blog/Is_Ogg_Theora_a_free_and_open_standard_.html

   1 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
   2           "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
   3 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" dir="ltr">
   4   <head>
   5     <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
   6     <title>Petter Reinholdtsen: Is Ogg Theora a free and open standard?</title>
   7     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/style.css" />
   8     <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/vim.css" />
   9
  10
  11   </head>
  12   <body>
  13     <div class="title">
  14  <h1>
  15      <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  16
  17  </h1>
  18
  19 </div>
  20
  21
  22     <div class="entry">
  23       <div class="title">Is Ogg Theora a free and open standard?</div>
  24       <div class="date">25th December 2010</div>
  25       <div class="body"><p><a href="http://www.digistan.org/open-standard:definition">The
  26 Digistan definition</a> of a free and open standard reads like this:</p>
  27
  28 <blockquote>
  29
  30 <p>The Digital Standards Organization defines free and open standard
  31 as follows:</p>
  32
  33 <ol>
  34
  35 <li>A free and open standard is immune to vendor capture at all stages
  36 in its life-cycle. Immunity from vendor capture makes it possible to
  37 freely use, improve upon, trust, and extend a standard over time.</li>
  38
  39 <li>The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a not-for-profit
  40 organisation, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an
  41 open decision-making procedure available to all interested
  42 parties.</li>
  43
  44 <li>The standard has been published and the standard specification
  45 document is available freely. It must be permissible to all to copy,
  46 distribute, and use it freely.</li>
  47
  48 <li>The patents possibly present on (parts of) the standard are made
  49 irrevocably available on a royalty-free basis.</li>
  50
  51 <li>There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard.</li>
  52
  53 </ol>
  54
  55 <p>The economic outcome of a free and open standard, which can be
  56 measured, is that it enables perfect competition between suppliers of
  57 products based on the standard.</p>
  58 </blockquote>
  59
  60 <p>For a while now I have tried to figure out of Ogg Theora is a free
  61 and open standard according to this definition.  Here is a short
  62 writeup of what I have been able to gather so far.  I brought up the
  63 topic on the Xiph advocacy mailing list
  64 <a href="http://lists.xiph.org/pipermail/advocacy/2009-July/001632.html">in
  65 July 2009</a>, for those that want to see some background information.
  66 According to Ivo Emanuel Gonçalves and Monty Montgomery on that list
  67 the Ogg Theora specification fulfils the Digistan definition.</p>
  68
  69 <p><strong>Free from vendor capture?</strong></p>
  70
  71 <p>As far as I can see, there is no single vendor that can control the
  72 Ogg Theora specification.  It can be argued that the
  73 <a href="http://www.xiph.org/">Xiph foundation</A> is such vendor, but
  74 given that it is a non-profit foundation with the expressed goal
  75 making free and open protocols and standards available, it is not
  76 obvious that this is a real risk.  One issue with the Xiph
  77 foundation is that its inner working (as in board member list, or who
  78 control the foundation) are not easily available on the web.  I've
  79 been unable to find out who is in the foundation board, and have not
  80 seen any accounting information documenting how money is handled nor
  81 where is is spent in the foundation.  It is thus not obvious for an
  82 external observer who control The Xiph foundation, and for all I know
  83 it is possible for a single vendor to take control over the
  84 specification.  But it seem unlikely.</p>
  85
  86 <p><strong>Maintained by open not-for-profit organisation?</strong></p>
  87
  88 <p>Assuming that the Xiph foundation is the organisation its web pages
  89 claim it to be, this point is fulfilled.  If Xiph foundation is
  90 controlled by a single vendor, it isn't, but I have not found any
  91 documentation indicating this.</p>
  92
  93 <p>According to
  94 <a href="http://media.hiof.no/diverse/fad/rapport_4.pdf">a report</a>
  95 prepared by Audun Vaaler og Børre Ludvigsen for the Norwegian
  96 government, the Xiph foundation is a non-commercial organisation and
  97 the development process is open, transparent and non-Discrimatory.
  98 Until proven otherwise, I believe it make most sense to believe the
  99 report is correct.</p>
 100
 101 <p><strong>Specification freely available?</strong></p>
 102
 103 <p>The specification for the <a href="http://www.xiph.org/ogg/doc/">Ogg
 104 container format</a> and both the
 105 <a href="http://www.xiph.org/vorbis/doc/">Vorbis</a> and
 106 <a href="http://theora.org/doc/">Theora</a> codeces are available on
 107 the web.  This are the terms in the Vorbis and Theora specification:
 108
 109 <blockquote>
 110
 111 Anyone may freely use and distribute the Ogg and [Vorbis/Theora]
 112 specifications, whether in private, public, or corporate
 113 capacity. However, the Xiph.Org Foundation and the Ogg project reserve
 114 the right to set the Ogg [Vorbis/Theora] specification and certify
 115 specification compliance.
 116
 117 </blockquote>
 118
 119 <p>The Ogg container format is specified in IETF
 120 <a href="http://www.xiph.org/ogg/doc/rfc3533.txt">RFC 3533</a>, and
 121 this is the term:<p>
 122
 123 <blockquote>
 124
 125 <p>This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
 126 others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
 127 or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and
 128 distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind,
 129 provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
 130 included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
 131 document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
 132 the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
 133 Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing
 134 Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined
 135 in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to
 136 translate it into languages other than English.</p>
 137
 138 <p>The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
 139 revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.</p>
 140 </blockquote>
 141
 142 <p>All these terms seem to allow unlimited distribution and use, an
 143 this term seem to be fulfilled.  There might be a problem with the
 144 missing permission to distribute modified versions of the text, and
 145 thus reuse it in other specifications.  Not quite sure if that is a
 146 requirement for the Digistan definition.</p>
 147
 148 <p><strong>Royalty-free?</strong></p>
 149
 150 <p>There are no known patent claims requiring royalties for the Ogg
 151 Theora format.
 152 <a href="http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=65782">MPEG-LA</a>
 153 and
 154 <a href="http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/04/30/237238/Steve-Jobs-Hints-At-Theora-Lawsuit">Steve
 155 Jobs</a> in Apple claim to know about some patent claims (submarine
 156 patents) against the Theora format, but no-one else seem to believe
 157 them.  Both Opera Software and the Mozilla Foundation have looked into
 158 this and decided to implement Ogg Theora support in their browsers
 159 without paying any royalties.  For now the claims from MPEG-LA and
 160 Steve Jobs seem more like FUD to scare people to use the H.264 codec
 161 than any real problem with Ogg Theora.</p>
 162
 163 <p><strong>No constraints on re-use?</strong></p>
 164
 165 <p>I am not aware of any constraints on re-use.</p>
 166
 167 <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
 168
 169 <p>3 of 5 requirements seem obviously fulfilled, and the remaining 2
 170 depend on the governing structure of the Xiph foundation.  Given the
 171 background report used by the Norwegian government, I believe it is
 172 safe to assume the last two requirements are fulfilled too, but it
 173 would be nice if the Xiph foundation web site made it easier to verify
 174 this.</p>
 175
 176 <p>It would be nice to see other analysis of other specifications to
 177 see if they are free and open standards.</p>
 178 </div>
 179
 180       <div class="tags">Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.</div>
 181
 182
 183     </div>
 184
 185
 186
 187
 188     <div id="sidebar">
 189
 190
 191
 192 <h2>Archive</h2>
 193 <ul>
 194
 195 <li>2014
 196 <ul>
 197
 198 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 199
 200 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 201
 202 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 203
 204 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 205
 206 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 207
 208 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 209
 210 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 211
 212 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 213
 214 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 215
 216 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 217
 218 </ul></li>
 219
 220 <li>2013
 221 <ul>
 222
 223 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 224
 225 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 226
 227 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 228
 229 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 230
 231 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 232
 233 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 234
 235 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 236
 237 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 238
 239 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 240
 241 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 242
 243 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 244
 245 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 246
 247 </ul></li>
 248
 249 <li>2012
 250 <ul>
 251
 252 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 253
 254 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 255
 256 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 257
 258 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 259
 260 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 261
 262 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 263
 264 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
 265
 266 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 267
 268 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
 269
 270 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
 271
 272 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
 273
 274 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 275
 276 </ul></li>
 277
 278 <li>2011
 279 <ul>
 280
 281 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
 282
 283 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 284
 285 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
 286
 287 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 288
 289 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 290
 291 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 292
 293 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 294
 295 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
 296
 297 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
 298
 299 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 300
 301 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 302
 303 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 304
 305 </ul></li>
 306
 307 <li>2010
 308 <ul>
 309
 310 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 311
 312 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 313
 314 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 315
 316 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 317
 318 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 319
 320 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
 321
 322 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
 323
 324 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
 325
 326 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
 327
 328 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 329
 330 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
 331
 332 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
 333
 334 </ul></li>
 335
 336 <li>2009
 337 <ul>
 338
 339 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
 340
 341 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
 342
 343 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
 344
 345 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
 346
 347 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 348
 349 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
 350
 351 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
 352
 353 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 354
 355 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 356
 357 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
 358
 359 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 360
 361 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 362
 363 </ul></li>
 364
 365 <li>2008
 366 <ul>
 367
 368 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
 369
 370 <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
 371
 372 </ul></li>
 373
 374 </ul>
 375
 376
 377
 378 <h2>Tags</h2>
 379 <ul>
 380
 381  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (13)</a></li>
 382
 383  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
 384
 385  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
 386
 387  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
 388
 389  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (8)</a></li>
 390
 391  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (14)</a></li>
 392
 393  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
 394
 395  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
 396
 397  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (107)</a></li>
 398
 399  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (150)</a></li>
 400
 401  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (10)</a></li>
 402
 403  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (15)</a></li>
 404
 405  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (12)</a></li>
 406
 407  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
 408
 409  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (260)</a></li>
 410
 411  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (21)</a></li>
 412
 413  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (12)</a></li>
 414
 415  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (13)</a></li>
 416
 417  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (8)</a></li>
 418
 419  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (11)</a></li>
 420
 421  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (41)</a></li>
 422
 423  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (10)</a></li>
 424
 425  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (19)</a></li>
 426
 427  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
 428
 429  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
 430
 431  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
 432
 433  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
 434
 435  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
 436
 437  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (31)</a></li>
 438
 439  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (248)</a></li>
 440
 441  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (163)</a></li>
 442
 443  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (11)</a></li>
 444
 445  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
 446
 447  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (48)</a></li>
 448
 449  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (75)</a></li>
 450
 451  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (1)</a></li>
 452
 453  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
 454
 455  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
 456
 457  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
 458
 459  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (9)</a></li>
 460
 461  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
 462
 463  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (4)</a></li>
 464
 465  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
 466
 467  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (41)</a></li>
 468
 469  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
 470
 471  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (4)</a></li>
 472
 473  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (45)</a></li>
 474
 475  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (3)</a></li>
 476
 477  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (9)</a></li>
 478
 479  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (26)</a></li>
 480
 481  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (2)</a></li>
 482
 483  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (8)</a></li>
 484
 485  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (44)</a></li>
 486
 487  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
 488
 489  <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (33)</a></li>
 490
 491 </ul>
 492
 493
 494     </div>
 495     <p style="text-align: right">
 496  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
 497 </p>
 498
 499   </body>
 500 </html>