Some of us are lucky enough to live in a time and " @@ -2775,29 +4117,40 @@ msgid "" "roundly socially acceptable and can be publicly displayed without the risk " "of social consequence." msgstr "" +"Effekten overvåkning har på vår evne til å være vårt sanne jeg er ikke lik " +"for alle mennesker. Noen av oss er heldige nok til å leve på en tid og sted " +"der de viktigste fakta om våre live er i stor grad sosialt aksepterte og kan " +"vises frem offentlig uten risiko for sosiale konsekvenser." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2216 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But for many of us, this is not true. Recall that in living memory, many of " "the ways of being that we think of as socially acceptable today were once " "cause for dire social sanction or even imprisonment. If you are 65 years " -"old, you have lived through a time in which people living in “free " -"societies” could be imprisoned or sanctioned for engaging in homosexual " -"activity, for falling in love with a person whose skin was a different color " -"than their own, or for smoking weed." -msgstr "" +"old, you have lived through a time in which people living in <quote>free " +"societies</quote> could be imprisoned or sanctioned for engaging in " +"homosexual activity, for falling in love with a person whose skin was a " +"different color than their own, or for smoking weed." +msgstr "" +"Men for mange av oss er dette ikke sant. Husk at i manns minne var mange av " +"væremåtene som vi tenker på som sosialt akseptable i dag en gang årsak til " +"alvorlig sosial sanksjon eller til og med fengsling. Hvis du er 65 år " +"gammel, har du levd i en tid hvor folk som bor i <quote>frie samfunn</quote> " +"kunne bli fengslet eller sanksjonert for å engasjere seg i homoseksuell " +"aktivitet, for å forelske seg i en person hvis hud var en annen farge enn " +"sin egen, eller for å røyke gras." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2226 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, these activities aren’t just decriminalized in much of the world, " "they’re considered normal, and the fallen prohibitions are viewed as " "shameful, regrettable relics of the past." msgstr "" +"I dag er disse aktivitetene ikke bare avkriminalisert i store deler av " +"verden, de anses som normale, og de forhenværende forbudene anses som " +"skamfulle, forkastelige relikvier fra fortiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2231 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "How did we get from prohibition to normalization? Through private, personal " "activity: People who were secretly gay or secret pot-smokers or who secretly " @@ -2810,9 +4163,18 @@ msgid "" "disclosing their true selves to the people around them and bringing them to " "their cause one conversation at a time." msgstr "" +"Hvordan gikk vi fra forbud til normalisering? Ved hjelp av privat og " +"personlig aktivitet: Folk som var homofile i skjul, eller som var " +"hasjrøykere i smug, eller som i hemmeliget elsket noen med en annen " +"hudfarge, var alle sårbare for gjengjeldelse hvis de gjorde sitt sanne jeg " +"kjent, og det var begrenset hvor mye de kunne fremme sine egne rettigheter i " +"samfunnet og slik være tro mot seg selv. Men fordi det var en privatsfære, " +"så kunne disse folkene danne allianser med sine kjære og sine venner som " +"ikke delte deres uglesette egenskaper, ved å ha private samtaler der de kom " +"ut av skapet og avslørte sitt sanne jeg til folkene rundt dem og bringe dem " +"inn på sin side, en samtale av gangen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2244 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The right to choose the time and manner of these conversations was key to " "their success. It’s one thing to come out to your dad while you’re on a " @@ -2820,18 +4182,26 @@ msgid "" "over the Christmas dinner table while your racist Facebook uncle is there to " "make a scene." msgstr "" +"Retten til å velge tid og sted for disse samtalene var nøkkelen til at de " +"lyktes. Det er en ting å komme ut av skapet overfor faren din mens dere er " +"på fisketurn langt unna allfarvei, og en helt annen ting å plumpe ut med det " +"over julemiddagen mens din rasistiske Facebook-onkel er der for å lage en " +"scene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2251 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Without a private sphere, there’s a chance that none of these changes would " "have come to pass and that the people who benefited from these changes would " "have either faced social sanction for coming out to a hostile world or would " "have never been able to reveal their true selves to the people they love." msgstr "" +"Uten en privatsfære så er det en sjanske for at ingen av disse endringene " +"hadde funnet sted, og at folkene som dro nytte av disse endringene enten " +"hadde mått sociale saksjoner for å komme ut av skapet i en fientlig verden " +"eller ville aldri vært i stand til å vise sitt sanne jeg til folkene de er " +"glade i." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2258 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The corollary is that, unless you think that our society has attained social " "perfection — that your grandchildren in 50 years will ask you to tell them " @@ -2843,28 +4213,37 @@ msgid "" "graves with that secret sorrow in their hearts, and the source of that " "sorrow will be the falsity of their relationship to you." msgstr "" +"Det følger fra dette at, med mindre du tror at vårt samfunn har oppnådd " +"sosial perfeksjon — at barnebarna i 50 år vil be deg om å fortelle dem " +"historien om hvordan, i 2020, hver urettferdighet hadde blitt korrigert og " +"ingen ytterligere endring måtte gjøres — så bør du forvente at akkurat nå, i " +"dette øyeblikk, er det folk du elsker, hvis lykke henger sammen med din egen " +", som har en hemmelighet i sine hjerter som hindrer dem fra å være sitt " +"sanne jeg sammen med deg. Disse menneskene er sorgfulle og vil gå i graven " +"med den hemmelige sorgen i sine hjerter, og kilden til denne sorgen vil være " +"falskheten i deres forhold til deg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "A private realm is necessary for human progress." -msgstr "" +msgstr "En privatsfære er nødvendig for menneskelig fremgang." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2273 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Any data you collect and retain will eventually leak" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Alle data du samler og tar vare på vil til slutt lekke" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The lack of a private life can rob vulnerable people of the chance to be " "their authentic selves and constrain our actions by depriving us of " "sanctuary, but there is another risk that is borne by everyone, not just " "people with a secret: crime." msgstr "" +"Mangelen på privatliv kan berøve sårbare folk sjansen til å være sitt sanne " +"jeg og begrense våre handler ved å frarøve oss vårt tilfluktsted, men det er " +"en annen risiko som belastes oss alle, ikke bare folk med en hemmelighet: " +"kriminalitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2281 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Personally identifying information is of very limited use for the purpose of " "controlling peoples’ minds, but identity theft — really a catchall term for " @@ -2872,57 +4251,87 @@ msgid "" "finances, compromise your personal integrity, ruin your reputation, or even " "expose you to physical danger — thrives on it." msgstr "" +"Personlig identifiserende informasjon har svært begrenset nytte når formålet " +"er å kontrollere folks sinn, men identitetstyveri - virkelig en omfattende " +"uttrykk for en hel konstellasjon av forferdelige kriminelle aktiviteter som " +"kan ødelegge din økonomi, kompromittere din personlige integritet, ødelegge " +"ditt rykte, eller til og med utsette deg for fysisk fare - trives med den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2289 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, " -"either. Multiple services have suffered breaches that exposed names, " -"addresses, phone numbers, passwords, sexual tastes, school grades, work " -"performance, brushes with the criminal justice system, family details, " -"genetic information, fingerprints and other biometrics, reading habits, " -"search histories, literary tastes, pseudonymous identities, and other " -"sensitive information. Attackers can merge data from these different " -"breaches to build up extremely detailed dossiers on random subjects and then " -"use different parts of the data for different criminal purposes." -msgstr "" +"Attackers are not limited to using data from one breached source, either. " +"Multiple services have suffered breaches that exposed names, addresses, " +"phone numbers, passwords, sexual tastes, school grades, work performance, " +"brushes with the criminal justice system, family details, genetic " +"information, fingerprints and other biometrics, reading habits, search " +"histories, literary tastes, pseudonymous identities, and other sensitive " +"information. Attackers can merge data from these different breaches to build " +"up extremely detailed dossiers on random subjects and then use different " +"parts of the data for different criminal purposes." +msgstr "" +"Angripere er heller ikke begrenset til å bruke data fra én kilde som er " +"tappet. Flere tjenester har hatt innbrudd som avslørte navn, adresser, " +"telefonnumre, passord, seksuell smak, skolekarakterer, arbeidsytelse, " +"trefninger med strafferettssystemet, familiedetaljer, genetisk informasjon, " +"fingeravtrykk og annen biometri, lesevaner, søkehistorikk, litterær smak, " +"pseudonymer og annen sensitiv informasjon. Angripere kan slå sammen data fra " +"disse forskjellige innbruddene for å bygge opp ekstremt detaljerte mapper om " +"tilfeldige personer, og deretter bruke ulike deler av datasettet til ulike " +"kriminelle formål." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2301 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, attackers can use leaked username and password combinations to " -"hijack whole fleets of commercial vehicles that <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-apps\">have " -"been fitted with anti-theft GPS trackers and immobilizers</ulink> or to " -"hijack baby monitors in order to <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-out-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?utm_term=.15220e98c550\">terrorize " -"toddlers with the audio tracks from pornography</ulink>. Attackers use " -"leaked data to trick phone companies into giving them your phone number, " -"then they intercept SMS-based two-factor authentication codes in order to " -"take over your email, bank account, and/or cryptocurrency wallets." -msgstr "" +"hijack whole fleets of commercial vehicles that <ulink url=\"https://www." +"vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-" +"apps\">have been fitted with anti-theft GPS trackers and immobilizers</" +"ulink> or to hijack baby monitors in order to <ulink url=\"https://www." +"washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-" +"out-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?" +"utm_term=.15220e98c550\">terrorize toddlers with the audio tracks from " +"pornography</ulink>. Attackers use leaked data to trick phone companies into " +"giving them your phone number, then they intercept SMS-based two-factor " +"authentication codes in order to take over your email, bank account, and/or " +"cryptocurrency wallets." +msgstr "" +"Angripere kan for eksempel bruke lekkede brukernavn- og passordkombinasjoner " +"til å kapre hele flåter av kommersielle kjøretøy som <ulink url=\"https://www" +".vice.com/en_us/article/zmpx4x/hacker-monitor-cars-kill-engine-gps-tracking-" +"apps\"> har blitt utstyrt med anti-tyveri GPS-sporere og startsperrer</" +"ulink> eller å kapre babymonitorer for å <ulink url=\"https://www." +"washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/23/how-nest-designed-keep-intruders-out" +"-peoples-homes-effectively-allowed-hackers-get/?utm_term=.15220e98c550\"" +">terrorisere småbarn med lydspor fra pornografi</ulink>. Angripere bruker " +"lekkede data til å lure telefonselskaper til å gi dem telefonnummeret ditt, " +"så fanger de opp SMS-baserte tofaktorautentiseringskoder for å ta over e-" +"post, bankkonti og/eller lommebøker for kryptovaluta." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2314 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Attackers are endlessly inventive in the pursuit of creative ways to " "weaponize leaked data. One common use of leaked data is to penetrate " "companies in order to access <emphasis>more</emphasis> data." msgstr "" +"Oppfinnsomheten til angripere har ingen grenser i jakten på kreative måter å " +"gjøre lekkede data til våpen. En vanlig bruk av lekkede data er å trenge inn " +"i selskaper for å få tilgang til <emphasis>mer</emphasis> data." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2319 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies " -"over-collecting and over-retaining our data. Spy agencies sometimes pay " -"companies for access to their data or intimidate them into giving it up, but " -"sometimes they work just like criminals do — by <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-24751821\">sneaking data out " -"of companies’ databases</ulink>." +"Like spies, online fraudsters are totally dependent on companies over-" +"collecting and over-retaining our data. Spy agencies sometimes pay companies " +"for access to their data or intimidate them into giving it up, but sometimes " +"they work just like criminals do — by <ulink url=\"https://www.bbc.com/news/" +"world-us-canada-24751821\">sneaking data out of companies’ databases</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Som spioner, er nettsvindlere er helt avhengig av selskapenes over-" +"innsamling og over-beholding av våre data. Spionetater betaler noen ganger " +"selskaper for tilgang til dataene sine eller skremmer dem til å oppgi dem, " +"men noen ganger fungerer de akkurat som kriminelle gjør — ved <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-24751821\">å tuske ut data fra " +"selskapenes databaser</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2327 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The over-collection of data has a host of terrible social consequences, from " "the erosion of our authentic selves to the undermining of social progress, " @@ -2930,77 +4339,93 @@ msgid "" "surveillance is also a boon to people running influence campaigns, but " "that’s the least of our troubles." msgstr "" +"Overinnsamlingen av data har en rekke forferdelige sosiale konsekvenser, fra " +"erosjonen av vårt sanne jeg til undergraving av sosial fremgang, fra statlig " +"overvåking til en epidemi av kriminalitet på nettet. Kommersiell overvåking " +"er også en fordel for folk som kjører påvirkningskampanjer, men det er vårt " +"minste problem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2335 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Critical tech exceptionalism is still tech exceptionalism" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Kritisk teknologi eksepsjonellisme er fortsatt eksepsjonellisme" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2338 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has long practiced technology exceptionalism: the idea that it " -"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of “meatspace.” Mottoes " -"like Facebook’s “move fast and break things” attracted justifiable scorn of " -"the companies’ self-serving rhetoric." +"should not be subject to the mundane laws and norms of <quote>meatspace.</" +"quote> Mottoes like Facebook’s <quote>move fast and break things</quote> " +"attracted justifiable scorn of the companies’ self-serving rhetoric." msgstr "" +"Storteknologien har lenge praktisert teknologi-eksepsjonallisme: ideen om at " +"de ikke bør være underlagt de dagligdagse lover og normer i " +"<quote>hverdagen</quote>. Mottoer som Facebooks <quote>move fast and break " +"things</quote> tiltrakk seg berettiget hån mot selskapenes selvsentrerte " +"retorikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2344 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Tech exceptionalism got us all into a lot of trouble, so it’s ironic and " "distressing to see Big Tech’s critics committing the same sin." msgstr "" +"Teknologiens eksepsjonellisme ga oss alle mye trøbbel, så det er ironisk og " +"plagsomt å se Storteknologiens kritikere synde på samme vis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2348 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Big Tech is not a “rogue capitalism” that cannot be cured through the " -"traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing companies to " -"divest of competitors they have acquired) and bans on mergers to monopoly " -"and other anti-competitive tactics. Big Tech does not have the power to use " -"machine learning to influence our behavior so thoroughly that markets lose " -"the ability to punish bad actors and reward superior competitors. Big Tech " -"has no rule-writing mind-control ray that necessitates ditching our old " -"toolbox." -msgstr "" +"Big Tech is not a <quote>rogue capitalism</quote> that cannot be cured " +"through the traditional anti-monopoly remedies of trustbusting (forcing " +"companies to divest of competitors they have acquired) and bans on mergers " +"to monopoly and other anti-competitive tactics. Big Tech does not have the " +"power to use machine learning to influence our behavior so thoroughly that " +"markets lose the ability to punish bad actors and reward superior " +"competitors. Big Tech has no rule-writing mind-control ray that necessitates " +"ditching our old toolbox." +msgstr "" +"Storteknologien er ikke en <quote>ukontrollert kapitalisme</quote> som ikke " +"kan kureres gjennom tradisjonelle rettslige antimonopol grep (tvinge " +"selskaper til å kvitte seg med konkurrenter de har kjøpt) og forbud mot " +"fusjoner som gir monopol og andre konkurransehemmende taktikker. " +"Storteknologien har ikke makt til å bruke maskinlæring til å påvirke vår " +"oppførsel så gjennomgående at markedene mister evnen til å straffe dårlige " +"aktører og belønne dyktigere konkurrenter. Storteknologien har ingen " +"regelskrivende tankekontroll-stråle, som nødvendiggjør avvikling av vår " +"gamle verktøykasse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2358 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The thing is, people have been claiming to have perfected mind-control rays " "for centuries, and every time, it turned out to be a con — though sometimes " "the con artists were also conning themselves." msgstr "" +"Saken er at, folk har hevdet å ha perfeksjonert tankekontroll-stråler i " +"århundrer, og hver gang, det viste seg å være et bedrag - men noen ganger " +"bedro svindlere seg selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2364 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For generations, the advertising industry has been steadily improving its " "ability to sell advertising services to businesses while only making " "marginal gains in selling those businesses’ products to prospective " -"customers. John Wanamaker’s lament that “50% of my advertising budget is " -"wasted, I just don’t know which 50%” is a testament to the triumph of " -"<emphasis>ad executives</emphasis>, who successfully convinced Wanamaker " +"customers. John Wanamaker’s lament that <quote>50% of my advertising budget " +"is wasted, I just don’t know which 50%</quote> is a testament to the triumph " +"of <emphasis>ad executives</emphasis>, who successfully convinced Wanamaker " "that only half of the money he spent went to waste." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2374 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The tech industry has made enormous improvements in the science of " "convincing businesses that they’re good at advertising while their actual " -"improvements to advertising — as opposed to targeting — have been pretty " -"ho-hum. The vogue for machine learning — and the mystical invocation of " -"“artificial intelligence” as a synonym for straightforward statistical " -"inference techniques — has greatly boosted the efficacy of Big Tech’s sales " -"pitch as marketers have exploited potential customers’ lack of technical " -"sophistication to get away with breathtaking acts of overpromising and " -"underdelivering." +"improvements to advertising — as opposed to targeting — have been pretty ho-" +"hum. The vogue for machine learning — and the mystical invocation of " +"<quote>artificial intelligence</quote> as a synonym for straightforward " +"statistical inference techniques — has greatly boosted the efficacy of Big " +"Tech’s sales pitch as marketers have exploited potential customers’ lack of " +"technical sophistication to get away with breathtaking acts of overpromising " +"and underdelivering." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2386 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s tempting to think that if businesses are willing to pour billions into " "a venture that the venture must be a good one. Yet there are plenty of times " @@ -3015,37 +4440,34 @@ msgid "" "accumulation, not a sign that managed funds are a good buy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2400 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The claims of Big Tech’s mind-control system are full of tells that the " -"enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">the " -"reliance on the “Big Five” personality traits</ulink> as a primary means of " -"influencing people even though the “Big Five” theory is unsupported by any " -"large-scale, peer-reviewed studies and is <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\">mostly " -"the realm of marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>." +"enterprise is a con. For example, <ulink url=\"https://www.frontiersin.org/" +"articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01415/full\">the reliance on the <quote>Big " +"Five</quote> personality traits</ulink> as a primary means of influencing " +"people even though the <quote>Big Five</quote> theory is unsupported by any " +"large-scale, peer-reviewed studies and is <ulink url=\"https://www.wired.com/" +"story/the-noisy-fallacies-of-psychographic-targeting/\">mostly the realm of " +"marketing hucksters and pop psych</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2410 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech’s promotional materials also claim that their algorithms can " -"accurately perform “sentiment analysis” or detect peoples’ moods based on " -"their “microexpressions,” but <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647040758/advertising-on-facebook-is-it-worth-it\">these " -"are marketing claims, not scientific ones</ulink>. These methods are largely " -"untested by independent scientific experts, and where they have been tested, " -"they’ve been found sorely wanting. Microexpressions are particularly " -"suspect as the companies that specialize in training people to detect them " -"<ulink " -"url=\"https://theintercept.com/2017/02/08/tsas-own-files-show-doubtful-science-behind-its-behavior-screening-program/\">have " +"accurately perform <quote>sentiment analysis</quote> or detect peoples’ " +"moods based on their <quote>microexpressions,</quote> but <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.npr.org/2018/09/12/647040758/advertising-on-facebook-is-it-" +"worth-it\">these are marketing claims, not scientific ones</ulink>. These " +"methods are largely untested by independent scientific experts, and where " +"they have been tested, they’ve been found sorely wanting. Microexpressions " +"are particularly suspect as the companies that specialize in training people " +"to detect them <ulink url=\"https://theintercept.com/2017/02/08/tsas-own-" +"files-show-doubtful-science-behind-its-behavior-screening-program/\">have " "been shown</ulink> to underperform relative to random chance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2423 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has been so good at marketing its own supposed superpowers that " "it’s easy to believe that they can market everything else with similar " @@ -3058,47 +4480,42 @@ msgid "" "its machine-learning fueled persuasion systems work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2435 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That skepticism should infuse all of our evaluations of Big Tech and its " "supposed abilities, including our perusal of its patents. Zuboff vests these " "patents with enormous significance, pointing out that Google claimed " -"extensive new persuasion capabilities in <ulink " -"url=\"https://patents.google.com/patent/US20050131762A1/en\">its patent " -"filings</ulink>. These claims are doubly suspect: first, because they are so " -"self-serving, and second, because the patent itself is so notoriously an " -"invitation to exaggeration." +"extensive new persuasion capabilities in <ulink url=\"https://patents.google." +"com/patent/US20050131762A1/en\">its patent filings</ulink>. These claims are " +"doubly suspect: first, because they are so self-serving, and second, because " +"the patent itself is so notoriously an invitation to exaggeration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Patent applications take the form of a series of claims and range from broad " "to narrow. A typical patent starts out by claiming that its authors have " "invented a method or system for doing every conceivable thing that anyone " "might do, ever, with any tool or device. Then it narrows that claim in " -"successive stages until we get to the actual “invention” that is the true " -"subject of the patent. The hope is that the patent examiner — who is almost " -"certainly overworked and underinformed — will miss the fact that some or all " -"of these claims are ridiculous, or at least suspect, and grant the patent’s " -"broader claims. Patents for unpatentable things are still incredibly useful " -"because they can be wielded against competitors who might license that " -"patent or steer clear of its claims rather than endure the lengthy, " -"expensive process of contesting it." +"successive stages until we get to the actual <quote>invention</quote> that " +"is the true subject of the patent. The hope is that the patent examiner — " +"who is almost certainly overworked and underinformed — will miss the fact " +"that some or all of these claims are ridiculous, or at least suspect, and " +"grant the patent’s broader claims. Patents for unpatentable things are still " +"incredibly useful because they can be wielded against competitors who might " +"license that patent or steer clear of its claims rather than endure the " +"lengthy, expensive process of contesting it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2460 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "What’s more, software patents are routinely granted even though the filer " -"doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the " -"patent. That is, you can patent an “invention” that you haven’t actually " -"made and that you don’t know how to make." +"doesn’t have any evidence that they can do the thing claimed by the patent. " +"That is, you can patent an <quote>invention</quote> that you haven’t " +"actually made and that you don’t know how to make." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2466 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "With these considerations in hand, it becomes obvious that the fact that a " "Big Tech company has patented what it <emphasis>says</emphasis> is an " @@ -3106,8 +4523,7 @@ msgid "" "fact control our minds." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2473 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech collects our data for many reasons, including the diminishing " "returns on existing stores of data. But many tech companies also collect " @@ -3118,8 +4534,7 @@ msgid "" "put to use after the first doubles the number of possible fax-to-fax links." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Data mined for predictive systems doesn’t necessarily produce these " "dividends. Think of Netflix: The predictive value of the data mined from a " @@ -3131,19 +4546,18 @@ msgid "" "labeling and validating data do not get cheaper at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2494 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Businesses pursue fads to the detriment of their profits all the time, " "especially when the businesses and their investors are not motivated by the " "prospect of becoming profitable but rather by the prospect of being acquired " "by a Big Tech giant or by having an IPO. For these firms, ticking faddish " -"boxes like “collects as much data as possible” might realize a bigger return " -"on investment than “collects a business-appropriate quantity of data.”" +"boxes like <quote>collects as much data as possible</quote> might realize a " +"bigger return on investment than <quote>collects a business-appropriate " +"quantity of data.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2503 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This is another harm of tech exceptionalism: The belief that more data " "always produces more profits in the form of more insights that can be " @@ -3158,15 +4572,13 @@ msgid "" "spend not one penny more than is necessary on protecting data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2517 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "" "How monopolies, not mind control, drive surveillance capitalism: The " "Snapchat story" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2520 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For the first decade of its existence, Facebook competed with the social " "media giants of the day (Myspace, Orkut, etc.) by presenting itself as the " @@ -3177,157 +4589,189 @@ msgid "" "social media wars like Myspace." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2530 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Despite frequent promises that it would never collect or analyze its users’ " "data, Facebook periodically created initiatives that did just that, like the " "creepy, ham-fisted Beacon tool, which spied on you as you moved around the " "web and then added your online activities to your public timeline, allowing " -"your friends to monitor your browsing habits. Beacon sparked a user " -"revolt. Every time, Facebook backed off from its surveillance initiative, " -"but not all the way; inevitably, the new Facebook would be more surveilling " -"than the old Facebook, though not quite as surveilling as the intermediate " -"Facebook following the launch of the new product or service." +"your friends to monitor your browsing habits. Beacon sparked a user revolt. " +"Every time, Facebook backed off from its surveillance initiative, but not " +"all the way; inevitably, the new Facebook would be more surveilling than the " +"old Facebook, though not quite as surveilling as the intermediate Facebook " +"following the launch of the new product or service." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The pace at which Facebook ramped up its surveillance efforts seems to have " "been set by Facebook’s competitive landscape. The more competitors Facebook " "had, the better it behaved. Every time a major competitor foundered, " -"Facebook’s behavior <ulink " -"url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3247362\">got " -"markedly worse</ulink>." +"Facebook’s behavior <ulink url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?" +"abstract_id=3247362\">got markedly worse</ulink>." msgstr "" +"Hvor raskt Facebook økte sin overvåkningsinnsats ser ut til å ha vært styrt " +"av det konkurransemessige landskapet til Facebook. Jo flere konkurrenter " +"Facebook hadde, jo bedre oppførte de seg. Hver gang en stor konkurrent brøt " +"sammen, så ble oppførselen til Facebook <ulink url=\"https://papers.ssrn.com/" +"sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3247362\">markant verre</ulink>." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2550 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All the while, Facebook was prodigiously acquiring companies, including a " -"company called Onavo. Nominally, Onavo made a battery-monitoring mobile " -"app. But the permissions that Onavo required were so expansive that the app " -"was able to gather fine-grained telemetry on everything users did with their " +"company called Onavo. Nominally, Onavo made a battery-monitoring mobile app. " +"But the permissions that Onavo required were so expansive that the app was " +"able to gather fine-grained telemetry on everything users did with their " "phones, including which apps they used and how they were using them." msgstr "" +"Samtidig kjøpte Facebook enormt mange selskaper, inkludert et selskap som " +"heter Onavo. I utgangspunktet laget Onavo en batteriovervåkingsapp. Men " +"tillatelsene som Onavo krevde var så omfattende at appen var i stand til å " +"samle inn finkornet telemetri på alt brukerne gjorde med telefonene sine, " +"inkludert hvilke apper de brukte og hvordan de brukte dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2558 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Through Onavo, Facebook discovered that it was losing market share to " "Snapchat, an app that — like Facebook a decade before — billed itself as the " "pro-privacy alternative to the status quo. Through Onavo, Facebook was able " "to mine data from the devices of Snapchat users, including both current and " "former Snapchat users. This spurred Facebook to acquire Instagram — some " -"features of which competed with Snapchat — and then allowed Facebook to " -"fine-tune Instagram’s features and sales pitch to erode Snapchat’s gains and " +"features of which competed with Snapchat — and then allowed Facebook to fine-" +"tune Instagram’s features and sales pitch to erode Snapchat’s gains and " "ensure that Facebook would not have to face the kinds of competitive " "pressures it had earlier inflicted on Myspace and Orkut." msgstr "" +"Ved hjelp av Onavo oppdaget Facebook at de mistet markedsandeler til " +"Snapchat, en app som – som Facebook et tiår tidligere – presenterte seg selv " +"som pro-personvernalternativet til status quo. Ved hjelp av Onavo kunne " +"Facebook hente ut data fra enhetene til Snapchat-brukere, inkludert både " +"nåværende og tidligere Snapchat-brukere. Dette ansporet Facebook til å kjøpe " +"Instagram - som hadde noen egenskaper som konkurrerte med Snapchat - og som " +"deretter tillot Facebook å finjustere Instagrams funksjoner og salgspitch " +"for å fjerne Snapchats fordeler og sikre at Facebook ikke måtte møte den " +"typen konkurransepress det tidligere hadde påført Myspace og Orkut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2570 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The story of how Facebook crushed Snapchat reveals the relationship between " "monopoly and surveillance capitalism. Facebook combined surveillance with " "lax antitrust enforcement to spot the competitive threat of Snapchat on its " "horizon and then take decisive action against it. Facebook’s surveillance " -"capitalism let it avert competitive pressure with anti-competitive " -"tactics. Facebook users still want privacy — Facebook hasn’t used " -"surveillance to brainwash them out of it — but they can’t get it because " -"Facebook’s surveillance lets it destroy any hope of a rival service emerging " -"that competes on privacy features." -msgstr "" +"capitalism let it avert competitive pressure with anti-competitive tactics. " +"Facebook users still want privacy — Facebook hasn’t used surveillance to " +"brainwash them out of it — but they can’t get it because Facebook’s " +"surveillance lets it destroy any hope of a rival service emerging that " +"competes on privacy features." +msgstr "" +"Historien om hvordan Facebook knuste Snapchat avslører forholdet mellom " +"monopol og overvåkingskapitalisme. Facebook kombinerte overvåking med slapp " +"antitrust-håndhevelse for å oppdage den kommende konkurransemessige " +"trusselen fra Snapchat og deretter ta avgjørende tiltak mot den. Facebooks " +"overvåkingskapitalisme lar den avverge konkurransepress med " +"konkurransehemmende taktikker. Facebook-brukere vil fortsatt ha personvern – " +"Facebook har ikke brukt overvåking til å hjernevaske dem ut av det – men de " +"kan ikke få det fordi Facebooks overvåkning lar Facebook ødelegge ethvert " +"håp om at en rivaliserende tjeneste dukker opp som konkurrerer på " +"personvernfunksjoner." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2582 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "A monopoly over your friends" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Et monopol over vennene dine" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2584 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "A decentralization movement has tried to erode the dominance of Facebook and " -"other Big Tech companies by fielding “indieweb” alternatives — Mastodon as a " -"Twitter alternative, Diaspora as a Facebook alternative, etc. — but these " -"efforts have failed to attain any kind of liftoff." +"other Big Tech companies by fielding <quote>indieweb</quote> alternatives — " +"Mastodon as a Twitter alternative, Diaspora as a Facebook alternative, etc. " +"— but these efforts have failed to attain any kind of liftoff." msgstr "" +"En desentraliseringsbevegelse har forsøkt å fjerne dominansen til Facebook " +"og andre Storteknologi-selskaper ved å lage og fremme <quote>indieweb</" +"quote>-alternativer — Mastodon som et Twitter-alternativ, Diaspora som et " +"Facebook-alternativ, og så videre — men disse forsøkene har på ingen måte " +"tatt av." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2591 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fundamentally, each of these services is hamstrung by the same problem: " "Every potential user for a Facebook or Twitter alternative has to convince " "all their friends to follow them to a decentralized web alternative in order " "to continue to realize the benefit of social media. For many of us, the only " "reason to have a Facebook account is that our friends have Facebook " -"accounts, and the reason they have Facebook accounts is that " -"<emphasis>we</emphasis> have Facebook accounts." +"accounts, and the reason they have Facebook accounts is that <emphasis>we</" +"emphasis> have Facebook accounts." msgstr "" +"I bunn og grunn er hver av disse tjenestene hemmet av det samme problemet: " +"Hver potensiell bruker av et Facebook- eller Twitteralternativ må overbevise " +"alle sine venner til å følge dem til en desentralisert Internettalternativ " +"for å fortsatt ha glede av fordelene med sosiale medier. For mange av oss er " +"den eneste grunnen til å ha en Facebook-konto at vennene våre har Facebook-" +"kontoer, og grunnen til at de har Facebook-kontoer er at <emphasis>vi</" +"emphasis> har Facebook-kontoer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2601 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All of this has conspired to make Facebook — and other dominant platforms — " -"into “kill zones” that investors will not fund new entrants for." +"into <quote>kill zones</quote> that investors will not fund new entrants for." msgstr "" +"Alt dette har konspirert til å gjøre Facebook – og andre dominerende " +"plattformer – til <quote>drapssoner</quote> der investorer ikke vil " +"finansiere nye deltakere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2606 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And yet, all of today’s tech giants came into existence despite the " "entrenched advantage of the companies that came before them. To understand " "how that happened, you have to understand both interoperability and " "adversarial interoperability." msgstr "" +"Og likevel, alle dagens teknologigiganter dukketopp til tross for den " +"forankrede fordelen til selskapene som kom før dem. For å forstå hvordan det " +"skjedde, må du forstå både samvirke og angripende samvirke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "The hard problem of our species is coordination." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det vanskelige problemet for vår art er koordinering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2617 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"“Interoperability” is the ability of two technologies to work with one " -"another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, anyone " -"can make a filter you can install in your stove’s extractor fan, anyone can " -"make gasoline for your car, anyone can make a USB phone charger that fits in " -"your car’s cigarette lighter receptacle, anyone can make a light bulb that " -"works in your light socket, anyone can make bread that will toast in your " -"toaster." +"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is the ability of two technologies to work " +"with one another: Anyone can make an LP that will play on any record player, " +"anyone can make a filter you can install in your stove’s extractor fan, " +"anyone can make gasoline for your car, anyone can make a USB phone charger " +"that fits in your car’s cigarette lighter receptacle, anyone can make a " +"light bulb that works in your light socket, anyone can make bread that will " +"toast in your toaster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2626 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Interoperability is often a source of innovation and consumer benefit: Apple " "made the first commercially successful PC, but millions of independent " -"software vendors made interoperable programs that ran on the Apple II " -"Plus. The simple analog antenna inputs on the back of TVs first allowed " -"cable operators to connect directly to TVs, then they allowed game console " +"software vendors made interoperable programs that ran on the Apple II Plus. " +"The simple analog antenna inputs on the back of TVs first allowed cable " +"operators to connect directly to TVs, then they allowed game console " "companies and then personal computer companies to use standard televisions " "as displays. Standard RJ-11 telephone jacks allowed for the production of " "phones from a variety of vendors in a variety of forms, from the free " -"football-shaped phone that came with a <emphasis>Sports " -"Illustrated</emphasis> subscription to business phones with speakers, hold " -"functions, and so on and then answering machines and finally modems, paving " -"the way for the internet revolution." +"football-shaped phone that came with a <emphasis>Sports Illustrated</" +"emphasis> subscription to business phones with speakers, hold functions, and " +"so on and then answering machines and finally modems, paving the way for the " +"internet revolution." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2641 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"“Interoperability” is often used interchangeably with “standardization,” " -"which is the process when manufacturers and other stakeholders hammer out a " -"set of agreed-upon rules for implementing a technology, such as the " -"electrical plug on your wall, the CAN bus used by your car’s computer " -"systems, or the HTML instructions that your browser interprets." +"<quote>Interoperability</quote> is often used interchangeably with " +"<quote>standardization,</quote> which is the process when manufacturers and " +"other stakeholders hammer out a set of agreed-upon rules for implementing a " +"technology, such as the electrical plug on your wall, the CAN bus used by " +"your car’s computer systems, or the HTML instructions that your browser " +"interprets." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2649 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But interoperability doesn’t require standardization — indeed, " "standardization often proceeds from the chaos of ad hoc interoperability " @@ -3336,33 +4780,31 @@ msgid "" "dashboard lighter subcomponent. The automakers didn’t take any " "countermeasures to prevent the use of these aftermarket accessories by their " "customers, but they also didn’t do anything to make life easier for the " -"chargers’ manufacturers. This is a kind of “neutral interoperability.”" +"chargers’ manufacturers. This is a kind of <quote>neutral interoperability.</" +"quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2660 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is “adversarial interoperability.” " -"That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that interoperates with another " -"manufacturer’s product <emphasis>despite the second manufacturer’s " -"objections</emphasis> and <emphasis>even if that means bypassing a security " -"system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." +"Beyond neutral interoperability, there is <quote>adversarial " +"interoperability.</quote> That’s when a manufacturer makes a product that " +"interoperates with another manufacturer’s product <emphasis>despite the " +"second manufacturer’s objections</emphasis> and <emphasis>even if that means " +"bypassing a security system designed to prevent interoperability</emphasis>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2668 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is " -"third-party printer ink. Printer manufacturers claim that they sell printers " -"below cost and that the only way they can recoup the losses they incur is by " +"Probably the most familiar form of adversarial interoperability is third-" +"party printer ink. Printer manufacturers claim that they sell printers below " +"cost and that the only way they can recoup the losses they incur is by " "charging high markups on ink. To prevent the owners of printers from buying " "ink elsewhere, the printer companies deploy a suite of anti-customer " "security systems that detect and reject both refilled and third-party " "cartridges." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2677 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Owners of printers take the position that HP and Epson and Brother are not " "charities and that customers for their wares have no obligation to help them " @@ -3376,23 +4818,22 @@ msgid "" "printer companies?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2690 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability has played an outsized role in the history of " -"the tech industry: from the founding of the “alt.*” Usenet hierarchy (which " -"was started against the wishes of Usenet’s maintainers and which grew to be " -"bigger than all of Usenet combined) to the browser wars (when Netscape and " -"Microsoft devoted massive engineering efforts to making their browsers " -"incompatible with the other’s special commands and peccadilloes) to Facebook " -"(whose success was built in part by helping its new users stay in touch with " -"friends they’d left behind on Myspace because Facebook supplied them with a " -"tool that scraped waiting messages from Myspace and imported them into " -"Facebook, effectively creating an Facebook-based Myspace reader)." +"the tech industry: from the founding of the <quote>alt.*</quote> Usenet " +"hierarchy (which was started against the wishes of Usenet’s maintainers and " +"which grew to be bigger than all of Usenet combined) to the browser wars " +"(when Netscape and Microsoft devoted massive engineering efforts to making " +"their browsers incompatible with the other’s special commands and " +"peccadilloes) to Facebook (whose success was built in part by helping its " +"new users stay in touch with friends they’d left behind on Myspace because " +"Facebook supplied them with a tool that scraped waiting messages from " +"Myspace and imported them into Facebook, effectively creating an Facebook-" +"based Myspace reader)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2704 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Today, incumbency is seen as an unassailable advantage. Facebook is where " "all of your friends are, so no one can start a Facebook competitor. But " @@ -3408,8 +4849,7 @@ msgid "" "better treatment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2719 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Adversarial interoperability was once the norm and a key contributor to the " "dynamic, vibrant tech scene, but now it is stuck behind a thicket of laws " @@ -3420,8 +4860,7 @@ msgid "" "interference, and patent." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2729 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In the absence of a competitive market, lawmakers have resorted to assigning " "expensive, state-like duties to Big Tech firms, such as automatically " @@ -3430,16 +4869,14 @@ msgid "" "controlling access to sexual material." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2737 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These measures put a floor under how small we can make Big Tech because only " "the very largest companies can afford the humans and automated filters " "needed to perform these duties." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2742 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But that’s not the only way in which making platforms responsible for " "policing their users undermines competition. A platform that is expected to " @@ -3452,8 +4889,7 @@ msgid "" "guesses about whether someone is a harasser)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2754 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "To the extent that we are willing to let Big Tech police itself — rather " "than making Big Tech small enough that users can leave bad platforms for " @@ -3461,32 +4897,27 @@ msgid "" "out of business will not destroy billions of users’ access to their " "communities and data — we build the case that Big Tech should be able to " "block its competitors and make it easier for Big Tech to demand legal " -"enforcement tools to ban and punish attempts at adversarial " -"interoperability." +"enforcement tools to ban and punish attempts at adversarial interoperability." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2764 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ultimately, we can try to fix Big Tech by making it responsible for bad acts " "by its users, or we can try to fix the internet by cutting Big Tech down to " "size. But we can’t do both. To replace today’s giant products with " "pluralistic protocols, we need to clear the legal thicket that prevents " -"adversarial interoperability so that tomorrow’s nimble, personal, " -"small-scale products can federate themselves with giants like Facebook, " -"allowing the users who’ve left to continue to communicate with users who " -"haven’t left yet, reaching tendrils over Facebook’s garden wall that " -"Facebook’s trapped users can use to scale the walls and escape to the " -"global, open web." +"adversarial interoperability so that tomorrow’s nimble, personal, small-" +"scale products can federate themselves with giants like Facebook, allowing " +"the users who’ve left to continue to communicate with users who haven’t left " +"yet, reaching tendrils over Facebook’s garden wall that Facebook’s trapped " +"users can use to scale the walls and escape to the global, open web." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:2776 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Fake news is an epistemological crisis" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2778 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Tech is not the only industry that has undergone massive concentration since " "the Reagan era. Virtually every major industry — from oil to newspapers to " @@ -3494,8 +4925,7 @@ msgid "" "clubby oligarchy that just a few players dominate." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2785 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "At the same time, every industry has become something of a tech industry as " "general-purpose computers and general-purpose networks and the promise of " @@ -3503,8 +4933,7 @@ msgid "" "firm with tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2791 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This phenomenon of industrial concentration is part of a wider story about " "wealth concentration overall as a smaller and smaller number of people own " @@ -3513,19 +4942,18 @@ msgid "" "interests of the people and companies with all the money." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2799 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That means that whenever a regulator asks a question with an obvious, " -"empirical answer (“Are humans causing climate change?” or “Should we let " -"companies conduct commercial mass surveillance?” or “Does society benefit " -"from allowing network neutrality violations?”), the answer that comes out is " -"only correct if that correctness meets with the approval of rich people and " -"the industries that made them so wealthy." +"empirical answer (<quote>Are humans causing climate change?</quote> or " +"<quote>Should we let companies conduct commercial mass surveillance?</quote> " +"or <quote>Does society benefit from allowing network neutrality violations?</" +"quote>), the answer that comes out is only correct if that correctness meets " +"with the approval of rich people and the industries that made them so " +"wealthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2808 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Rich people have always played an outsized role in politics and more so " "since the Supreme Court’s <emphasis>Citizens United</emphasis> decision " @@ -3535,8 +4963,7 @@ msgid "" "before. Think of the Koch brothers or George Soros or Bill Gates." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2817 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the policy distortions of rich individuals pale in comparison to the " "policy distortions that concentrated industries are capable of. The " @@ -3546,18 +4973,15 @@ msgid "" "capital surpluses to spend on lobbying." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2826 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Concentrated industries also find it easier to collaborate on policy " "objectives than competitive ones. When all the top execs from your industry " -"can fit around a single boardroom table, they often do. And " -"<emphasis>when</emphasis> they do, they can forge a consensus position on " -"regulation." +"can fit around a single boardroom table, they often do. And <emphasis>when</" +"emphasis> they do, they can forge a consensus position on regulation." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2833 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Rising through the ranks in a concentrated industry generally means working " "at two or three of the big companies. When there are only relatively few " @@ -3570,8 +4994,7 @@ msgid "" "collegial, rather than competitive, attitude." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2845 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Highly concentrated industries also present a regulatory conundrum. When an " "industry is dominated by just four or five companies, the only people who " @@ -3583,8 +5006,7 @@ msgid "" "ranks once their terms have expired." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2856 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "All this is to say that the tight social bonds, small number of firms, and " "regulatory capture of concentrated industries give the companies that " @@ -3592,32 +5014,31 @@ msgid "" "bind them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2862 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/25/how-payday-lending-industry-insider-tilted-academic-research-its-favor/\">winning " -"the right to practice predatory lending</ulink> or Apple <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mgxayp/source-apple-will-fight-right-to-repair-legislation\">winning " -"the right to decide who can fix your phone</ulink> or Google and Facebook " -"winning the right to breach your private data without suffering meaningful " -"consequences or victories for pipeline companies or impunity for opioid " -"manufacturers or massive tax subsidies for incredibly profitable dominant " -"businesses, it’s increasingly apparent that many of our official, " +"This is increasingly obvious. Whether it’s payday lenders <ulink url=" +"\"https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/02/25/how-payday-lending-" +"industry-insider-tilted-academic-research-its-favor/\">winning the right to " +"practice predatory lending</ulink> or Apple <ulink url=\"https://www.vice." +"com/en_us/article/mgxayp/source-apple-will-fight-right-to-repair-legislation" +"\">winning the right to decide who can fix your phone</ulink> or Google and " +"Facebook winning the right to breach your private data without suffering " +"meaningful consequences or victories for pipeline companies or impunity for " +"opioid manufacturers or massive tax subsidies for incredibly profitable " +"dominant businesses, it’s increasingly apparent that many of our official, " "evidence-based truth-seeking processes are, in fact, auctions for sale to " "the highest bidder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2876 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s really impossible to overstate what a terrifying prospect this is. We " "live in an incredibly high-tech society, and none of us could acquire the " "expertise to evaluate every technological proposition that stands between us " "and our untimely, horrible deaths. You might devote your life to acquiring " -"the media literacy to distinguish good scientific journals from corrupt " -"pay-for-play lookalikes and the statistical literacy to evaluate the quality " -"of the analysis in the journals as well as the microbiology and epidemiology " +"the media literacy to distinguish good scientific journals from corrupt pay-" +"for-play lookalikes and the statistical literacy to evaluate the quality of " +"the analysis in the journals as well as the microbiology and epidemiology " "knowledge to determine whether you can trust claims about the safety of " "vaccines — but that would still leave you unqualified to judge whether the " "wiring in your home will give you a lethal shock <emphasis>and</emphasis> " @@ -3626,8 +5047,7 @@ msgid "" "sufficient to keep you from dying after you finish your dinner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2893 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In a world as complex as this one, we have to defer to authorities, and we " "keep them honest by making those authorities accountable to us and binding " @@ -3637,13 +5057,11 @@ msgid "" "whether the adjudication process itself is trustworthy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2902 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "Right now, it’s obviously not." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2905 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The past 40 years of rising inequality and industry concentration, together " "with increasingly weak accountability and transparency for expert agencies, " @@ -3653,8 +5071,7 @@ msgid "" "rest of us." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2913 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For example, it’s been decades since Exxon’s own scientists concluded that " "its products would render the Earth uninhabitable by humans. And yet those " @@ -3666,8 +5083,7 @@ msgid "" "they, too, are the outcome of another conspiracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2924 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The collapse of the credibility of our systems for divining and upholding " "truths has left us in a state of epistemological chaos. Once, most of us " @@ -3677,8 +5093,7 @@ msgid "" "sort the true from the false." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2933 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you’re like me, you probably believe that vaccines are safe, but you " "(like me) probably also can’t explain the microbiology or statistics. Few of " @@ -3689,14 +5104,13 @@ msgid "" "embraced by medical authorities, after all, and one is safe while the other " "could ruin your life. You’re left with a kind of inchoate constellation of " "rules of thumb about which experts you trust to fact-check controversial " -"claims and then to explain how all those respectable doctors with their " -"peer-reviewed research on opioid safety <emphasis>were</emphasis> an " -"aberration and then how you know that the doctors writing about vaccine " -"safety are <emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration." +"claims and then to explain how all those respectable doctors with their peer-" +"reviewed research on opioid safety <emphasis>were</emphasis> an aberration " +"and then how you know that the doctors writing about vaccine safety are " +"<emphasis>not</emphasis> an aberration." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2950 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I’m 100% certain that vaccinating is safe and effective, but I’m also at " "something of a loss to explain exactly, <emphasis>precisely,</emphasis> why " @@ -3705,67 +5119,59 @@ msgid "" "enrich the super rich." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2958 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fake news — conspiracy theories, racist ideologies, scientific denialism — " "has always been with us. What’s changed today is not the mix of ideas in the " -"public discourse but the popularity of the worst ideas in that " -"mix. Conspiracy and denial have skyrocketed in lockstep with the growth of " -"Big Inequality, which has also tracked the rise of Big Tech and Big Pharma " -"and Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else." +"public discourse but the popularity of the worst ideas in that mix. " +"Conspiracy and denial have skyrocketed in lockstep with the growth of Big " +"Inequality, which has also tracked the rise of Big Tech and Big Pharma and " +"Big Wrestling and Big Car and Big Movie Theater and Big Everything Else." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2967 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "No one can say for certain why this has happened, but the two dominant camps " "are idealism (the belief that the people who argue for these conspiracies " -"have gotten better at explaining them, maybe with the help of " -"machine-learning tools) or materialism (the ideas have become more " -"attractive because of material conditions in the world)." +"have gotten better at explaining them, maybe with the help of machine-" +"learning tools) or materialism (the ideas have become more attractive " +"because of material conditions in the world)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2975 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I’m a materialist. I’ve been exposed to the arguments of conspiracy " "theorists all my life, and I have not experienced any qualitative leap in " "the quality of those arguments." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2980 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The major difference is in the world, not the arguments. In a time where " "actual conspiracies are commonplace, conspiracy theories acquire a ring of " "plausibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2985 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We have always had disagreements about what’s true, but today, we have a " "disagreement over how we know whether something is true. This is an " "epistemological crisis, not a crisis over belief. It’s a crisis over the " "credibility of our truth-seeking exercises, from scientific journals (in an " -"era where the biggest journal publishers have been caught producing " -"pay-to-play journals for junk science) to regulations (in an era where " -"regulators are routinely cycling in and out of business) to education (in an " -"era where universities are dependent on corporate donations to keep their " -"lights on)." +"era where the biggest journal publishers have been caught producing pay-to-" +"play journals for junk science) to regulations (in an era where regulators " +"are routinely cycling in and out of business) to education (in an era where " +"universities are dependent on corporate donations to keep their lights on)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:2996 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Targeting — surveillance capitalism — makes it easier to find people who are " -"undergoing this epistemological crisis, but it doesn’t create the " -"crisis. For that, you need to look to corruption." +"undergoing this epistemological crisis, but it doesn’t create the crisis. " +"For that, you need to look to corruption." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3001 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "And, conveniently enough, it’s corruption that allows surveillance " "capitalism to grow by dismantling monopoly protections, by permitting " @@ -3775,13 +5181,11 @@ msgid "" "yourself to commercial surveillance." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3010 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Tech is different" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Teknologi er annerledes" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3012 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I reject both iterations of technological exceptionalism. I reject the idea " "that tech is uniquely terrible and led by people who are greedier or worse " @@ -3790,16 +5194,14 @@ msgid "" "for its present-day monopolistic status." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3020 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I think tech is just another industry, albeit one that grew up in the " "absence of real monopoly constraints. It may have been first, but it isn’t " "the worst nor will it be the last." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3025 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But there’s one way in which I <emphasis>am</emphasis> a tech " "exceptionalist. I believe that online tools are the key to overcoming " @@ -3811,16 +5213,14 @@ msgid "" "stability — but it’s a means to achieve these things." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3036 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The hard problem of our species is coordination. Everything from climate " "change to social change to running a business to making a family work can be " "viewed as a collective action problem." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The internet makes it easier than at any time before to find people who want " "to work on a project with you — hence the success of free and open-source " @@ -3828,19 +5228,17 @@ msgid "" "coordinate the work you do." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3047 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The internet and the computers we connect to it also possess an exceptional " "quality: general-purposeness. The internet is designed to allow any two " "parties to communicate any data, using any protocol, without permission from " -"anyone else. The only production design we have for computers is the " -"general-purpose, “Turing complete” computer that can run every program we " -"can express in symbolic logic." +"anyone else. The only production design we have for computers is the general-" +"purpose, <quote>Turing complete</quote> computer that can run every program " +"we can express in symbolic logic." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3056 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This means that every time someone with a special communications need " "invests in infrastructure and techniques to make the internet faster, " @@ -3851,16 +5249,17 @@ msgid "" "beneficiary of this work." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3065 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "For these reasons, every type of communication is gradually absorbed into " "the internet, and every type of device — from airplanes to pacemakers — " "eventually becomes a computer in a fancy case." msgstr "" +"På grunn av dette, vil enhver form for kommunikasjon gradvis absorberes inn " +"i Internett, og enhver type dings — fra fly til pacemakere — på sikt bli en " +"datamaskin i en stilig boks." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3070 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "While these considerations don’t preclude regulating networks and computers, " "they do call for gravitas and caution when doing so because changes to " @@ -3868,8 +5267,7 @@ msgid "" "many, many other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3076 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The upshot of this is that our best hope of solving the big coordination " "problems — climate change, inequality, etc. — is with free, fair, and open " @@ -3878,13 +5276,11 @@ msgid "" "interventions to solve one problem might create problems in other domains." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3084 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Ownership of facts" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Eierskap til fakta" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3086 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech has a funny relationship with information. When you’re generating " "information — anything from the location data streaming off your mobile " @@ -3892,8 +5288,7 @@ msgid "" "claims the rights to make unlimited use of that data." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3093 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But when you have the audacity to turn the tables — to use a tool that " "blocks ads or slurps your waiting updates out of a social network and puts " @@ -3902,8 +5297,7 @@ msgid "" "you’re stealing from them." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3100 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The thing is, information is a very bad fit for any kind of private property " "regime. Property rights are useful for establishing markets that can lead to " @@ -3912,8 +5306,7 @@ msgid "" "be bought and sold." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3107 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Information rarely has such a clear title. Take phone numbers: There’s " "clearly something going wrong when Facebook slurps up millions of users’ " @@ -3921,20 +5314,18 @@ msgid "" "graphs and fill in missing information about other users." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3114 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But the phone numbers Facebook nonconsensually acquires in this transaction " -"are not the “property” of the users they’re taken from nor do they belong to " -"the people whose phones ring when you dial those numbers. The numbers are " -"mere integers, 10 digits in the U.S. and Canada, and they appear in " -"millions of places, including somewhere deep in pi as well as numerous other " -"contexts. Giving people ownership titles to integers is an obviously " -"terrible idea." +"are not the <quote>property</quote> of the users they’re taken from nor do " +"they belong to the people whose phones ring when you dial those numbers. The " +"numbers are mere integers, 10 digits in the U.S. and Canada, and they " +"appear in millions of places, including somewhere deep in pi as well as " +"numerous other contexts. Giving people ownership titles to integers is an " +"obviously terrible idea." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3123 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Likewise for the facts that Facebook and other commercial surveillance " "operators acquire about us, like that we are the children of our parents or " @@ -3948,20 +5339,17 @@ msgid "" "who know these facts?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3136 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you go to a Black Lives Matter demonstration, do the other demonstrators " "need your permission to post their photos from the event? The online fights " -"over <ulink " -"url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-take-photos-at-protests/\">when and " -"how to post photos from demonstrations</ulink> reveal a nuanced, complex " -"issue that cannot be easily hand-waved away by giving one party a property " -"right that everyone else in the mix has to respect." +"over <ulink url=\"https://www.wired.com/story/how-to-take-photos-at-protests/" +"\">when and how to post photos from demonstrations</ulink> reveal a nuanced, " +"complex issue that cannot be easily hand-waved away by giving one party a " +"property right that everyone else in the mix has to respect." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3145 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The fact that information isn’t a good fit with property and markets doesn’t " "mean that it’s not valuable. Babies aren’t property, but they’re inarguably " @@ -3972,8 +5360,7 @@ msgid "" "monster." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3154 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s tempting to reach for the property hammer when Big Tech treats your " "information like a nail — not least because Big Tech are such prolific " @@ -3985,8 +5372,7 @@ msgid "" "click-through agreement that you don’t have the opportunity to modify." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3165 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Meanwhile, establishing property rights over information will create " "insurmountable barriers to independent data processing. Imagine that we " @@ -4001,8 +5387,7 @@ msgid "" "department and millions for licenses before they can even get started." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3180 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The same goes for things like search indexes of the web or photos of " "peoples’ houses, which have become contentious thanks to Google’s Street " @@ -4017,8 +5402,7 @@ msgid "" "and more." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3194 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The ownership of facts is antithetical to many kinds of human progress. It’s " "hard to imagine a rule that limits Big Tech’s exploitation of our collective " @@ -4029,13 +5413,11 @@ msgid "" "scrutiny and analysis." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3204 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Persuasion works… slowly" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Overtalelse virker… sakte" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3206 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The platforms may oversell their ability to persuade people, but obviously, " "persuasion works sometimes. Whether it’s the private realm that LGBTQ people " @@ -4045,11 +5427,10 @@ msgid "" "attitudes <emphasis>can</emphasis> change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3215 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and " -"years. For centuries, svengalis have purported to be able to accelerate this " +"The project of shifting societal attitudes is a game of inches and years. " +"For centuries, svengalis have purported to be able to accelerate this " "process, but even the most brutal forms of propaganda have struggled to make " "permanent changes. Joseph Goebbels was able to subject Germans to daily, " "mandatory, hourslong radio broadcasts, to round up and torture and murder " @@ -4058,8 +5439,7 @@ msgid "" "worldview." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3226 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet, after 12 years of terror, once the war ended, Nazi ideology was largely " "discredited in both East and West Germany, and a program of national truth " @@ -4070,8 +5450,7 @@ msgid "" "no more permanent than Nazism itself." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3236 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Racism and authoritarianism have also always been with us. Anyone who’s " "reviewed the kind of messages and arguments that racists put forward today " @@ -4082,57 +5461,52 @@ msgid "" "nationalists today." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3245 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If racists haven’t gotten more convincing in the past decade, then how is it " "that more people were convinced to be openly racist at that time? I believe " "that the answer lies in the material world, not the world of ideas. The " -"ideas haven’t gotten more convincing, but people have become more " -"afraid. Afraid that the state can’t be trusted to act as an honest broker in " -"life-or-death decisions, from those regarding the management of the economy " -"to the regulation of painkillers to the rules for handling private " -"information. Afraid that the world has become a game of musical chairs in " -"which the chairs are being taken away at a never-before-seen rate. Afraid " -"that justice for others will come at their expense. Monopolism isn’t the " -"cause of these fears, but the inequality and material desperation and policy " -"malpractice that monopolism contributes to is a significant contributor to " -"these conditions. Inequality creates the conditions for both conspiracies " -"and violent racist ideologies, and then surveillance capitalism lets " +"ideas haven’t gotten more convincing, but people have become more afraid. " +"Afraid that the state can’t be trusted to act as an honest broker in life-or-" +"death decisions, from those regarding the management of the economy to the " +"regulation of painkillers to the rules for handling private information. " +"Afraid that the world has become a game of musical chairs in which the " +"chairs are being taken away at a never-before-seen rate. Afraid that justice " +"for others will come at their expense. Monopolism isn’t the cause of these " +"fears, but the inequality and material desperation and policy malpractice " +"that monopolism contributes to is a significant contributor to these " +"conditions. Inequality creates the conditions for both conspiracies and " +"violent racist ideologies, and then surveillance capitalism lets " "opportunists target the fearful and the conspiracy-minded." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3264 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Paying won’t help" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det hjelper ikke å betale" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3266 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"As the old saw goes, “If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " -"product.”" +"As the old saw goes, <quote>If you’re not paying for the product, you’re the " +"product.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s a commonplace belief today that the advent of free, ad-supported media " "was the original sin of surveillance capitalism. The reasoning is that the " -"companies that charged for access couldn’t “compete with free” and so they " -"were driven out of business. Their ad-supported competitors, meanwhile, " -"declared open season on their users’ data in a bid to improve their ad " -"targeting and make more money and then resorted to the most sensationalist " -"tactics to generate clicks on those ads. If only we’d pay for media again, " -"we’d have a better, more responsible, more sober discourse that would be " -"better for democracy." +"companies that charged for access couldn’t <quote>compete with free</quote> " +"and so they were driven out of business. Their ad-supported competitors, " +"meanwhile, declared open season on their users’ data in a bid to improve " +"their ad targeting and make more money and then resorted to the most " +"sensationalist tactics to generate clicks on those ads. If only we’d pay for " +"media again, we’d have a better, more responsible, more sober discourse that " +"would be better for democracy." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of " -"ad-supported online news. Long before newspapers were online, lax antitrust " +"But the degradation of news products long precedes the advent of ad-" +"supported online news. Long before newspapers were online, lax antitrust " "enforcement had opened the door for unprecedented waves of consolidation and " "roll-ups in newsrooms. Rival newspapers were merged, reporters and ad sales " "staff were laid off, physical plants were sold and leased back, leaving the " @@ -4143,21 +5517,19 @@ msgid "" "unable to adapt to the internet — it was monopolism." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3295 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Then, as news companies <emphasis>did</emphasis> come online, the ad " "revenues they commanded dropped even as the number of internet users (and " "thus potential online readers) increased. That shift was a function of " "consolidation in the ad sales market, with Google and Facebook emerging as " "duopolists who made more money every year from advertising while paying less " -"and less of it to the publishers whose work the ads appeared " -"alongside. Monopolism created a buyer’s market for ad inventory with " -"Facebook and Google acting as gatekeepers." +"and less of it to the publishers whose work the ads appeared alongside. " +"Monopolism created a buyer’s market for ad inventory with Facebook and " +"Google acting as gatekeepers." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3305 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Paid services continue to exist alongside free ones, and often it is these " "paid services — anxious to prevent people from bypassing their paywalls or " @@ -4166,32 +5538,31 @@ msgid "" "their profitability, Apple has to lock its platforms so that third parties " "can’t make compatible software without permission. These locks allow the " "company to exercise both editorial control (enabling it to exclude <ulink " -"url=\"https://ncac.org/news/blog/does-apples-strict-app-store-content-policy-limit-freedom-of-expression\">controversial " -"political material</ulink>) and technological control, including control " -"over who can repair the devices it makes. If we’re worried that ad-supported " -"products deprive people of their right to self-determination by using " -"persuasion techniques to nudge their purchase decisions a few degrees in one " -"direction or the other, then the near-total control a single company holds " -"over the decision of who gets to sell you software, parts, and service for " -"your iPhone should have us very worried indeed." +"url=\"https://ncac.org/news/blog/does-apples-strict-app-store-content-policy-" +"limit-freedom-of-expression\">controversial political material</ulink>) and " +"technological control, including control over who can repair the devices it " +"makes. If we’re worried that ad-supported products deprive people of their " +"right to self-determination by using persuasion techniques to nudge their " +"purchase decisions a few degrees in one direction or the other, then the " +"near-total control a single company holds over the decision of who gets to " +"sell you software, parts, and service for your iPhone should have us very " +"worried indeed." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3324 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We shouldn’t just be concerned about payment and control: The idea that " "paying will improve discourse is also dangerously wrong. The poor success " "rate of targeted advertising means that the platforms have to incentivize " -"you to “engage” with posts at extremely high levels to generate enough " -"pageviews to safeguard their profits. As discussed earlier, to increase " -"engagement, platforms like Facebook use machine learning to guess which " -"messages will be most inflammatory and make a point of shoving those into " -"your eyeballs at every turn so that you will hate-click and argue with " +"you to <quote>engage</quote> with posts at extremely high levels to generate " +"enough pageviews to safeguard their profits. As discussed earlier, to " +"increase engagement, platforms like Facebook use machine learning to guess " +"which messages will be most inflammatory and make a point of shoving those " +"into your eyeballs at every turn so that you will hate-click and argue with " "people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3335 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Perhaps paying would fix this, the reasoning goes. If platforms could be " "economically viable even if you stopped clicking on them once your " @@ -4199,16 +5570,14 @@ msgid "" "reason to algorithmically enrage you to get more clicks out of you, right?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3342 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "There may be something to that argument, but it still ignores the wider " "economic and political context of the platforms and the world that allowed " "them to grow so dominant." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3347 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Platforms are world-spanning and all-encompassing because they are " "monopolies, and they are monopolies because we have gutted our most " @@ -4220,37 +5589,35 @@ msgid "" "climate and technology shocks." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3358 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In this wildly unequal world, paying doesn’t improve the discourse; it " "simply prices discourse out of the range of the majority of people. Paying " "for the product is dandy, if you can afford it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3363 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you think today’s filter bubbles are a problem for our discourse, imagine " "what they’d be like if rich people inhabited free-flowing Athenian " "marketplaces of ideas where you have to pay for admission while everyone " "else lives in online spaces that are subsidized by wealthy benefactors who " -"relish the chance to establish conversational spaces where the “house rules” " -"forbid questioning the status quo. That is, imagine if the rich seceded from " -"Facebook, and then, instead of running ads that made money for shareholders, " -"Facebook became a billionaire’s vanity project that also happened to ensure " -"that nobody talked about whether it was fair that only billionaires could " -"afford to hang out in the rarified corners of the internet." +"relish the chance to establish conversational spaces where the <quote>house " +"rules</quote> forbid questioning the status quo. That is, imagine if the " +"rich seceded from Facebook, and then, instead of running ads that made money " +"for shareholders, Facebook became a billionaire’s vanity project that also " +"happened to ensure that nobody talked about whether it was fair that only " +"billionaires could afford to hang out in the rarified corners of the " +"internet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3377 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Behind the idea of paying for access is a belief that free markets will " "address Big Tech’s dysfunction. After all, to the extent that people have a " "view of surveillance at all, it is generally an unfavorable one, and the " -"longer and more thoroughly one is surveilled, the less one tends to like " -"it. Same goes for lock-in: If HP’s ink or Apple’s App Store were really " +"longer and more thoroughly one is surveilled, the less one tends to like it. " +"Same goes for lock-in: If HP’s ink or Apple’s App Store were really " "obviously fantastic, they wouldn’t need technical measures to prevent users " "from choosing a rival’s product. The only reason these technical " "countermeasures exist is that the companies don’t believe their customers " @@ -4258,33 +5625,31 @@ msgid "" "to deprive them of the choice to take their business elsewhere." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3390 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Advocates for markets laud their ability to aggregate the diffused knowledge " "of buyers and sellers across a whole society through demand signals, price " -"signals, and so on. The argument for surveillance capitalism being a “rogue " -"capitalism” is that machine-learning-driven persuasion techniques distort " -"decision-making by consumers, leading to incorrect signals — consumers don’t " -"buy what they prefer, they buy what they’re tricked into preferring. It " -"follows that the monopolistic practices of lock-in, which do far more to " -"constrain consumers’ free choices, are even more of a “rogue capitalism.”" +"signals, and so on. The argument for surveillance capitalism being a " +"<quote>rogue capitalism</quote> is that machine-learning-driven persuasion " +"techniques distort decision-making by consumers, leading to incorrect " +"signals — consumers don’t buy what they prefer, they buy what they’re " +"tricked into preferring. It follows that the monopolistic practices of lock-" +"in, which do far more to constrain consumers’ free choices, are even more of " +"a <quote>rogue capitalism.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3402 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The profitability of any business is constrained by the possibility that its " "customers will take their business elsewhere. Both surveillance and lock-in " "are anti-features that no customer wants. But monopolies can capture their " "regulators, crush their competitors, insert themselves into their customers’ " -"lives, and corral people into “choosing” their services regardless of " -"whether they want them — it’s fine to be terrible when there is no " -"alternative." +"lives, and corral people into <quote>choosing</quote> their services " +"regardless of whether they want them — it’s fine to be terrible when there " +"is no alternative." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3412 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Ultimately, surveillance and lock-in are both simply business strategies " "that monopolists can choose. Surveillance companies like Google are " @@ -4299,34 +5664,35 @@ msgid "" "more they <emphasis>can</emphasis> get away with." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3427 -msgid "An “ecology” moment for trustbusting" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +msgid "An <quote>ecology</quote> moment for trustbusting" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3429 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If we’re going to break Big Tech’s death grip on our digital lives, we’re " -"going to have to fight monopolies. That may sound pretty mundane and " -"old-fashioned, something out of the New Deal era, while ending the use of " +"going to have to fight monopolies. That may sound pretty mundane and old-" +"fashioned, something out of the New Deal era, while ending the use of " "automated behavioral modification feels like the plotline of a really cool " "cyberpunk novel." msgstr "" +"Hvis vi skal bryte Storteknologiens dødsgrep på våre digitale liv, så må vi " +"bekjempe monopoler. Det høres kanskje ganske dagligdags og gammelmodig ut, " +"noe , som noe fra New Deal-æraen, mens det å få slutt på bruken av " +"automatisert atferdsendring oppleves som plottlinjen til en veldig stilig " +"cyberpunk-roman." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3436 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Meanwhile, breaking up monopolies is something we seem to have forgotten how " "to do. There is a bipartisan, trans-Atlantic consensus that breaking up " "companies is a fool’s errand at best — liable to mire your federal " "prosecutors in decades of litigation — and counterproductive at worst, " -"eroding the “consumer benefits” of large companies with massive efficiencies " -"of scale." +"eroding the <quote>consumer benefits</quote> of large companies with massive " +"efficiencies of scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3444 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But trustbusters once strode the nation, brandishing law books, terrorizing " "robber barons, and shattering the illusion of monopolies’ all-powerful grip " @@ -4335,56 +5701,61 @@ msgid "" "backs when they went up against the richest, most powerful men in the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3452 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "Could we find that political will again?" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Klarer vi finne igjen den politiske viljen?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3455 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term “ecology” marked a " -"turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the adoption of this term, " -"people who wanted to preserve whale populations didn’t necessarily see " -"themselves as fighting the same battle as people who wanted to protect the " -"ozone layer or fight freshwater pollution or beat back smog or acid rain." +"Copyright scholar James Boyle has described how the term <quote>ecology</" +"quote> marked a turning point in environmental activism. Prior to the " +"adoption of this term, people who wanted to preserve whale populations " +"didn’t necessarily see themselves as fighting the same battle as people who " +"wanted to protect the ozone layer or fight freshwater pollution or beat back " +"smog or acid rain." msgstr "" +"Opphavsrettsforskeren James Boyle har beskrevet hvordan begrepet " +"<quote>økologi</quote> ga et vendepunkt i miljøaktivismen. Før dette " +"begrepet ble tatt i bruk, så ikke folk som ønsket å ta vare på hvalbestanden " +"nødvendigvis at de kjempet samme kamp som folk som ønsket å beskytte " +"ozonlaget, få slutt på ferskvannforurensning, få vekk smog eller sur nedbør." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3463 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But the term “ecology” welded these disparate causes together into a single " -"movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity with one " -"another. The people who cared about smog signed petitions circulated by the " -"people who wanted to end whaling, and the anti-whalers marched alongside the " -"people demanding action on acid rain. This uniting behind a common cause " -"completely changed the dynamics of environmentalism, setting the stage for " -"today’s climate activism and the sense that preserving the habitability of " -"the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." +"But the term <quote>ecology</quote> welded these disparate causes together " +"into a single movement, and the members of this movement found solidarity " +"with one another. The people who cared about smog signed petitions " +"circulated by the people who wanted to end whaling, and the anti-whalers " +"marched alongside the people demanding action on acid rain. This uniting " +"behind a common cause completely changed the dynamics of environmentalism, " +"setting the stage for today’s climate activism and the sense that preserving " +"the habitability of the planet Earth is a shared duty among all people." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3474 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"I believe we are on the verge of a new “ecology” moment dedicated to " -"combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only concentrated industry " -"nor is it even the <emphasis>most</emphasis> concentrated of industries." +"I believe we are on the verge of a new <quote>ecology</quote> moment " +"dedicated to combating monopolies. After all, tech isn’t the only " +"concentrated industry nor is it even the <emphasis>most</emphasis> " +"concentrated of industries." msgstr "" +"Jeg tror vi er på randen av en nytt <quote> økologi</quote>-hendelse for " +"bekjemping av monopoler. Tross alt er ikke teknologi den eneste " +"sentralstyrte industrien, og det er heller ikke engang den <emphasis>mest</" +"emphasis> sentralstyrte bransjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3480 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the " -"economy. Everywhere you look, you can find people who’ve been wronged by " -"monopolists who’ve trashed their finances, their health, their privacy, " -"their educations, and the lives of people they love. Those people have the " -"same cause as the people who want to break up Big Tech and the same " -"enemies. When most of the world’s wealth is in the hands of a very few, it " -"follows that nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders." +"You can find partisans for trustbusting in every sector of the economy. " +"Everywhere you look, you can find people who’ve been wronged by monopolists " +"who’ve trashed their finances, their health, their privacy, their " +"educations, and the lives of people they love. Those people have the same " +"cause as the people who want to break up Big Tech and the same enemies. When " +"most of the world’s wealth is in the hands of a very few, it follows that " +"nearly every large company will have overlapping shareholders." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3490 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s the good news: With a little bit of work and a little bit of " "coalition building, we have more than enough political will to break up Big " @@ -4392,30 +5763,30 @@ msgid "" "then we take AT&T/WarnerMedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3496 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But here’s the bad news: Much of what we’re doing to tame Big Tech " "<emphasis>instead</emphasis> of breaking up the big companies also " "forecloses on the possibility of breaking them up later." msgstr "" +"Men her er de dårlige nyhetene: Mye av det vi gjør for å temme " +"Storteknologien <emphasis>i stedet</emphasis> for å bryte opp de store " +"selskapene, vil gjøre det vanskeligere å bryte dem opp senere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3501 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Big Tech’s concentration currently means that their inaction on harassment, " "for example, leaves users with an impossible choice: absent themselves from " -"public discourse by, say, quitting Twitter or endure vile, constant " -"abuse. Big Tech’s over-collection and over-retention of data results in " -"horrific identity theft. And their inaction on extremist recruitment means " -"that white supremacists who livestream their shooting rampages can reach an " -"audience of billions. The combination of tech concentration and media " -"concentration means that artists’ incomes are falling even as the revenue " -"generated by their creations are increasing." +"public discourse by, say, quitting Twitter or endure vile, constant abuse. " +"Big Tech’s over-collection and over-retention of data results in horrific " +"identity theft. And their inaction on extremist recruitment means that white " +"supremacists who livestream their shooting rampages can reach an audience of " +"billions. The combination of tech concentration and media concentration " +"means that artists’ incomes are falling even as the revenue generated by " +"their creations are increasing." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3513 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet governments confronting all of these problems all inevitably converge on " "the same solution: deputize the Big Tech giants to police their users and " @@ -4425,8 +5796,7 @@ msgid "" "allocate hundreds of millions to run these compliance systems." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3522 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These rules — the EU’s new Directive on Copyright, Australia’s new terror " "regulation, America’s FOSTA/SESTA sex-trafficking law and more — are not " @@ -4436,8 +5806,7 @@ msgid "" "under how small we can hope to make Big Tech." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3531 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "That’s because any move to break up Big Tech and cut it down to size will " "have to cope with the hard limit of not making these companies so small that " @@ -4446,13 +5815,11 @@ msgid "" "outsource content moderation. It’s already going to be hard to unwind these " "deeply concentrated, chimeric behemoths that have been welded together in " "the pursuit of monopoly profits. Doing so while simultaneously finding some " -"way to fill the regulatory void that will be left behind if these " -"self-policing rulers were forced to suddenly abdicate will be much, much " -"harder." +"way to fill the regulatory void that will be left behind if these self-" +"policing rulers were forced to suddenly abdicate will be much, much harder." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3543 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Allowing the platforms to grow to their present size has given them a " "dominance that is nearly insurmountable — deputizing them with public duties " @@ -4463,8 +5830,7 @@ msgid "" "companies, which will make them bigger still." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We can work to fix the internet by breaking up Big Tech and depriving them " "of monopoly profits, or we can work to fix Big Tech by making them spend " @@ -4474,13 +5840,11 @@ msgid "" "behave themselves." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3561 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Make Big Tech small again" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Gjør Storteknologien liten igjen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3563 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Trustbusting is hard. Breaking big companies into smaller ones is expensive " "and time-consuming. So time-consuming that by the time you’re done, the " @@ -4490,15 +5854,15 @@ msgid "" "because mainframes were being speedily replaced by PCs." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3573 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "A future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general to " "enforce the law as it was written." msgstr "" +"En fremtidig president i USA kunne ganske enkelt be sin justisminister om å " +"håndheve loven slik den er skrevet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It’s far easier to prevent concentration than to fix it, and reinstating the " "traditional contours of U.S. antitrust enforcement will, at the very least, " @@ -4507,36 +5871,33 @@ msgid "" "companies competing directly with the companies that rely on the platforms." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "These powers are all in the plain language of U.S. antitrust laws, so in " "theory, a future U.S. president could simply direct their attorney general " "to enforce the law as it was written. But after decades of judicial " -"“education” in the benefits of monopolies, after multiple administrations " -"that have packed the federal courts with lifetime-appointed monopoly " -"cheerleaders, it’s not clear that mere administrative action would do the " -"trick." +"<quote>education</quote> in the benefits of monopolies, after multiple " +"administrations that have packed the federal courts with lifetime-appointed " +"monopoly cheerleaders, it’s not clear that mere administrative action would " +"do the trick." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If the courts frustrate the Justice Department and the president, the next " "stop would be Congress, which could eliminate any doubt about how antitrust " "law should be enforced in the U.S. by passing new laws that boil down to " -"saying, “Knock it off. We all know what the Sherman Act says. Robert Bork " -"was a deranged fantasist. For avoidance of doubt, <emphasis>fuck that " -"guy</emphasis>.” In other words, the problem with monopolies is " +"saying, <quote>Knock it off. We all know what the Sherman Act says. Robert " +"Bork was a deranged fantasist. For avoidance of doubt, <emphasis>fuck that " +"guy</emphasis>.</quote> In other words, the problem with monopolies is " "<emphasis>monopolism</emphasis> — the concentration of power into too few " "hands, which erodes our right to self-determination. If there is a monopoly, " "the law wants it gone, period. Sure, get rid of monopolies that create " -"“consumer harm” in the form of higher prices, but also, <emphasis>get rid of " -"other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" +"<quote>consumer harm</quote> in the form of higher prices, but also, " +"<emphasis>get rid of other monopolies, too.</emphasis>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But this only prevents things from getting worse. To help them get better, " "we will have to build coalitions with other activists in the anti-monopoly " @@ -4546,78 +5907,77 @@ msgid "" "Luxottica from dominating both the sale and the manufacture of spectacles." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3618 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "In an important sense, it doesn’t matter which industry the breakups begin " "in. Once they start, shareholders in <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry " "will start to eye their investments in monopolists skeptically. As " "trustbusters ride into town and start making lives miserable for " -"monopolists, the debate around every corporate boardroom’s table will " -"shift. People within corporations who’ve always felt uneasy about monopolism " -"will gain a powerful new argument to fend off their evil rivals in the " -"corporate hierarchy: “If we do it my way, we make less money; if we do it " -"your way, a judge will fine us billions and expose us to ridicule and public " +"monopolists, the debate around every corporate boardroom’s table will shift. " +"People within corporations who’ve always felt uneasy about monopolism will " +"gain a powerful new argument to fend off their evil rivals in the corporate " +"hierarchy: <quote>If we do it my way, we make less money; if we do it your " +"way, a judge will fine us billions and expose us to ridicule and public " "disapprobation. So even though I get that it would be really cool to do that " "merger, lock out that competitor, or buy that little company and kill it " "before it can threaten it, we really shouldn’t — not if we don’t want to get " "tied to the DOJ’s bumper and get dragged up and down Trustbuster Road for " -"the next 10 years.”" +"the next 10 years.</quote>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3635 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "20 GOTO 10" -msgstr "" +msgstr "20 GOTO 10" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3637 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Fixing Big Tech will require a lot of iteration. As cyber lawyer Lawrence " -"Lessig wrote in his 1999 book, <emphasis>Code and Other Laws of " -"Cyberspace</emphasis>, our lives are regulated by four forces: law (what’s " -"legal), code (what’s technologically possible), norms (what’s socially " -"acceptable), and markets (what’s profitable)." +"Lessig wrote in his 1999 book, <emphasis>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</" +"emphasis>, our lives are regulated by four forces: law (what’s legal), code " +"(what’s technologically possible), norms (what’s socially acceptable), and " +"markets (what’s profitable)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3644 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If you could wave a wand and get Congress to pass a law that re-fanged the " "Sherman Act tomorrow, you could use the impending breakups to convince " "venture capitalists to fund competitors to Facebook, Google, Twitter, and " "Apple that would be waiting in the wings after they were cut down to size." msgstr "" +"Hvis du kunne svinge en tryllestav å få kongressen til å vedta en lov som " +"vedtok Sherman-loven på nytt i morgen, så kunne du bruke den påfølgende " +"oppsplittingen til å overbevise risikokapitalister om å finansiere " +"konkurrentene til Facebook, Google, Twitter og Apple som ville vente i " +"utkanten etter at disse ble gjort mindre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But getting Congress to act will require a massive normative shift, a mass " "movement of people who care about monopolies — and pulling them apart." msgstr "" +"Men å få kongressen til å gjøre noe vil kreve en massiv normativ endring, en " +"massebevegelse av folk som bryr seg om monopoler — og hvordan bryte dem opp." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3656 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Getting people to care about monopolies will take technological " "interventions that help them to see what a world free from Big Tech might " -"look like. Imagine if someone could make a beloved (but unauthorized) " -"third-party Facebook or Twitter client that dampens the anxiety-producing " +"look like. Imagine if someone could make a beloved (but unauthorized) third-" +"party Facebook or Twitter client that dampens the anxiety-producing " "algorithmic drumbeat and still lets you talk to your friends without being " -"spied upon — something that made social media more sociable and less " -"toxic. Now imagine that it gets shut down in a brutal legal battle. It’s " -"always easier to convince people that something must be done to save a thing " -"they love than it is to excite them about something that doesn’t even exist " -"yet." +"spied upon — something that made social media more sociable and less toxic. " +"Now imagine that it gets shut down in a brutal legal battle. It’s always " +"easier to convince people that something must be done to save a thing they " +"love than it is to excite them about something that doesn’t even exist yet." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3668 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big " -"Tech. But a profitable competitor to Big Tech could bankroll a legislative " -"push; legal reform can embolden a toolsmith to make a better tool; the tool " -"can create customers for a potential business who value the benefits of the " +"Neither tech nor law nor code nor markets are sufficient to reform Big Tech. " +"But a profitable competitor to Big Tech could bankroll a legislative push; " +"legal reform can embolden a toolsmith to make a better tool; the tool can " +"create customers for a potential business who value the benefits of the " "internet but want them delivered without Big Tech; and that business can get " "funded and divert some of its profits to legal reform. 20 GOTO 10 (or " "lather, rinse, repeat). Do it again, but this time, get farther! After all, " @@ -4627,20 +5987,18 @@ msgid "" "build on to weaken Big Tech even further." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3682 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The surveillance capitalism hypothesis — that Big Tech’s products really " "work as well as they say they do and that’s why everything is so screwed up " "— is way too easy on surveillance and even easier on capitalism. Companies " "spy because they believe their own BS, and companies spy because governments " -"let them, and companies spy because any advantage from spying is so " -"short-lived and minor that they have to do more and more of it just to stay " -"in place." +"let them, and companies spy because any advantage from spying is so short-" +"lived and minor that they have to do more and more of it just to stay in " +"place." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3691 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "As to why things are so screwed up? Capitalism. Specifically, the monopolism " "that creates inequality and the inequality that creates monopolism. It’s a " @@ -4652,8 +6010,7 @@ msgid "" "piss off the monopolists." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3702 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Surveillance doesn’t make capitalism rogue. Capitalism’s unchecked rule " "begets surveillance. Surveillance isn’t bad because it lets people " @@ -4663,21 +6020,28 @@ msgid "" "those embryonic guillotine-builders before they can even get to the " "lumberyard." msgstr "" +"Overvåkning får ikke kapitalismen ut av kontroll. Kapitalismens " +"ukontrollerte styre startet før overvåkningen. Overvåkning er ikke ille " +"fordi det lar folk manipulere oss. Den er ille fordi den knuser vår mulighet " +"til å være vårt sanne jeg — og fordi det lar de rike og mektige finne ut " +"hvem som kan vurdere å bygge gilliotiner og hvilken dritt de kan bruke for å " +"diskredittere disse potensielle gilliotin-byggerne før de i det hele tatt " +"kommer seg til treverkforhandleren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: complete-book.xml:3711 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "Up and through" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3713 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "With all the problems of Big Tech, it’s tempting to imagine solving the " "problem by returning to a world without tech at all. Resist that temptation." msgstr "" +"Men alle problemene med Storteknologien, så er det fristende å forestille " +"seg å løse problemet ved å gå tilbake til en verden helt uten teknologi. Stå " +"imot den fristelsen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3718 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The only way out of our Big Tech problem is up and through. If our future is " "not reliant upon high tech, it will be because civilization has fallen. Big " @@ -4688,14 +6052,20 @@ msgid "" "democratic, accountable control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: complete-book.xml:3728 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "I am, secretly, despite what I have said earlier, a tech exceptionalist. Not " "in the sense of thinking that tech should be given a free pass to monopolize " -"because it has “economies of scale” or some other nebulous feature. I’m a " -"tech exceptionalist because I believe that getting tech right matters and " -"that getting it wrong will be an unmitigated catastrophe — and doing it " -"right can give us the power to work together to save our civilization, our " -"species, and our planet." -msgstr "" +"because it has <quote>economies of scale</quote> or some other nebulous " +"feature. I’m a tech exceptionalist because I believe that getting tech right " +"matters and that getting it wrong will be an unmitigated catastrophe — and " +"doing it right can give us the power to work together to save our " +"civilization, our species, and our planet." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er også, i smug, på tross av det jeg tidligere har sagt, en " +"teknologieksepsjonalist. Ikke på den måten at jeg tenker at teknologi bør få " +"lov til å danne monopoler fordi det har <quote>stordriftsfordeler</quote>, " +"eller andre tåkeforklaring. Jeg er teknologieksepsjonalist fordi jeg tror " +"det betyr noe å gjøre det riktig med teknologi, og at å gjøre det feil vil " +"være en ubøtelig katastrofe — og det å gjøre det riktig kan gi oss evnen til " +"å jobbe sammen om å redde sivilisasjonen, arten og planeten vår."