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  13  <h1>
  14      <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/">Petter Reinholdtsen</a>
  15
  16  </h1>
  17
  18 </div>
  19
  20
  21     <h3>Entries tagged "mesh network".</h3>
  22
  23     <div class="entry">
  24       <div class="title">
  25         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Dokumentaren_om_Datalagringsdirektivet_sendes_endelig_p__NRK.html">Dokumentaren om Datalagringsdirektivet sendes endelig på NRK</a>
  26       </div>
  27       <div class="date">
  28         26th March 2014
  29       </div>
  30       <div class="body">
  31         <p><a href="http://www.nuug.no/">Foreningen NUUG</a> melder i natt at
  32 NRK nå har bestemt seg for
  33 <a href="http://www.nuug.no/news/NRK_viser_filmen_om_Datalagringsdirektivet_f_rste_gang_2014_03_31.shtml">når
  34 den norske dokumentarfilmen om datalagringsdirektivet skal
  35 sendes</a> (se <a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2832844/">IMDB</a>
  36 for detaljer om filmen) . Første visning blir på NRK2 mandag
  37 2014-03-31 kl. 19:50, og deretter visninger onsdag 2014-04-02
  38 kl. 12:30, fredag 2014-04-04 kl. 19:40 og søndag 2014-04-06 kl. 15:10.
  39 Jeg har sett dokumentaren, og jeg anbefaler enhver å se den selv.  Som
  40 oppvarming mens vi venter anbefaler jeg Bjørn Stærks kronikk i
  41 Aftenposten fra i går,
  42 <a href="http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kronikker/Autoritar-gjokunge-7514915.html">Autoritær
  43 gjøkunge</a>, der han gir en grei skisse av hvor ille det står til med
  44 retten til privatliv og beskyttelsen av demokrati i Norge og resten
  45 verden, og helt riktig slår fast at det er vi i databransjen som
  46 sitter med nøkkelen til å gjøre noe med dette.  Jeg har involvert meg
  47 i prosjektene <a href="http://www.dugnadsnett.no/">dugnadsnett.no</a>
  48 og <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox">FreedomBox</a> for å
  49 forsøke å gjøre litt selv for å bedre situasjonen, men det er mye
  50 hardt arbeid fra mange flere enn meg som gjenstår før vi kan sies å ha
  51 gjenopprettet balansen.</p>
  52
  53 <p>Jeg regner med at nettutgaven dukker opp på
  54 <a href="http://tv.nrk.no/program/koid75005313/tema-dine-digitale-spor-datalagringsdirektivet">NRKs
  55 side om filmen om datalagringsdirektivet</a> om fem dager.  Hold et
  56 øye med siden, og tips venner og slekt om at de også bør se den.</p>
  57
  58       </div>
  59       <div class="tags">
  60
  61
  62         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance</a>.
  63
  64
  65       </div>
  66     </div>
  67     <div class="padding"></div>
  68
  69     <div class="entry">
  70       <div class="title">
  71         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Dugnadsnett_for_alle_stiller_p__Oslo_Maker_Faire_i_januar_2014.html">Dugnadsnett for alle stiller på Oslo Maker Faire i januar 2014</a>
  72       </div>
  73       <div class="date">
  74         10th December 2013
  75       </div>
  76       <div class="body">
  77         <p>Helga 18. og 19. januar 2014 arrangeres
  78 <a href="http://makerfaireoslo.no/no/program/dugnadsnett">Oslo Maker
  79 Faire</a>, og <a href="http://www.dugnadsnett.no/">Dugnadsnett for
  80 alle</a> har fått plass!  Planen er å ha et bord med en plakat der vi
  81 forteller om hva Dugnadsnett for alle er for noe, og et lite verksted
  82 der vi hjelper folk som er interessert i å få opp sin egen mesh-node.
  83 Jeg gleder meg til å se hvordan prosjektet blir mottatt der.</p>
  84
  85 <p>Målet med dugnadsnett for alle i Oslo er å få på plass et datanett
  86 for kommunikasjon ved hjelp av radio-repeaterstasjoner (kalt
  87 mesh-noder) som gjør at en kan direkte kommunisere med slekt, venner
  88 og bekjente i Oslo via andre som deltar i dugnadsnettet, samt gjøre
  89 det mulig komme ut på internett via dugnadsnettet.  Første delmål er å
  90 kunne sende SMS-meldinger vha. IP-telefoni løsningen
  91 <a href="http://www.servalproject.org/">Serval project</a> mellom
  92 deltagerne i Dugnadsnett for alle i Oslo.  Formålet er å ta tilbake
  93 kontrollen over egen nett-infrastruktur og gjøre det dyrere å bedrive
  94 massiv innsamling av informasjon om borgernes bruk av datanett.</p>
  95
  96 <p>Høres dette interessant ut?  Bli med på prosjektet, fortell oss
  97 hvor du kunne tenke deg å sette opp en radio-repeater (slik at folk i
  98 nærheten kan finne hverandre ved hjelp av
  99 <a href="http://flynor.net/mesh/mesh.php">kartet over planlagte og
 100 eksisterende radio-repeatere</A>), bli med på epostlisten
 101 <a href="http://lists.nuug.no/mailman/listinfo/dugnadsnett">dugnadsnett
 102 (at) nuug.no</a> og stikk innom
 103 <a href="irc://irc.freenode.net/#dugnadsnett.no">IRC-kanalen
 104 #dugnadsnett.no</a>.  Så langt er det planlagt over 40
 105 radio-repeatere, med VPN-forbindelser via Internet for å la de delene
 106 av nettet som ikke når hverandre via radio kunne snakke med hverandre
 107 likevel.</p>
 108
 109       </div>
 110       <div class="tags">
 111
 112
 113         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>.
 114
 115
 116       </div>
 117     </div>
 118     <div class="padding"></div>
 119
 120     <div class="entry">
 121       <div class="title">
 122         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Dugnadsnett_for_alle__a_wireless_community_network_in_Oslo__take_shape.html">Dugnadsnett for alle, a wireless community network in Oslo, take shape</a>
 123       </div>
 124       <div class="date">
 125         30th November 2013
 126       </div>
 127       <div class="body">
 128         <p>If you want the ability to electronically communicate directly with
 129 your neighbors and friends using a network controlled by your peers in
 130 stead of centrally controlled by a few corporations, or would like to
 131 experiment with interesting network technology, the
 132 <a href="http://www.dugnadsnett.no/">Dugnasnett for alle i Oslo</a>
 133 might be project for you.  39 mesh nodes are currently being planned,
 134 in the freshly started initiative from NUUG and Hackeriet to create a
 135 wireless community network.  The work is inspired by
 136 <a href="http://freifunk.net/">Freifunk</a>,
 137 <a href="http://www.awmn.net/">Athens Wireless Metropolitan
 138 Network</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofnet">Roofnet</a>
 139 and other successful mesh networks around the globe.  Two days ago we
 140 held a workshop to try to get people started on setting up their own
 141 mesh node, and there we decided to create a new mailing list
 142 <a href="http://lists.nuug.no/mailman/listinfo/dugnadsnett">dugnadsnett
 143 (at) nuug.no</a> and IRC channel
 144 <a href="irc://irc.freenode.net/#dugnadsnett.no">#dugnadsnett.no</a> to
 145 coordinate the work.  See also the NUUG blog post
 146 <a href="http://www.nuug.no/news/E_postliste_og_IRC_kanal_for_Dugnadsnett_for_alle_i_Oslo.shtml">announcing
 147 the mailing list and IRC channel</a>.</p>
 148
 149       </div>
 150       <div class="tags">
 151
 152
 153         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>.
 154
 155
 156       </div>
 157     </div>
 158     <div class="padding"></div>
 159
 160     <div class="entry">
 161       <div class="title">
 162         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Lets_make_a_wireless_community_network_in_Oslo_.html">Lets make a wireless community network in Oslo!</a>
 163       </div>
 164       <div class="date">
 165         13th November 2013
 166       </div>
 167       <div class="body">
 168         <p>Today NUUG and Hackeriet announced
 169 <a href="http://www.nuug.no/news/Bli_med___bygge_dugnadsnett_for_alle_i_Oslo.shtml">our
 170 plans to join forces and create a wireless community network in
 171 Oslo</a>.  The workshop to help people get started will take place
 172 Thursday 2013-11-28, but we already are collecting the geolocation of
 173 people joining forces to make this happen.  We have
 174 <a href="https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/meshfx-node/blob/master/oslo-nodes.geojson">9
 175 locations plotted on the map</a>, but we will need more before we have
 176 a connected mesh spread across Oslo.  If this sound interesting to
 177 you, please join us at the workshop.  If you are too impatient to wait
 178 15 days, please join us on the IRC channel
 179 <a href="irc://irc.freenode.net/%23nuug">#nuug on irc.freenode.net</a>
 180 right away. :)</p>
 181
 182       </div>
 183       <div class="tags">
 184
 185
 186         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>.
 187
 188
 189       </div>
 190     </div>
 191     <div class="padding"></div>
 192
 193     <div class="entry">
 194       <div class="title">
 195         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Running_TP_Link_MR3040_as_a_batman_adv_mesh_node_using_openwrt.html">Running TP-Link MR3040 as a batman-adv mesh node using openwrt</a>
 196       </div>
 197       <div class="date">
 198         10th November 2013
 199       </div>
 200       <div class="body">
 201         <p>Continuing my research into mesh networking, I was recommended to
 202 use TP-Link 3040 and 3600 access points as mesh nodes, and the pair I
 203 bought arrived on Friday.  Here are my notes on how to set up the
 204 MR3040 as a mesh node using
 205 <a href="http://www.openwrt.org/">OpenWrt</a>.</p>
 206
 207 <p>I started by following the instructions on the OpenWRT wiki for
 208 <a href="http://wiki.openwrt.org/toh/tp-link/tl-mr3040">TL-MR3040</a>,
 209 and downloaded
 210 <a href="http://downloads.openwrt.org/snapshots/trunk/ar71xx/openwrt-ar71xx-generic-tl-mr3040-v2-squashfs-factory.bin">the
 211 recommended firmware image</a>
 212 (openwrt-ar71xx-generic-tl-mr3040-v2-squashfs-factory.bin) and
 213 uploaded it into the original web interface.  The flashing went fine,
 214 and the machine was available via telnet on the ethernet port.  After
 215 logging in and setting the root password, ssh was available and I
 216 could start to set it up as a batman-adv mesh node.</p>
 217
 218 <p>I started off by reading the instructions from
 219 <a href="http://wirelessafrica.meraka.org.za/wiki/index.php?title=Antoine's_Research">Wireless
 220 Africa</a>, which had quite a lot of useful information, but
 221 eventually I followed the recipe from the Open Mesh wiki for
 222 <a href="http://www.open-mesh.org/projects/batman-adv/wiki/Batman-adv-openwrt-config">using
 223 batman-adv on OpenWrt</a>.  A small snag was the fact that the
 224 <tt>opkg install kmod-batman-adv</tt> command did not work as it
 225 should.  The batman-adv kernel module would fail to load because its
 226 dependency crc16 was not already loaded.  I
 227 <a href="https://dev.openwrt.org/ticket/14452">reported the bug</a> to
 228 the openwrt project and hope it will be fixed soon.  But the problem
 229 only seem to affect initial testing of batman-adv, as configuration
 230 seem to work when booting from scratch.</p>
 231
 232 <p>The setup is done using files in /etc/config/.  I did not bridge
 233 the Ethernet and mesh interfaces this time, to be able to hook up the
 234 box on my local network and log into it for configuration updates.
 235 The following files were changed and look like this after modifying
 236 them:</p>
 237
 238 <p><tt>/etc/config/network</tt></p>
 239
 240 <pre>
 241
 242 config interface 'loopback'
 243         option ifname 'lo'
 244         option proto 'static'
 245         option ipaddr '127.0.0.1'
 246         option netmask '255.0.0.0'
 247
 248 config globals 'globals'
 249         option ula_prefix 'fdbf:4c12:3fed::/48'
 250
 251 config interface 'lan'
 252         option ifname 'eth0'
 253         option type 'bridge'
 254         option proto 'dhcp'
 255         option ipaddr '192.168.1.1'
 256         option netmask '255.255.255.0'
 257         option hostname 'tl-mr3040'
 258         option ip6assign '60'
 259
 260 config interface 'mesh'
 261         option ifname 'adhoc0'
 262         option mtu '1528'
 263         option proto 'batadv'
 264         option mesh 'bat0'
 265 </pre>
 266
 267 <p><tt>/etc/config/wireless</tt></p>
 268 <pre>
 269
 270 config wifi-device 'radio0'
 271         option type 'mac80211'
 272         option channel '11'
 273         option hwmode '11ng'
 274         option path 'platform/ar933x_wmac'
 275         option htmode 'HT20'
 276         list ht_capab 'SHORT-GI-20'
 277         list ht_capab 'SHORT-GI-40'
 278         list ht_capab 'RX-STBC1'
 279         list ht_capab 'DSSS_CCK-40'
 280         option disabled '0'
 281
 282 config wifi-iface 'wmesh'
 283         option device 'radio0'
 284         option ifname 'adhoc0'
 285         option network 'mesh'
 286         option encryption 'none'
 287         option mode 'adhoc'
 288         option bssid '02:BA:00:00:00:01'
 289         option ssid 'meshfx@hackeriet'
 290 </pre>
 291 <p><tt>/etc/config/batman-adv</tt></p>
 292 <pre>
 293
 294 config 'mesh' 'bat0'
 295         option interfaces 'adhoc0'
 296         option 'aggregated_ogms'
 297         option 'ap_isolation'
 298         option 'bonding'
 299         option 'fragmentation'
 300         option 'gw_bandwidth'
 301         option 'gw_mode'
 302         option 'gw_sel_class'
 303         option 'log_level'
 304         option 'orig_interval'
 305         option 'vis_mode'
 306         option 'bridge_loop_avoidance'
 307         option 'distributed_arp_table'
 308         option 'network_coding'
 309         option 'hop_penalty'
 310
 311 # yet another batX instance
 312 # config 'mesh' 'bat5'
 313 #       option 'interfaces' 'second_mesh'
 314 </pre>
 315
 316 <p>The mesh node is now operational.  I have yet to test its range,
 317 but I hope it is good.  I have not yet tested the TP-Link 3600 box
 318 still wrapped up in plastic.</p>
 319
 320       </div>
 321       <div class="tags">
 322
 323
 324         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>.
 325
 326
 327       </div>
 328     </div>
 329     <div class="padding"></div>
 330
 331     <div class="entry">
 332       <div class="title">
 333         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Teaching_vmdebootstrap_to_create_Raspberry_Pi_SD_card_images.html">Teaching vmdebootstrap to create Raspberry Pi SD card images</a>
 334       </div>
 335       <div class="date">
 336         27th October 2013
 337       </div>
 338       <div class="body">
 339         <p>The
 340 <a href="http://packages.qa.debian.org/v/vmdebootstrap.html">vmdebootstrap</a>
 341 program is a a very nice system to create virtual machine images.  It
 342 create a image file, add a partition table, mount it and run
 343 debootstrap in the mounted directory to create a Debian system on a
 344 stick.  Yesterday, I decided to try to teach it how to make images for
 345 <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/RaspberryPi">Raspberry Pi</a>, as part
 346 of a plan to simplify the build system for
 347 <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox">the FreedomBox
 348 project</a>.  The FreedomBox project already uses vmdebootstrap for
 349 the virtualbox images, but its current build system made multistrap
 350 based system for Dreamplug images, and it is lacking support for
 351 Raspberry Pi.</p>
 352
 353 <p>Armed with the knowledge on how to build "foreign" (aka non-native
 354 architecture) chroots for Raspberry Pi, I dived into the vmdebootstrap
 355 code and adjusted it to be able to build armel images on my amd64
 356 Debian laptop.  I ended up giving vmdebootstrap five new options,
 357 allowing me to replicate the image creation process I use to make
 358 <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/A_Raspberry_Pi_based_batman_adv_Mesh_network_node.html">Debian
 359 Jessie based mesh node images for the Raspberry Pi</a>.  First, the
 360 <tt>--foreign /path/to/binfm_handler</tt> option tell vmdebootstrap to
 361 call debootstrap with --foreign and to copy the handler into the
 362 generated chroot before running the second stage.  This allow
 363 vmdebootstrap to create armel images on an amd64 host.  Next I added
 364 two new options <tt>--bootsize size</tt> and <tt>--boottype
 365 fstype</tt> to teach it to create a separate /boot/ partition with the
 366 given file system type, allowing me to create an image with a vfat
 367 partition for the /boot/ stuff.  I also added a <tt>--variant
 368 variant</tt> option to allow me to create smaller images without the
 369 Debian base system packages installed.  Finally, I added an option
 370 <tt>--no-extlinux</tt> to tell vmdebootstrap to not install extlinux
 371 as a boot loader.  It is not needed on the Raspberry Pi and probably
 372 most other non-x86 architectures.  The changes were accepted by the
 373 upstream author of vmdebootstrap yesterday and today, and is now
 374 available from
 375 <a href="http://git.liw.fi/cgi-bin/cgit/cgit.cgi/vmdebootstrap/">the
 376 upstream project page</a>.</p>
 377
 378 <p>To use it to build a Raspberry Pi image using Debian Jessie, first
 379 create a small script (the customize script) to add the non-free
 380 binary blob needed to boot the Raspberry Pi and the APT source
 381 list:</p>
 382
 383 <p><pre>
 384 #!/bin/sh
 385 set -e # Exit on first error
 386 rootdir="$1"
 387 cd "$rootdir"
 388 cat &lt;&lt;EOF > etc/apt/sources.list
 389 deb http://http.debian.net/debian/ jessie main contrib non-free
 390 EOF
 391 # Install non-free binary blob needed to boot Raspberry Pi.  This
 392 # install a kernel somewhere too.
 393 wget https://raw.github.com/Hexxeh/rpi-update/master/rpi-update \
 394     -O $rootdir/usr/bin/rpi-update
 395 chmod a+x $rootdir/usr/bin/rpi-update
 396 mkdir -p $rootdir/lib/modules
 397 touch $rootdir/boot/start.elf
 398 chroot $rootdir rpi-update
 399 </pre></p>
 400
 401 <p>Next, fetch the latest vmdebootstrap script and call it like this
 402 to build the image:</p>
 403
 404 <pre>
 405 sudo ./vmdebootstrap \
 406     --variant minbase \
 407     --arch armel \
 408     --distribution jessie \
 409     --mirror http://http.debian.net/debian \
 410     --image test.img \
 411     --size 600M \
 412     --bootsize 64M \
 413     --boottype vfat \
 414     --log-level debug \
 415     --verbose \
 416     --no-kernel \
 417     --no-extlinux \
 418     --root-password raspberry \
 419     --hostname raspberrypi \
 420     --foreign /usr/bin/qemu-arm-static \
 421     --customize `pwd`/customize \
 422     --package netbase \
 423     --package git-core \
 424     --package binutils \
 425     --package ca-certificates \
 426     --package wget \
 427     --package kmod
 428 </pre></p>
 429
 430 <p>The list of packages being installed are the ones needed by
 431 rpi-update to make the image bootable on the Raspberry Pi, with the
 432 exception of netbase, which is needed by debootstrap to find
 433 /etc/hosts with the minbase variant.  I really wish there was a way to
 434 set up an Raspberry Pi using only packages in the Debian archive, but
 435 that is not possible as far as I know, because it boots from the GPU
 436 using a non-free binary blob.</p>
 437
 438 <p>The build host need debootstrap, kpartx and qemu-user-static and
 439 probably a few others installed.  I have not checked the complete
 440 build dependency list.</p>
 441
 442 <p>The resulting image will not use the hardware floating point unit
 443 on the Raspberry PI, because the armel architecture in Debian is not
 444 optimized for that use.  So the images created will be a bit slower
 445 than <a href="http://www.raspbian.org/">Raspbian</a> based images.</p>
 446
 447       </div>
 448       <div class="tags">
 449
 450
 451         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>.
 452
 453
 454       </div>
 455     </div>
 456     <div class="padding"></div>
 457
 458     <div class="entry">
 459       <div class="title">
 460         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/A_Raspberry_Pi_based_batman_adv_Mesh_network_node.html">A Raspberry Pi based batman-adv Mesh network node</a>
 461       </div>
 462       <div class="date">
 463         21st October 2013
 464       </div>
 465       <div class="body">
 466         <p>The last few days I have been experimenting with
 467 <a href="http://www.open-mesh.org/projects/batman-adv/wiki">the
 468 batman-adv mesh technology</a>.  I want to gain some experience to see
 469 if it will fit <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox">the
 470 Freedombox project</a>, and together with my neighbors try to build a
 471 mesh network around the park where I live.  Batman-adv is a layer 2
 472 mesh system ("ethernet" in other words), where the mesh network appear
 473 as if all the mesh clients are connected to the same switch.</p>
 474
 475 <p>My hardware of choice was the Linksys WRT54GL routers I had lying
 476 around, but I've been unable to get them working with batman-adv.  So
 477 instead, I started playing with a
 478 <a href="http://www.raspberrypi.org/">Raspberry Pi</a>, and tried to
 479 get it working as a mesh node.  My idea is to use it to create a mesh
 480 node which function as a switch port, where everything connected to
 481 the Raspberry Pi ethernet plug is connected (bridged) to the mesh
 482 network.  This allow me to hook a wifi base station like the Linksys
 483 WRT54GL to the mesh by plugging it into a Raspberry Pi, and allow
 484 non-mesh clients to hook up to the mesh.  This in turn is useful for
 485 Android phones using <a href="http://servalproject.org/">the Serval
 486 Project</a> voip client, allowing every one around the playground to
 487 phone and message each other for free.  The reason is that Android
 488 phones do not see ad-hoc wifi networks (they are filtered away from
 489 the GUI view), and can not join the mesh without being rooted.  But if
 490 they are connected using a normal wifi base station, they can talk to
 491 every client on the local network.</p>
 492
 493 <p>To get this working, I've created a debian package
 494 <a href="https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/meshfx-node">meshfx-node</a>
 495 and a script
 496 <a href="https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/meshfx-node/blob/master/build-rpi-mesh-node">build-rpi-mesh-node</a>
 497 to create the Raspberry Pi boot image.  I'm using Debian Jessie (and
 498 not Raspbian), to get more control over the packages available.
 499 Unfortunately a huge binary blob need to be inserted into the boot
 500 image to get it booting, but I'll ignore that for now.  Also, as
 501 Debian lack support for the CPU features available in the Raspberry
 502 Pi, the system do not use the hardware floating point unit.  I hope
 503 the routing performance isn't affected by the lack of hardware FPU
 504 support.</p>
 505
 506 <p>To create an image, run the following with a sudo enabled user
 507 after inserting the target SD card into the build machine:</p>
 508
 509 <p><pre>
 510 % wget -O build-rpi-mesh-node \
 511     https://raw.github.com/petterreinholdtsen/meshfx-node/master/build-rpi-mesh-node
 512 % sudo bash -x ./build-rpi-mesh-node > build.log 2>&1
 513 % dd if=/root/rpi/rpi_basic_jessie_$(date +%Y%m%d).img of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=1M
 514 %
 515 </pre></p>
 516
 517 <p>Booting with the resulting SD card on a Raspberry PI with a USB
 518 wifi card inserted should give you a mesh node.  At least it does for
 519 me with a the wifi card I am using. The default mesh settings are the
 520 ones used by the Oslo mesh project at Hackeriet, as I mentioned in
 521 <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Oslo_community_mesh_network___with_NUUG_and_Hackeriet_at_Hausmania.html">an
 522 earlier blog post about this mesh testing</a>.</p>
 523
 524 <p>The mesh node was not horribly expensive either.  I bought
 525 everything over the counter in shops nearby.  If I had ordered online
 526 from the lowest bidder, the price should be significantly lower:</p>
 527
 528 <p><table>
 529
 530 <tr><th>Supplier</th><th>Model</th><th>NOK</th></tr>
 531 <tr><td>Teknikkmagasinet</td><td>Raspberry Pi model B</td><td>349.90</td></tr>
 532 <tr><td>Teknikkmagasinet</td><td>Raspberry Pi type B case</td><td>99.90</td></tr>
 533 <tr><td>Lefdal</td><td>Jensen Air:Link 25150</td><td>295.-</td></tr>
 534 <tr><td>Clas Ohlson</td><td>Kingston 16 GB SD card</td><td>199.-</td></tr>
 535 <tr><td>Total cost</td><td></td><td>943.80</td></tr>
 536
 537 </table></p>
 538
 539 <p>Now my mesh network at home consist of one laptop in the basement
 540 connected to my production network, one Raspberry Pi node on the 1th
 541 floor that can be seen by my neighbor across the park, and one
 542 play-node I use to develop the image building script.  And some times
 543 I hook up my work horse laptop to the mesh to test it.  I look forward
 544 to figuring out what kind of latency the batman-adv setup will give,
 545 and how much packet loss we will experience around the park. :)</p>
 546
 547       </div>
 548       <div class="tags">
 549
 550
 551         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>.
 552
 553
 554       </div>
 555     </div>
 556     <div class="padding"></div>
 557
 558     <div class="entry">
 559       <div class="title">
 560         <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Oslo_community_mesh_network___with_NUUG_and_Hackeriet_at_Hausmania.html">Oslo community mesh network - with NUUG and Hackeriet at Hausmania</a>
 561       </div>
 562       <div class="date">
 563         11th October 2013
 564       </div>
 565       <div class="body">
 566         <p>Wireless mesh networks are self organising and self healing
 567 networks that can be used to connect computers across small and large
 568 areas, depending on the radio technology used.  Normal wifi equipment
 569 can be used to create home made radio networks, and there are several
 570 successful examples like
 571 <a href="http://www.freifunk.net/">Freifunk</a> and
 572 <a href="http://www.awmn.net/">Athens Wireless Metropolitan Network</a>
 573 (see
 574 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_community_networks_by_region#Greece">wikipedia
 575 for a large list</a>) around the globe.  To give you an idea how it
 576 work, check out the nice overview of the Kiel Freifunk community which
 577 can be seen from their
 578 <a href="http://freifunk.in-kiel.de/ffmap/nodes.html">dynamically
 579 updated node graph and map</a>, where one can see how the mesh nodes
 580 automatically handle routing and recover from nodes disappearing.
 581 There is also a small community mesh network group in Oslo, Norway,
 582 and that is the main topic of this blog post.</p>
 583
 584 <p>I've wanted to check out mesh networks for a while now, and hoped
 585 to do it as part of my involvement with the <a
 586 href="http://www.nuug.no/">NUUG member organisation</a> community, and
 587 my recent involvement in
 588 <a href="https://wiki.debian.org/FreedomBox">the Freedombox project</a>
 589 finally lead me to give mesh networks some priority, as I suspect a
 590 Freedombox should use mesh networks to connect neighbours and family
 591 when possible, given that most communication between people are
 592 between those nearby (as shown for example by research on Facebook
 593 communication patterns).  It also allow people to communicate without
 594 any central hub to tap into for those that want to listen in on the
 595 private communication of citizens, which have become more and more
 596 important over the years.</p>
 597
 598 <p>So far I have only been able to find one group of people in Oslo
 599 working on community mesh networks, over at the hack space
 600 <a href="http://hackeriet.no/">Hackeriet</a> at Husmania.  They seem to
 601 have started with some Freifunk based effort using OLSR, called
 602 <a href="http://oslo.freifunk.net/index.php?title=Main_Page">the Oslo
 603 Freifunk project</a>, but that effort is now dead and the people
 604 behind it have moved on to a batman-adv based system called
 605 <a href="http://meshfx.org/trac">meshfx</a>.  Unfortunately the wiki
 606 site for the Oslo Freifunk project is no longer possible to update to
 607 reflect this fact, so the old project page can't be updated to point to
 608 the new project.  A while back, the people at Hackeriet invited people
 609 from the Freifunk community to Oslo to talk about mesh networks.  I
 610 came across this video where Hans Jørgen Lysglimt interview the
 611 speakers about this talk (from
 612 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N2Kd7CLkhSY">youtube</a>):</p>
 613
 614 <p><iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/N2Kd7CLkhSY" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
 615
 616 <p>I mentioned OLSR and batman-adv, which are mesh routing protocols.
 617 There are heaps of different protocols, and I am still struggling to
 618 figure out which one would be "best" for some definitions of best, but
 619 given that the community mesh group in Oslo is so small, I believe it
 620 is best to hook up with the existing one instead of trying to create a
 621 completely different setup, and thus I have decided to focus on
 622 batman-adv for now.  It sure help me to  know that the very cool
 623 <a href="http://www.servalproject.org/">Serval project in Australia</a>
 624 is using batman-adv as their meshing technology when it create a self
 625 organizing and self healing telephony system for disaster areas and
 626 less industrialized communities.  Check out this cool video presenting
 627 that project (from
 628 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30qNfzJCQOA">youtube</a>):</p>
 629
 630 <p><iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/30qNfzJCQOA" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></p>
 631
 632 <p>According to the wikipedia page on
 633 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network">Wireless
 634 mesh network</a> there are around 70 competing schemes for routing
 635 packets across mesh networks, and OLSR, B.A.T.M.A.N. and
 636 B.A.T.M.A.N. advanced are protocols used by several free software
 637 based community mesh networks.</p>
 638
 639 <p>The batman-adv protocol is a bit special, as it provide layer 2
 640 (as in ethernet ) routing, allowing ipv4 and ipv6 to work on the same
 641 network.  One way to think about it is that it provide a mesh based
 642 vlan you can bridge to or handle like any other vlan connected to your
 643 computer.  The required drivers are already in the Linux kernel at
 644 least since Debian Wheezy, and it is fairly easy to set up.  A
 645 <a href="http://www.open-mesh.org/projects/batman-adv/wiki/Quick-start-guide">good
 646 introduction</a> is available from the Open Mesh project.  These are
 647 the key settings needed to join the Oslo meshfx network:</p>
 648
 649 <p><table>
 650 <tr><th>Setting</th><th>Value</th></tr>
 651 <tr><td>Protocol / kernel module</td><td>batman-adv</td></tr>
 652 <tr><td>ESSID</td><td>meshfx@hackeriet</td></tr>
 653 <td>Channel / Frequency</td><td>11 / 2462</td></tr>
 654 <td>Cell ID</td><td>02:BA:00:00:00:01</td>
 655 </table></p>
 656
 657 <p>The reason for setting ad-hoc wifi Cell ID is to work around bugs
 658 in firmware used in wifi card and wifi drivers.  (See a nice post from
 659 VillageTelco about
 660 "<a href="http://tiebing.blogspot.no/2009/12/ad-hoc-cell-splitting-re-post-original.html">Information
 661 about cell-id splitting, stuck beacons, and failed IBSS merges!</a>
 662 for details.)  When these settings are activated and you have some
 663 other mesh node nearby, your computer will be connected to the mesh
 664 network and can communicate with any mesh node that is connected to
 665 any of the nodes in your network of nodes. :)</p>
 666
 667 <p>My initial plan was to reuse my old Linksys WRT54GL as a mesh node,
 668 but that seem to be very hard, as I have not been able to locate a
 669 firmware supporting batman-adv.  If anyone know how to use that old
 670 wifi access point with batman-adv these days, please let me know.</p>
 671
 672 <p>If you find this project interesting and want to join, please join
 673 us on IRC, either channel
 674 <a href="irc://irc.freenode.net/#oslohackerspace">#oslohackerspace</a>
 675 or <a href="irc://irc.freenode.net/#nuug">#nuug</a> on
 676 irc.freenode.net.</p>
 677
 678 <p>While investigating mesh networks in Oslo, I came across an old
 679 research paper from the university of Stavanger and Telenor Research
 680 and Innovation called
 681 <a href="http://folk.uio.no/paalee/publications/netrel-egeland-iswcs-2008.pdf">The
 682 reliability of wireless backhaul mesh networks</a> and elsewhere
 683 learned that Telenor have been experimenting with mesh networks at
 684 Grünerløkka in Oslo.  So mesh networks are also interesting for
 685 commercial companies, even though Telenor discovered that it was hard
 686 to figure out a good business plan for mesh networking and as far as I
 687 know have closed down the experiment.  Perhaps Telenor or others would
 688 be interested in a cooperation?</p>
 689
 690 <p><strong>Update 2013-10-12</strong>: I was just
 691 <a href="http://lists.alioth.debian.org/pipermail/freedombox-discuss/2013-October/005900.html">told
 692 by the Serval project developers</a> that they no longer use
 693 batman-adv (but are compatible with it), but their own crypto based
 694 mesh system.</p>
 695
 696       </div>
 697       <div class="tags">
 698
 699
 700         Tags: <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network</a>, <a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>.
 701
 702
 703       </div>
 704     </div>
 705     <div class="padding"></div>
 706
 707     <p style="text-align: right;"><a href="mesh network.rss"><img src="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/xml.gif" alt="RSS Feed" width="36" height="14" /></a></p>
 708     <div id="sidebar">
 709
 710
 711
 712 <h2>Archive</h2>
 713 <ul>
 714
 715 <li>2023
 716 <ul>
 717
 718 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2023/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 719
 720 </ul></li>
 721
 722 <li>2022
 723 <ul>
 724
 725 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 726
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 728
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 738
 739 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2022/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 740
 741 </ul></li>
 742
 743 <li>2021
 744 <ul>
 745
 746 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 747
 748 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/02/">February (1)</a></li>
 749
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 751
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 753
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 755
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 757
 758 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 759
 760 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 761
 762 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2021/12/">December (1)</a></li>
 763
 764 </ul></li>
 765
 766 <li>2020
 767 <ul>
 768
 769 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 770
 771 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/03/">March (2)</a></li>
 772
 773 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 774
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 776
 777 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 778
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 780
 781 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 782
 783 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/10/">October (1)</a></li>
 784
 785 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2020/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 786
 787 </ul></li>
 788
 789 <li>2019
 790 <ul>
 791
 792 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 793
 794 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 795
 796 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 797
 798 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/05/">May (2)</a></li>
 799
 800 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 801
 802 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 803
 804 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 805
 806 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/09/">September (1)</a></li>
 807
 808 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/11/">November (1)</a></li>
 809
 810 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2019/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 811
 812 </ul></li>
 813
 814 <li>2018
 815 <ul>
 816
 817 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/01/">January (1)</a></li>
 818
 819 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/02/">February (5)</a></li>
 820
 821 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 822
 823 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/04/">April (3)</a></li>
 824
 825 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 826
 827 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/07/">July (5)</a></li>
 828
 829 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 830
 831 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 832
 833 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 834
 835 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/11/">November (2)</a></li>
 836
 837 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2018/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 838
 839 </ul></li>
 840
 841 <li>2017
 842 <ul>
 843
 844 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/01/">January (4)</a></li>
 845
 846 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 847
 848 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/03/">March (5)</a></li>
 849
 850 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/04/">April (2)</a></li>
 851
 852 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/06/">June (5)</a></li>
 853
 854 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/07/">July (1)</a></li>
 855
 856 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/08/">August (1)</a></li>
 857
 858 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/09/">September (3)</a></li>
 859
 860 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/10/">October (5)</a></li>
 861
 862 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 863
 864 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2017/12/">December (4)</a></li>
 865
 866 </ul></li>
 867
 868 <li>2016
 869 <ul>
 870
 871 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/01/">January (3)</a></li>
 872
 873 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/02/">February (2)</a></li>
 874
 875 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/03/">March (3)</a></li>
 876
 877 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/04/">April (8)</a></li>
 878
 879 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/05/">May (8)</a></li>
 880
 881 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 882
 883 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 884
 885 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/08/">August (5)</a></li>
 886
 887 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 888
 889 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/10/">October (3)</a></li>
 890
 891 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/11/">November (8)</a></li>
 892
 893 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2016/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 894
 895 </ul></li>
 896
 897 <li>2015
 898 <ul>
 899
 900 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 901
 902 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/02/">February (6)</a></li>
 903
 904 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/03/">March (1)</a></li>
 905
 906 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/04/">April (4)</a></li>
 907
 908 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/05/">May (3)</a></li>
 909
 910 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/06/">June (4)</a></li>
 911
 912 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/07/">July (6)</a></li>
 913
 914 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 915
 916 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/09/">September (2)</a></li>
 917
 918 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/10/">October (9)</a></li>
 919
 920 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/11/">November (6)</a></li>
 921
 922 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2015/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 923
 924 </ul></li>
 925
 926 <li>2014
 927 <ul>
 928
 929 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/01/">January (2)</a></li>
 930
 931 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/02/">February (3)</a></li>
 932
 933 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/03/">March (8)</a></li>
 934
 935 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/04/">April (7)</a></li>
 936
 937 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/05/">May (1)</a></li>
 938
 939 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/06/">June (2)</a></li>
 940
 941 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/07/">July (2)</a></li>
 942
 943 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/08/">August (2)</a></li>
 944
 945 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 946
 947 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/10/">October (6)</a></li>
 948
 949 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/11/">November (3)</a></li>
 950
 951 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2014/12/">December (5)</a></li>
 952
 953 </ul></li>
 954
 955 <li>2013
 956 <ul>
 957
 958 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/01/">January (11)</a></li>
 959
 960 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/02/">February (9)</a></li>
 961
 962 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/03/">March (9)</a></li>
 963
 964 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/04/">April (6)</a></li>
 965
 966 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/05/">May (9)</a></li>
 967
 968 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/06/">June (10)</a></li>
 969
 970 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/07/">July (7)</a></li>
 971
 972 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/08/">August (3)</a></li>
 973
 974 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/09/">September (5)</a></li>
 975
 976 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/10/">October (7)</a></li>
 977
 978 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/11/">November (9)</a></li>
 979
 980 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2013/12/">December (3)</a></li>
 981
 982 </ul></li>
 983
 984 <li>2012
 985 <ul>
 986
 987 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/01/">January (7)</a></li>
 988
 989 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/02/">February (10)</a></li>
 990
 991 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/03/">March (17)</a></li>
 992
 993 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/04/">April (12)</a></li>
 994
 995 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/05/">May (12)</a></li>
 996
 997 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/06/">June (20)</a></li>
 998
 999 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/07/">July (17)</a></li>
1000
1001 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/08/">August (6)</a></li>
1002
1003 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/09/">September (9)</a></li>
1004
1005 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/10/">October (17)</a></li>
1006
1007 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/11/">November (10)</a></li>
1008
1009 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2012/12/">December (7)</a></li>
1010
1011 </ul></li>
1012
1013 <li>2011
1014 <ul>
1015
1016 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (16)</a></li>
1017
1018 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/02/">February (6)</a></li>
1019
1020 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/03/">March (6)</a></li>
1021
1022 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/04/">April (7)</a></li>
1023
1024 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/05/">May (3)</a></li>
1025
1026 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/06/">June (2)</a></li>
1027
1028 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/07/">July (7)</a></li>
1029
1030 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/08/">August (6)</a></li>
1031
1032 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/09/">September (4)</a></li>
1033
1034 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/10/">October (2)</a></li>
1035
1036 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1037
1038 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/12/">December (1)</a></li>
1039
1040 </ul></li>
1041
1042 <li>2010
1043 <ul>
1044
1045 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/01/">January (2)</a></li>
1046
1047 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/02/">February (1)</a></li>
1048
1049 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/03/">March (3)</a></li>
1050
1051 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/04/">April (3)</a></li>
1052
1053 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/05/">May (9)</a></li>
1054
1055 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/06/">June (14)</a></li>
1056
1057 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/07/">July (12)</a></li>
1058
1059 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/08/">August (13)</a></li>
1060
1061 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/09/">September (7)</a></li>
1062
1063 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/10/">October (9)</a></li>
1064
1065 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/11/">November (13)</a></li>
1066
1067 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2010/12/">December (12)</a></li>
1068
1069 </ul></li>
1070
1071 <li>2009
1072 <ul>
1073
1074 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/01/">January (8)</a></li>
1075
1076 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/02/">February (8)</a></li>
1077
1078 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/03/">March (12)</a></li>
1079
1080 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/04/">April (10)</a></li>
1081
1082 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/05/">May (9)</a></li>
1083
1084 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/06/">June (3)</a></li>
1085
1086 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/07/">July (4)</a></li>
1087
1088 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/08/">August (3)</a></li>
1089
1090 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/09/">September (1)</a></li>
1091
1092 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/10/">October (2)</a></li>
1093
1094 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/11/">November (3)</a></li>
1095
1096 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2009/12/">December (3)</a></li>
1097
1098 </ul></li>
1099
1100 <li>2008
1101 <ul>
1102
1103 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/11/">November (5)</a></li>
1104
1105 <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2008/12/">December (7)</a></li>
1106
1107 </ul></li>
1108
1109 </ul>
1110
1111
1112
1113 <h2>Tags</h2>
1114 <ul>
1115
1116  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/3d-printer">3d-printer (19)</a></li>
1117
1118  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/amiga">amiga (1)</a></li>
1119
1120  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/aros">aros (1)</a></li>
1121
1122  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bankid">bankid (4)</a></li>
1123
1124  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/betalkontant">betalkontant (9)</a></li>
1125
1126  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bitcoin">bitcoin (12)</a></li>
1127
1128  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bootsystem">bootsystem (17)</a></li>
1129
1130  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/bsa">bsa (2)</a></li>
1131
1132  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/chrpath">chrpath (2)</a></li>
1133
1134  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (185)</a></li>
1135
1136  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (159)</a></li>
1137
1138  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian-handbook">debian-handbook (9)</a></li>
1139
1140  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (11)</a></li>
1141
1142  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/dld">dld (18)</a></li>
1143
1144  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/docbook">docbook (30)</a></li>
1145
1146  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/drivstoffpriser">drivstoffpriser (4)</a></li>
1147
1148  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (441)</a></li>
1149
1150  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (23)</a></li>
1151
1152  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (14)</a></li>
1153
1154  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freeculture">freeculture (34)</a></li>
1155
1156  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/freedombox">freedombox (9)</a></li>
1157
1158  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/frikanalen">frikanalen (20)</a></li>
1159
1160  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/h264">h264 (20)</a></li>
1161
1162  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (43)</a></li>
1163
1164  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/isenkram">isenkram (16)</a></li>
1165
1166  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (23)</a></li>
1167
1168  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kodi">kodi (4)</a></li>
1169
1170  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ldap">ldap (9)</a></li>
1171
1172  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lego">lego (5)</a></li>
1173
1174  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lenker">lenker (8)</a></li>
1175
1176  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/linuxcnc">linuxcnc (4)</a></li>
1177
1178  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/lsdvd">lsdvd (2)</a></li>
1179
1180  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ltsp">ltsp (1)</a></li>
1181
1182  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/madewithcc">madewithcc (3)</a></li>
1183
1184  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/mesh network">mesh network (8)</a></li>
1185
1186  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (44)</a></li>
1187
1188  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nice free software">nice free software (13)</a></li>
1189
1190  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/noark5">noark5 (23)</a></li>
1191
1192  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (320)</a></li>
1193
1194  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (198)</a></li>
1195
1196  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/offentlig innsyn">offentlig innsyn (40)</a></li>
1197
1198  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/open311">open311 (2)</a></li>
1199
1200  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (75)</a></li>
1201
1202  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (114)</a></li>
1203
1204  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/raid">raid (2)</a></li>
1205
1206  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reactos">reactos (1)</a></li>
1207
1208  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/reprap">reprap (11)</a></li>
1209
1210  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rfid">rfid (3)</a></li>
1211
1212  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/robot">robot (17)</a></li>
1213
1214  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/rss">rss (1)</a></li>
1215
1216  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/ruter">ruter (7)</a></li>
1217
1218  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/scraperwiki">scraperwiki (2)</a></li>
1219
1220  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sikkerhet">sikkerhet (59)</a></li>
1221
1222  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sitesummary">sitesummary (4)</a></li>
1223
1224  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/skepsis">skepsis (5)</a></li>
1225
1226  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (74)</a></li>
1227
1228  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (7)</a></li>
1229
1230  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stortinget">stortinget (14)</a></li>
1231
1232  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (64)</a></li>
1233
1234  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/sysadmin">sysadmin (5)</a></li>
1235
1236  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/usenix">usenix (2)</a></li>
1237
1238  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/valg">valg (9)</a></li>
1239
1240  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/verkidetfri">verkidetfri (20)</a></li>
1241
1242  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (77)</a></li>
1243
1244  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (4)</a></li>
1245
1246  <li><a href="https://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/web">web (42)</a></li>
1247
1248 </ul>
1249
1250
1251     </div>
1252     <p style="text-align: right">
1253  Created by <a href="http://steve.org.uk/Software/chronicle">Chronicle v4.6</a>
1254 </p>
1255
1256   </body>
1257 </html>