X-Git-Url: http://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-madewithcc.git/blobdiff_plain/af0b7248fe0c1ab47cb83b978f8c4f087c8ef851..65784f5d891c7727689a2d0e85e0b99dc1fd7760:/po/nb/mwcc.po diff --git a/po/nb/mwcc.po b/po/nb/mwcc.po index 7acf214..4bf8361 100644 --- a/po/nb/mwcc.po +++ b/po/nb/mwcc.po @@ -6,195 +6,184 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Made with Creative Commons\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2017-06-19 14:24-0500\n" -"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" -"Last-Translator: Automatically generated\n" -"Language-Team: none\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-02-23 05:59+0000\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-02-23 05:57+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" +"Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" "Language: nb\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" +"X-Generator: Weblate 2.20-dev\n" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2 -msgid "Made" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4 -msgid "with" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6 -msgid "Creative" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8 -msgid "Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3 +msgid "en" +msgstr "nb" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:10 -msgid "Paul Stacey and Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:12 -msgid "Made With Creative Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:14 -msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:16 -msgid "© 2017, by Creative Commons." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:19 +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:54 msgid "" -"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC " -"BY-SA), version 4.0." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:21 -msgid "ISBN 978-87-998733-3-3" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:23 -msgid "Cover and interior design by Klaus Nielsen, vinterstille.dk" +"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " +"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " +"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " +"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " +"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " +"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " +"" +msgstr "" +"Denne boken er utgitt under en CC BY-SA lisens, noe som betyr at du kan " +"kopiere, distribuere videre, remikse, transformere og bygge videre for ulike " +"formål, også kommersielt, så lenge du gir riktig kreditering, gir en link " +"til lisensen og angir om endringer er gjort. Hvis du remikser, transformerer " +"eller bygger på materialet, må du distribuere dine bidrag under samme lisens " +"som den opprinnelige. Lisensdetaljer: " + +#. type: Content of:
+#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:24 +#, no-wrap +msgid "" +" Mexico City\n" +" " msgstr "" +" Oslo\n" +" " -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:25 -msgid "Content editing by Grace Yaginuma" +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:17 +msgid "" +" 2017 Creative Commons " +" Gunnar Wolf " msgstr "" +"2017 Creative Commons " +" Petter Reinholdtsen " -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:27 -msgid "Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, bryanmathers.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:27 +msgid "Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:29 -msgid "Downloadable e-book available at madewith.cc" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:30 +msgid "Paul" +msgstr "Paul" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:31 -msgid "Publisher:" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:31 +msgid "Stacey" +msgstr "Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:33 -msgid "Ctrl+Alt+Delete Books" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:34 +msgid "Sarah Hinchliff" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:35 -msgid "Husumgade 10, 5." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:35 +msgid "Pearson" +msgstr "Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:37 -msgid "2200 Copenhagen N" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:41 +msgid "Made With Creative Commons" +msgstr "Laget med Creative Commons" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:39 -msgid "Denmark" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:42 +msgid "by Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" +msgstr "av Paul Stacey & Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:41 -msgid "www.cadb.dk" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:43 +msgid "© 2017 by the Creative Commons Foundation." +msgstr "© 2017 av Creative Commons-stiftelsen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:43 -msgid "hey@cadb.dk" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:44 +msgid "" +"Published under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-" +"SA), version 4.0." msgstr "" +"Publisert med lisensen Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA), " +"versjon 4.0." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:45 -msgid "Printer:" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:46 +msgid "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" msgstr "" +"ISBN: YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (PDF), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED (ePub), YET-TO-BE-DECIDED " +"(Paperback)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:47 -msgid "Drukarnia POZKAL Spółka z o.o. Spółka komandytowa" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:48 +msgid "" +"Illustrations by Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" msgstr "" +"Illustrasjoner av Bryan Mathers, <ulink url=\"https://bryanmathers.com/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:49 -msgid "88-100 Inowrocław," -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:49 +msgid "Publisher: Gunnar Wolf." +msgstr "Forlegger: Gunnar Wolf." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:51 -msgid "ul. Cegielna 10/12," +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:51 +msgid " " msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:53 -msgid "Poland" +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:52 +msgid "Downloadable e-book available at <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" +"Nedlastbar e-bok er tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"https://madewith.cc/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:61 -msgid "" -"This book is published under a CC BY-SA license, which means that you can " -"copy, redistribute, remix, transform, and build upon the content for any " -"purpose, even commercially, as long as you give appropriate credit, provide " -"a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, " -"transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your " -"contributions under the same license as the original. License details: " -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:65 +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:61 msgid "" "Made With Creative Commons is published with the kind support of Creative " "Commons and backers of our crowdfunding-campaign on the Kickstarter.com " "platform." msgstr "" +"Laget med Creative Commons er offentliggjort med godhjertet støtte fra " +"Creative Commons og bidragsytere fra vår kronerullingskampanje på " +"Kickstarter.com-plattformen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:72 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:69 msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-4\"></span>“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction " -"journalism. . . The way that I think about these things, and in terms of " -"what I can do is. . . essays like this are occasions to watch somebody " -"reasonably bright but also reasonably average pay far closer attention and " -"think at far more length about all sorts of different stuff than most of us " -"have a chance to in our daily lives.”" +"“I don’t know a whole lot about nonfiction journalism. . . The way that I " +"think about these things, and in terms of what I can do is. . . essays like " +"this are occasions to watch somebody reasonably bright but also reasonably " +"average pay far closer attention and think at far more length about all " +"sorts of different stuff than most of us have a chance to in our daily " +"lives.”" msgstr "" +"«Jeg vet ikke mye om faglitteratur . . . Måten jeg tenker på disse tingene, " +"og hva jeg kan gjøre er . . . essays som dette er anledninger til å følge " +"noen med et rimelig lyst hode, men også rimelige gjennomsnittlige både " +"følger nærmere og tenker mer i dybden om mange forskjellige ting enn de " +"fleste av oss har en sjanse til i våre daglige liv.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:74 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-5\"></span>" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:77 +msgid "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" +msgstr "— <emphasis>David Foster Wallace</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:76 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-6\"></span>- David Foster Wallace" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:82 +msgid "Foreword" +msgstr "Forord" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:78 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-7\"></span>Foreword" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:86 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:84 msgid "" "Three years ago, just after I was hired as CEO of Creative Commons, I met " "with Cory Doctorow in the hotel bar of Toronto’s Gladstone Hotel. As one of " @@ -203,9 +192,16 @@ msgid "" "defining and advancing open business models. He kindly disagreed, and called " "the pursuit of viable business models through CC “a red herring.”" msgstr "" +"For tre år siden, like etter at jeg ble ansatt som daglig leder av Creative " +"Commons, møtte jeg Cory Doctorow i en hotellbar på Gladstone Hotell i " +"Toronto. Som en av CCs mest velkjente forkjempere - en som har hatt en " +"suksessfull karrière som en skribent som deler alle sine verk som CC - " +"fortalte jeg ham at jeg mente CC hadde en rolle i å definere og fremme åpne " +"forretningsmodeller. Han forklarte på en hyggelig måte at han var uenig, og " +"kalte jakten på fungerende forretningsmodeller via CC en blindvei." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:92 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:93 msgid "" "He was, in a way, completely correct—those who make things with Creative " "Commons have ulterior motives, as Paul Stacey explains in this book: " @@ -213,9 +209,14 @@ msgid "" "reason for being is to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money " "is a means to a social end, not the end itself.”" msgstr "" +"Han hadde på en måte helt rett - de som gjør ting med Creative Commons har " +"underliggende motiver, som Paul Stacey forklarer i denne boken: «Uavhengig " +"av juridisk status, har de alle en sosial oppgave. Deres primære grunn til å " +"være til er å gjøre verden til et bedre sted, ikke for fortjeneste. Penger " +"er et middel til et sosialt mål, ikke målet selv. »" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:98 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:101 msgid "" "In the case study about Cory Doctorow, Sarah Hinchliff Pearson cites Cory’s " "words from his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: “Entering the arts " @@ -223,29 +224,45 @@ msgid "" "to get rich. It might work, but it almost certainly won’t. Though, of " "course, someone always wins the lottery.”" msgstr "" +"I enkeltstudien om Cory Doctorow siterer Sarah Hinchliff Pearson Corys ord " +"fra hans bok om «Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free»: «Å gå inn i kunsten " +"fordi du vil bli rik, er som å kjøpe lottobilletter fordi du vil bli rik. " +"Det kan fungere, men nesten helt sikkert så vil det ikke det. Men, " +"selvfølgelig, noen vinner alltid i et lotteri.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:105 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:109 msgid "" "Today, copyright is like a lottery ticket—everyone has one, and almost " "nobody wins. What they don’t tell you is that if you choose to share your " -"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " +"work, the returns can be significant and long-lasting. This book is filled " "with stories of those who take much greater risks than the two dollars we " "pay for a lottery ticket, and instead reap the rewards that come from " "pursuing their passions and living their values." msgstr "" +"I dag er opphavsrett som et lodd i et lotteri - alle har et, og nesten ingen " +"vinner. Det de ikke forteller deg, er at hvis du velger å dele ditt arbeid, " +"kan det du får igjen være betydelig, og vare lenge. Denne boken er fylt med " +"historier om dem som tar mye større risiko enn de kronene vi betaler for et " +"lodd, og i stedet høster belønninger fra det å følge sin lidenskap og bygge " +"på sine verdier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:111 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:118 msgid "" "So it’s not about the money. Also: it is. Finding the means to continue to " -"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " +"create and share often requires some amount of income. Max Temkin of Cards " "Against Humanity says it best in their case study: “We don’t make jokes and " "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games.”" msgstr "" +"Så det er ikke om pengene. Men er også om det. Å finne midler til å " +"fortsette å opprette og dele krever ofte en viss inntekt. Max Temkin i Cards " +"Against Humanity sier det best i sin eksempelstudie: «Vi lager ikke vitser " +"og spill for å tjene penger - vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere " +"vitser og spill.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:119 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:125 msgid "" "Creative Commons’ focus is on building a vibrant, usable commons, powered by " "collaboration and gratitude. Enabling communities of collaboration is at the " @@ -254,9 +271,16 @@ msgid "" "the best open business models. Paul and Sarah were the ideal authors to " "write Made with Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons fokuserer på å bygge levende, nyttige allmenninger, drevet " +"av samarbeid og takknemlighet. Å få til samarbeidsfelleskap (communities) er " +"kjernen i vår strategi. Med det i mente startet Creative Commons dette " +"bokprosjektet. Ledet av Paul og Sarah, gikk prosjektet i gang med å definere " +"og fremme de beste åpne forretningsmodellene. Paul og Sarah var ideelle " +"forfatterne skrive Made with Creative Commons: Laget med kreative " +"allmenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:127 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:134 msgid "" "Paul dreams of a future where new models of creativity and innovation " "overpower the inequality and scarcity that today define the worst parts of " @@ -266,23 +290,38 @@ msgid "" "has a calm, cool voice that conveys a passion that inspires his colleagues " "and community." msgstr "" +"Paul drømmer om en fremtid der nye modeller for kreativitet og innovasjon " +"overgår den ulikhet og knapphet som i dag viser de verste delene av " +"kapitalismen. Han drives av kraften i mellommenneskelige forbindelser i " +"skapende samarbeidsfellesskap. Han ser lengre enn de fleste, og det har " +"gjort ham til en bedre pedagog, en innsiktsfull forsker, og også en dyktig " +"gartner. Han har en rolig, kul stemme som formidler en lidenskap som " +"inspirerer kolleger og samfunn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:137 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:143 msgid "" "Sarah is the best kind of lawyer—a true advocate who believes in the good of " -"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " +"people, and the power of collective acts to change the world. Over the past " "year I’ve seen Sarah struggle with the heartbreak that comes from investing " "so much into a political campaign that didn’t end as she’d hoped. Today, " "she’s more determined than ever to live with her values right out on her " "sleeve. I can always count on Sarah to push Creative Commons to focus on our " -"impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, " -"detail-oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating " -"more." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:146 +"impact—to make the main thing the main thing. She’s practical, detail-" +"oriented, and clever. There’s no one on my team that I enjoy debating more." +msgstr "" +"Sarah er en meget solid advokat - en sann forkjemper som tror på det gode i " +"mennesker, og på kraften i kollektive handlinger for å forandre verden. I " +"løpet av det siste året har jeg sett Sarah kjempe med den hjertesorg som " +"kommer fra å ha investert så mye i en politisk kampanje som ikke sluttet som " +"hun hadde håpet. I dag er hun mer bestemt enn noen gang på å leve med sine " +"verdier rett fra hjertet. Jeg kan alltid stole på at Sarah skyver på for at " +"Creative Commmons skal påvirke - gjøre det viktigste viktigst. Hun er " +"praktisk, detaljorientert og dyktig. Det er ingen på mitt laget jeg liker " +"mer å debattere med." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:155 msgid "" "As coauthors, Paul and Sarah complement each other perfectly. They " "researched, analyzed, argued, and worked as a team, sometimes together and " @@ -290,22 +329,35 @@ msgid "" "passion and curiosity, and a deep respect for what goes into building the " "commons and sharing with the world. They remained open to new ideas, " "including the possibility that their initial theories would need refinement " -"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " +"or might be completely wrong. That’s courageous, and it has made for a " "better book that is insightful, honest, and useful." msgstr "" +"Som medforfattere, utfylte Paul og Sarah hverandre perfekt. De forsket, " +"analyserte, hevdet og jobbet som et lag, noen ganger sammen og noen ganger " +"hver for seg. De grov seg ned i forskningen og skrivingen med lidenskap og " +"nysgjerrighet, og en dyp respekt for hva som inngår i å lage allmenninger og " +"å dele med verden. De var åpne for nye ideer, medregnet muligheten for at " +"utgangsteoriene deres måtte utvikles videre eller kanskje var helt feil. Det " +"er modig, og det har gitt en bedre bok som er mer innsiktsfull, ærlig og " +"nyttig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:152 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:166 msgid "" "From the beginning, CC wanted to develop this project with the principles " "and values of open collaboration. The book was funded, developed, " -"researched, and written in the open. It is being shared openly under a CC " -"BY-SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in " +"researched, and written in the open. It is being shared openly under a CC BY-" +"SA license for anyone to use, remix, or adapt with attribution. It is, in " "itself, an example of an open business model." msgstr "" +"Fra begynnelsen ønsket CC å utvikle dette prosjektet med prinsipper og " +"verdier fra åpent samarbeid. Boken ble finansiert, utviklet, undersøkt og " +"skrevet åpent. Det blir delt åpent under en CC BY-SA-lisens slik at alle kan " +"bruke, remikse eller tilpasse med henvisning på plass. Det er i seg selv et " +"eksempel på en åpen forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:159 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:174 msgid "" "For 31 days in August of 2015, Sarah took point to organize and execute a " "Kickstarter campaign to generate the core funding for the book. The " @@ -314,40 +366,62 @@ msgid "" "through two stretch goals and engaging over 1,600 donors—the majority of " "them new supporters of Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"I 31 dager i august 2015 organiserte Sarah en Kickstarter-kampanje for å " +"finansiere oppstarten av boken. Resten ble finansiert av Create Commons " +"sjenerøse givere og støttespillere. Til slutt ble den en av de mest " +"vellykkede bokprosjektene på Kickstarter, med 1600 engasjerte givere i to " +"strekk helt til mål. De fleste giverne var nye tilhengere av Creative " +"Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:168 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:183 msgid "" "Paul and Sarah worked openly throughout the project, publishing the plans, " "drafts, case studies, and analysis, early and often, and they engaged " "communities all over the world to help write this book. As their opinions " "diverged and their interests came into focus, they divided their voices and " -"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " +"decided to keep them separate in the final product. Working in this way " "requires both humility and self-confidence, and without question it has made " "Made with Creative Commons a better project." msgstr "" +"Paul og Sarah jobbet åpent gjennom hele prosjektet, publiserte planene, " +"utkast, casestudier og analyser, tidlig og sent, og de engasjerte miljøer " +"over hele verden til å skrive denne boken. Ettersom meninger varierte, og " +"interessene kom i fokus, laget de ulike løp, og besluttet å holde dem " +"atskilt i sluttproduktet. Å arbeide på denne måten krever både ydmykhet og " +"selvtillit, og det har uten tvil gjort «Made with Creative Commons» til et " +"bedre prosjekt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:173 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:193 msgid "" -"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " +"Those who work and share in the commons are not typical creators. They are " "part of something greater than themselves, and what they offer us all is a " "profound gift. What they receive in return is gratitude and a community." msgstr "" +"De som jobber og deler i allmenningen (commons) er ikke typiske skapere. De " +"er en del av noe større enn seg selv, og hva de tilbyr oss alle er en raus " +"gave. Hva de får tilbake er takknemlighet og et fellesskap." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:180 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:199 msgid "" -"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " +"Jonathan Mann, who is profiled in this book, writes a song a day. When I " "reached out to ask him to write a song for our Kickstarter (and to offer " "himself up as a Kickstarter benefit), he agreed immediately. Why would he " "agree to do that? Because the commons has collaboration at its core, and " "community as a key value, and because the CC licenses have helped so many to " "share in the ways that they choose with a global audience." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann, som er løftet frem i denne boken, skriver en dag en sang. Da " +"jeg tok kontakt for å be ham om å skrive en sang for vår Kickstarter (og å " +"tilby seg å støtte Kickstarter), stilte han umiddelbart opp. Hvorfor ville " +"han stille opp på det? Fordi allmenningen har samarbeid som sin kjerne, og " +"allmenning er en nøkkelverdi, og fordi CC-lisensene har hjulpet så mange å " +"dele med et globalt publikum på den måten de velger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:192 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:208 msgid "" "Sarah writes, “Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when " "community is built around what they do. This may mean a community " @@ -361,21 +435,40 @@ msgid "" "satisfying end goal than having someone tell you that what you do is " "genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:201 +"Sarah skriver, «Innsats som lages med Made with Creative Commons trives når " +"allmenningen bygges rundt hva som gjøres. Dette kan bety at et fellesskap " +"samarbeider for å skape noe nytt, eller kan rett og slett være en samling av " +"likesinnede som blir kjent hverandre og samler seg rundt felles interesser " +"eller tro. Til en viss grad, å bare bruke Made with Creative Commons bringer " +"automatisk med seg elementer av allmenningen, ved å hjelpe til med å koble " +"deg til likesinnede, som gjenkjenner og trekkes til de verdiene som " +"symboliseres ved å bruke CC.» Amanda Palmer, den andre musikeren som er " +"profilert i boken, vil sikkert legge til dette fra sin studie: «Det er ikke " +"noe mer tilfredsstillende mål enn når noen forteller deg at det du gjør " +"virkelig verdi for dem.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:222 msgid "" "This is not a typical business book. For those looking for a recipe or a " "roadmap, you might be disappointed. But for those looking to pursue a social " "end, to build something great through collaboration, or to join a powerful " -"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " +"and growing global community, they’re sure to be satisfied. Made with " "Creative Commons offers a world-changing set of clearly articulated values " "and principles, some essential tools for exploring your own business " "opportunities, and two dozen doses of pure inspiration." msgstr "" +"Dette er ikke en typisk bedriftsøkonomibok. For de som leter etter en " +"oppskrift eller et veikart, kan du bli skuffet. Men for de som ønsker å " +"bidra til et sosialt mål, å bygge noe stort gjennom samarbeid, eller bli med " +"i en kraftig og voksende globalt samfunn, kan de være sikre på å bli " +"fornøyd. Made with Creative Commons tilbyr en global endring med et sett " +"med tydelig artikulerte verdier og prinsipper, noen viktige verktøy til å " +"utforske dine egne forretningsmuligheter, og to dusin doser med ren " +"inspirasjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:209 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:232 msgid "" "In a 1996 Stanford Law Review article “The Zones of Cyberspace”, CC founder " "Lawrence Lessig wrote, “Cyberspace is a place. People live there. They " @@ -385,48 +478,59 @@ msgid "" "groups, in communities, among strangers, among people they come to know, and " "sometimes like.”" msgstr "" +"I 1996-artikkelen i Stanford Law Review «Sonene i kyberrom», skrev CC-" +"grunnlegger Lawrence Lessig: «Kyberrommet et sted. Folk bor der. Der " +"opplever de alle mulige ting, og de oppleves i reelle rom . Og noen, de " +"opplever mer. Dette opplever de ikke som isolerte individer, som spillere av " +"noe høyteknologiske dataspill; De opplever det i grupper, i fellesskap, " +"blant fremmede, blant dem de lærer å kjenne, og noen ganger like.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:215 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:241 msgid "" "I’m incredibly proud that Creative Commons is able to publish this book for " -"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " +"the many communities that we have come to know and like. I’m grateful to " "Paul and Sarah for their creativity and insights, and to the global " -"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " +"communities that have helped us bring it to you. As CC board member " "Johnathan Nightingale often says, “It’s all made of people.”" msgstr "" +"Jeg er utrolig stolt at Creative Commons er i stand å utgi denne boken for " +"så mange allmenninger som vi har lært å kjenne og liker. Jeg er takknemlig " +"overfor Paul og Sarah for deres kreativitet og innsikt, og de globale " +"samfunn som har hjulpet oss å bringe den til deg. Som CC-styremedlem " +"Johnathan Nightingale ofte sier: «Alt er laget av mennesker.»" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:217 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:249 msgid "That’s the true value of things that are Made with Creative Commons." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det er den sanne verdien av ting som er laget med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:219 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Ryan Merkley*\n" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:252 +msgid "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Ryan Merkley</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:221 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*CEO, Creative Commons*\n" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:255 +msgid "<emphasis>CEO, Creative Commons</emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Daglig leder, Creative Commons</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:223 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-8\"></span>Introduction" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:259 +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "Introduksjon" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:226 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:261 msgid "" "This book shows the world how sharing can be good for business—but with a " "twist." msgstr "" +"Denne boken viser verden hvordan deling kan være bra i forretningsøyemed, " +"men med en vri." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:236 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:265 msgid "" "We began the project intending to explore how creators, organizations, and " "businesses make money to sustain what they do when they share their work " @@ -438,47 +542,75 @@ msgid "" "model canvas,” an interactive online tool that would help people design and " "analyze their business model." msgstr "" +"Vi startet prosjektet å utforske hvordan skapere, organisasjoner og " +"bedrifter tjener penger på å videreføre hva de gjør når de deler arbeidet " +"sitt med Creative Commons-lisenser. Målet var ikke å identifisere en formel " +"for forretningsmodeller som bruker Creative Commons, men i stedet samle " +"friske ideer og dynamiske eksempler som tenner nye, innovative modeller, og " +"hjelper andre å følge etter ved å bygge på det som allerede virker. I " +"starten rammet vi inn våre undersøkelser i kjente forretningsbegreper. Vi " +"laget et ubeskrevet «åpent forretningsmodell-lerret,» et interaktivt " +"nettbasert verktøy som hjelper folk å skape og analysere sin " +"forretningsmodell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:243 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:277 msgid "" "Through the generous funding of Kickstarter backers, we set about this " "project first by identifying and selecting a diverse group of creators, " -"organizations, and businesses who use Creative Commons in an integral " -"way—what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and " -"wrote up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the " -"literature." +"organizations, and businesses who use Creative Commons in an integral way—" +"what we call being Made with Creative Commons. We interviewed them and wrote " +"up their stories. We analyzed what we heard and dug deep into the literature." msgstr "" +"Med raus finansiering fra Kickstarters støttespillere, satte vi i gang dette " +"prosjektet, først ved å identifisere og velge ut en bred gruppe av skapere, " +"organisasjoner og bedrifter som bruker Creative Commons på en integrert måte " +"- det vi kaller «Gjort på Creative Commons-vis». Vi intervjuet dem og skrev " +"ned deres historier. Vi analyserte hva vi hørte, og gravde dypt i " +"litteraturen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:246 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:285 msgid "" "But as we did our research, something interesting happened. Our initial way " "of framing the work did not match the stories we were hearing." msgstr "" +"Mens vi gjorde våre undersøkelser, skjedde det noe interessant. Vår første " +"måte å ramme inn arbeidet på, samsvarte ikke med de historiene vi hørte." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:252 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:290 msgid "" "Those we interviewed were not typical businesses selling to consumers and " -"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " +"seeking to maximize profits and the bottom line. Instead, they were sharing " "to make the world a better place, creating relationships and community " "around the works being shared, and generating revenue not for unlimited " "growth but to sustain the operation." msgstr "" +"De vi intervjuet var ikke typiske bedrifter som selger til forbrukerne og " +"søker å maksimere overskudd og bunnlinje. I stedet delte de for å gjøre " +"verden til et bedre sted, ved å skape relasjoner og samfunn rundt arbeidene " +"som ble delt, og genererte inntekter, ikke for ubegrenset vekst, men for å " +"opprettholde driften." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:258 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:298 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "They often didn’t like hearing what they do described as an open business " -"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something " -"different. Something that generates not just economic value but social and " -"cultural value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with " -"Creative Commons is not “business as usual.”" +"model. Their endeavor was something more than that. Something different. " +"Something that generates not just economic value but social and cultural " +"value. Something that involves human connection. Being Made with Creative " +"Commons is not “business as usual.”" msgstr "" +"Ofte likte de ikke å høre hva de gjorde beskrevet som åpen " +"forretningsmodell. Deres oppgave var noe mer enn det. Noe annet. Noe til " +"ervervelse av ikke bare økonomisk, men sosial og kulturell verdi. Til " +"knytting av mellommenneskelige forbindelser. Å «Gjøre med Creative Commons» " +"er ikke «business as usual» («som vi pleier»)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:266 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:306 msgid "" "We had to rethink the way we conceived of this project. And it didn’t happen " "overnight. From the fall of 2015 through 2016, we documented our thoughts in " @@ -487,40 +619,61 @@ msgid "" "who provided invaluable edits, feedback, and advice. Our thinking changed " "dramatically over the course of a year and a half." msgstr "" +"Vi måtte revurdere måten vi oppfattet dette prosjektet på. Og det skjedde " +"ikke over natten. Fra høsten av 2015 og hele 2016 dokumenterte vi våre " +"tanker i blogginnlegg på Medium og med regelmessige oppdateringer til våre " +"Kickstarter-støttespillere. Vi delte utkast av enkeltstudier og analyse med " +"våre Kickstarter-samarbeidspartnere, som ga uvurderlige endringer, " +"tilbakemeldinger og råd. Vår tenkning endret seg dramatisk i løpet av " +"halvannet år." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:275 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:315 msgid "" "Throughout the process, the two of us have often had very different ways of " "understanding and describing what we were learning. Learning from each other " "has been one of the great joys of this work, and, we hope, something that " "has made the final product much richer than it ever could have been if " -"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " +"either of us undertook this project alone. We have preserved our voices " "throughout, and you’ll be able to sense our different but complementary " "approaches as you read through our different sections." msgstr "" +"Gjennom hele prosessen, har vi to ofte hatt svært ulike måter å forstå og " +"beskrive hva vi lærer. Gjensidig læring har vært en av de store gledene i " +"dette arbeidet, og vi håper; noe som har gjort det endelige produktet mye " +"mer innholdsrikt enn det ville vært hvis én av oss gjennomførte dette " +"prosjektet alene. Våre stemmer er tatt vare på underveis, og du vil kunne " +"finne våre ulike, men utfyllende, tilnærminger når du henholdsvis leser " +"gjennom våre ulike seksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:279 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:325 msgid "" "While we recommend that you read the book from start to finish, each section " -"reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main " -"parts." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:286 -msgid "" -"Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by " -"Paul. He provides some historical context for the digital commons, " -"describing the three ways society has managed resources and shared " -"wealth—the commons, the market, and the state. He advocates for thinking " -"beyond business and market terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing " -"and enlarging the digital commons." -msgstr "" +"reads more or less independently. The book is structured into two main parts." +msgstr "" +"Mens vi anbefaler at du leser boken fra start til slutt, kan hver del leses " +"mer eller mindre uavhengig av hverandre. Boken er organisert i to hoveddeler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:330 +msgid "" +"Part one, the overview, begins with a big-picture framework written by Paul. " +"He provides some historical context for the digital commons, describing the " +"three ways society has managed resources and shared wealth—the commons, the " +"market, and the state. He advocates for thinking beyond business and market " +"terms and eloquently makes the case for sharing and enlarging the digital " +"commons." +msgstr "" +"Første del, oversikten, som begynner med det store bildet, er skrevet av " +"Paul. Han gir litt historisk bakgrunn for Digital Commons, som beskriver de " +"tre måtene samfunnet håndterer ressurser og deler inntekter: Allmenninger, " +"markedet og staten. Han er talsmann for tenkning utover næringsvirksomhet og " +"markedsbegreper, og er velformulert om deling og utvidelse av Digital " +"Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:295 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:338 msgid "" "The overview continues with Sarah’s chapter, as she considers what it means " "to be successfully Made with Creative Commons. While making money is one " @@ -528,37 +681,53 @@ msgid "" "of human connections that make sharing truly meaningful. This section " "outlines the ways the creators, organizations, and businesses we interviewed " "bring in revenue, how they further the public interest and live out their " -"values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they " -"share." +"values, and how they foster connections with the people with whom they share." msgstr "" +"Oversikten fortsetter med Sarahs kapittel, der hun vurderer hva det betyr å " +"lykkes med Creative Commons. Mens å tjene penger er en del av kaken, er det " +"også et sett av offentlig-baserte verdier, og hva slags menneskelige " +"forbindelser som gjør deling virkelig meningsfullt. Denne delen beskriver " +"hvordan skaperne, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi intervjuet, skaffer " +"inntekter, hvordan de videre fremmer allmenne interesser og realiserer sine " +"verdier, og hvordan de bygger forbindelser med folk de deler med." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:301 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:348 msgid "" "And to end part one, we have a short section that explains the different " "Creative Commons licenses. We talk about the misconception that the more " "restrictive licenses—the ones that are closest to the all-rights-reserved " "model of traditional copyright—are the only ways to make money." msgstr "" +"Og for å avslutte første del, har vi et kort avsnitt som forklarer de ulike " +"Creative Commons-lisensene. Vi snakker om misforståelsen om at jo mer " +"restriktiv lisensene - de som er nærmest «alle rettigheter reservert»-" +"modellen i tradisjonell opphavsrett - er den eneste måten å tjene penger på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:306 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:355 msgid "" "Part two of the book is made up of the twenty-four stories of the creators, " "businesses, and organizations we interviewed. While both of us participated " "in the interviews, we divided up the writing of these profiles." msgstr "" +"Del to av boken består av de fireogtyve historiene til aktører, bedrifter og " +"organisasjoner vi intervjuet. Begge deltok i intervjuene, mens vi fordelte " +"skrivingen av profilene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:310 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:361 msgid "" "Of course, we are pleased to make the book available using a Creative " "Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Please copy, distribute, translate, " "localize, and build upon this work." msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig er vi glade for å gjøre boken tilgjengelig med en Creative " +"Commons Attribution-ShareAlike lisens. Kopier, distribuer, oversett, " +"lokaliser, og bygg gjerne videre på dette arbeidet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:316 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:366 msgid "" "Writing this book has transformed and inspired us. The way we now look at " "and think about what it means to be Made with Creative Commons has " @@ -566,122 +735,180 @@ msgid "" "use Creative Commons and in so doing contribute to the transformation of our " "economy and world for the better." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:318 -#, no-wrap -msgid "*Paul and Sarah *\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:320 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-9\"></span>Part 1" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:322 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-10\"></span>The Big Picture" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:324 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-11\"></span>The New" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:326 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-12\"></span>World of" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:328 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-13\"></span>Digital" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:330 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-14\"></span>Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:332 +"Denne boka har endret og inspirert oss. Måten vi nå betrakter og tenker på " +"hva det betyr å «gjøre med Creative Commons» er ugjenkallelig forandret. Vi " +"håper denne boken inspirerer deg og ditt foretak til å bruke Creative " +"Commons, og dermed bidra til forandringen av vår økonomi og verden til det " +"bedre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:373 +msgid "<emphasis>Paul and Sarah </emphasis>" +msgstr "<emphasis>Paul og Sarah </emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:377 +msgid "The Big Picture" +msgstr "Det store bildet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:379 +msgid "The New World of Digital Commons" +msgstr "Digital Commons nye verden" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:381 msgid "Paul Stacey" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:340 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:391 msgid "" -"Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " -"web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the " -"commons. So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the " -"stories of childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the " -"commons are gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are " -"new, such as the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”1" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Köhler, 2013), 14." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:349 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:384 +msgid "" +"Jonathan Rowe eloquently describes the commons as “the air and oceans, the " +"web of species, wilderness and flowing water—all are parts of the commons. " +"So are language and knowledge, sidewalks and public squares, the stories of " +"childhood and the processes of democracy. Some parts of the commons are " +"gifts of nature, others the product of human endeavor. Some are new, such as " +"the Internet; others are as ancient as soil and calligraphy.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Rowe beskriver elegant allmenningen som «luften og havene, " +"nettverket av arter, villmark og rennende vann - alle er deler av " +"allmenninger. Det samme er språk og kunnskap, fortau og torg, historier fra " +"barndommen og demokratiske prosesser. Noen deler av allmenningen er gaver " +"fra naturen, andre er resultat av av menneskelige bestrebelser. Noen er " +"nye, for eksempel Internett; andre er like gamle som jord og " +"kalligrafi.»<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:396 msgid "" "In Made with Creative Commons, we focus on our current era of digital " "commons, a commons of human-produced works. This commons cuts across a broad " "range of areas including cultural heritage, education, research, technology, " -"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " +"art, design, literature, entertainment, business, and data. Human-produced " "works in all these areas are increasingly digital. The Internet is a kind of " "global, digital commons. The individuals, organizations, and businesses we " "profile in our case studies use Creative Commons to share their resources " "online over the Internet." msgstr "" +"I «Laget med Creative Commons» fokuserer vi på vår nåværende æra med " +"digitale allmenninger, enn allmenningen med menneskelagede arbeider. Denne " +"allmenningen går på tvers av en rekke områder, inkludert kulturarv, " +"utdanning, forskning, teknologi, kunst, design, litteratur, underholdning, " +"forretning og data. Menneskelagede arbeider på alle disse områdene er i " +"økende grad digitale. Internett er en slags global, digital allmenning. " +"Personer, organisasjoner og bedrifter i våre referanseløsninger bruker " +"Creative Commons til å dele sine ressurser tilkoblet Internett." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:360 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:411 msgid "" -"The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " -"social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " -"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.2 The creators, " -"organizations, and businesses we profile are all engaged with " -"commoning. Their use of Creative Commons involves them in the social " -"practice of commoning, managing resources in a collective manner with a " -"community of users.3 Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that " -"balance the costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the " -"community. Special regard is given to equitable access, use, and " -"sustainability." +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:362 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-15\"></span>The Commons, the Market, and the State" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:419 +msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:367 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:407 +msgid "" +"The commons is not just about shared resources, however. It’s also about the " +"social practices and values that manage them. A resource is a noun, but to " +"common—to put the resource into the commons—is a verb.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The creators, organizations, and businesses we " +"profile are all engaged with commoning. Their use of Creative Commons " +"involves them in the social practice of commoning, managing resources in a " +"collective manner with a community of users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Commoning is guided by a set of values and norms that balance the " +"costs and benefits of the enterprise with those of the community. Special " +"regard is given to equitable access, use, and sustainability." +msgstr "" +"Allmenningen handler imidlertid ikke bare om delte ressurser, også sosial " +"praksis og verdiene som styrer den. En ressurs er et substantiv, men " +"allmenngjøring - å legge ressursen inn i allmenningen - er et verb." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Produsenter, organisasjoner og " +"bedrifter vi profilerer er alle engasjert i allmenngjøring. Deres bruk av " +"Creative Commons involverer dem i den sosiale gjennomføringen av " +"allmenngjøring, administrering av ressurser kollektivt i et brukerfellesskap." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Allmenngjøring styres av et sett " +"verdier og normer som balanserer kostnadene og fordelene for foretaket med " +"de fra fellesskapet. Særlig vekt er tillagt rettferdig tilgang, bruk og " +"bærekraft." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:426 +msgid "The Commons, the Market, and the State" +msgstr "Almenningen, markedet, og staten" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:432 +msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:428 msgid "" "Historically, there have been three ways to manage resources and share " "wealth: the commons (managed collectively), the state (i.e., the " -"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms " -"today.4" +"government), and the market—with the last two being the dominant forms today." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Historisk har det vært tre måter å administrere ressurser og fordele rikdom " +"på: Allmenninger (håndtert kollektivt) og staten (dvs. regjeringen) markedet " +"- med de siste to som de dominerende former i dag.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:375 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:441 +msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:436 msgid "" "The organizations and businesses in our case studies are unique in the way " "they participate in the commons while still engaging with the market and/or " "state. The extent of engagement with market or state varies. Some operate " -"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state.5 " -"Others are very much a part of the market or state, depending on them for " -"financial sustainability. All operate as hybrids, blending the norms of the " -"commons with those of the market or state." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:378 +"primarily as a commons with minimal or no reliance on the market or state." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others are very much a part of the " +"market or state, depending on them for financial sustainability. All operate " +"as hybrids, blending the norms of the commons with those of the market or " +"state." +msgstr "" +"Organisasjoner og bedrifter i våre referanseløsninger er unike i måten de " +"deltar i allmenningen mens de fortsatt er engasjert i markedet og/eller i " +"offentlig sektor. Omfanget av engasjement i markedet, eller i det offentlige " +"varierer. Noen opererer primært som allmenning hvis virke uten eller i liten " +"grad er avhengig av markedet eller det offentlige.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Andre er i høyeste grad en del av markedet eller " +"det offentlige, og avhenger av dem for sin finansielle bærekraft. Alle " +"fungerer som hybrider, som kombinerer allemannseiets normer med dem som " +"gjelder for markeder eller det offentlige." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:448 msgid "" "Fig. 1. is a depiction of how an enterprise can have varying levels of " "engagement with commons, state, and market." msgstr "" +"Fig.1. Skildrer hvordan en bedrift kan ha varierende grad av engasjement med " +"allemannseie, det offentlige og markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:387 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:452 msgid "" "Some of our case studies are simply commons and market enterprises with " "little or no engagement with the state. A depiction of those case studies " @@ -692,9 +919,17 @@ msgid "" "as being primarily of one type or another affects the balance of norms by " "which they operate." msgstr "" +"Noen av våre referanseløsninger er bare allemannseie, og har liten eller " +"ikke noe engasjement i forhold til offentlig sektor. En beskrivelse av disse " +"løsningene ville vise at tilknytningen til offentlig sektor er liten, eller " +"til og med fraværende. Andre referanser er primært markedsbaserte med bare " +"et lite engasjement i allemannseie. Fremstillingen av disse " +"referansestudiene viser at markedssfæren er stor og fellesskapssfæren liten. " +"I hvilken grad en bedrift ser seg selv som hovedsakelig av én type eller en " +"annen påvirker sammensetningen av de normer de styrer etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:395 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:463 msgid "" "All our case studies generate money as a means of livelihood and " "sustainability. Money is primarily of the market. Finding ways to generate " @@ -703,18 +938,57 @@ msgid "" "engagement between the commons and the market requires a deft touch, a " "strong sense of values, and the ability to blend the best of both." msgstr "" +"Alle våre referanseløsninger genererer penger til livsopphold og bærekraft. " +"Penger kommer hovedsakelig fra markedet. Det er utfordrende å finne måter å " +"generere inntekter på, når man holder seg til kjerneverdiene i allemannseie " +"(vanligvis uttrykt i målformuleringer). Å administrere samhandling og " +"engasjement mellom fellesskapene og markedet krever litt netthendthet, en " +"sterk følelse av verdier, og evnen til å kombinere det beste fra begge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:472 msgid "" "The state has an important role to play in fostering the use and adoption of " "the commons. State programs and funding can deliberately contribute to and " "build the commons. Beyond money, laws and regulations regarding property, " "copyright, business, and finance can all be designed to foster the commons." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:409 +"Staten har en viktig rolle å spille i å fremme aksept og bruk av felleseier. " +"Statlige programmer og finansiering kan bevisst bidra til å bygge " +"allemannseier. Utover bevilgninger, lovgivning og regler om eiendomsrett, " +"kan opphavsrett, forretningsvirksomhet og finansiering, alle være utformet " +"for å fremme allemannseie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:479 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:485 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enterprise engagements" +msgstr "Enterprise engagements" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:481 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000008000000045C30360249076453E6.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:480 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:529 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:646 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:775 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:816 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:900 +msgid "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:491 msgid "" "It’s helpful to understand how the commons, market, and state manage " "resources differently, and not just for those who consider themselves " @@ -724,26 +998,55 @@ msgid "" "commons the same way you do the market or state is not a strategy for " "success." msgstr "" +"Det er nyttig for alle å forstå hvordan allemannseie, markedet og offentlig " +"sektor håndterer ressurser på ulike måter, og ikke bare for dem som anser " +"seg selv som hovedsakelig et felleseie. For bedrifter eller offentlige " +"organisasjoner som ønsker å engasjere seg i, og å bruke allemannseie, vil " +"det å vite hvordan allmenninger fungerer være til hjelp for å forstå den " +"beste måten for å gjøre dette på. For å delta i og bruke felleseie på samme " +"måte som man ellers arbeider i markedet eller i staten, er ikke en strategi " +"for suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:411 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-16\"></span>The Four Aspects of a Resource" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:502 +msgid "The Four Aspects of a Resource" +msgstr "De fire aspektene ved en ressurs" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:419 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:507 msgid "" -"As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " -"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.6 Her framework " -"considered things like the biophysical characteristics of common resources, " -"the community’s actors and the interactions that take place between them, " -"rules-in-use, and outcomes. That framework has been simplified and " -"generalized to apply to the commons, the market, and the state for this " -"chapter." +"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." msgstr "" +"Daniel H. Cole, «Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " +"Commons for the Knowledge Commons», i Governing Knowledge Commons, eds. " +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg (New " +"York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:425 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:504 +msgid "" +"As part of her Nobel Prize–winning work, Elinor Ostrom developed a framework " +"for analyzing how natural resources are managed in a commons.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Her framework considered things like the " +"biophysical characteristics of common resources, the community’s actors and " +"the interactions that take place between them, rules-in-use, and outcomes. " +"That framework has been simplified and generalized to apply to the commons, " +"the market, and the state for this chapter." +msgstr "" +"Som en del av sitt Nobelprisvinnende arbeid, utviklet Elinor Ostrom et " +"rammeverk for å analysere hvordan naturressurser administreres i en " +"allmenning.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hennes rammeverk " +"vurderte ting som biofysiske karakteristikker ved felles ressurser, " +"samfunnets aktører og samhandlingene som foregår mellom dem, uformelle " +"regler-i-bruk, og resultater. Dette rammeverket er forenklet og generalisert " +"for å brukes på felleseie, markedet og staten, det offentlige, for dette " +"kapitlet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:520 msgid "" "To compare and contrast the ways in which the commons, market, and state " "work, let’s consider four aspects of resource management: resource " @@ -751,37 +1054,72 @@ msgid "" "rules they develop to govern use, and finally actual resource use along with " "outcomes of that use (see Fig. 2)." msgstr "" +"Hvis du vil sammenligne og vise kontraster i måter som allemannseie, " +"markedet, og det offentlige arbeider, la oss vurdere fire sider ved " +"ressursadministrasjon: Ressursens karakteristika, de involverte personene og " +"den prosessen de bruker, normer og regler de utvikler for å styre bruken, og " +"til slutt den faktiske ressursbruken sammen med resultatene av denne bruken " +"(se Fig. 2)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:528 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:534 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Aspects of resource management" +msgstr "Aspects of resource management" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:427 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-17\"></span>Characteristics" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:530 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000007D0000007D0ACF13F8B71EAF0B9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:432 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:540 +msgid "Characteristics" +msgstr "Karakteristika" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:542 msgid "" "Resources have particular characteristics or attributes that affect the way " -"they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human " -"produced. And—significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or " -"digital, which affects a resource’s inherent potential." +"they can be used. Some resources are natural; others are human produced. And—" +"significantly for today’s commons—resources can be physical or digital, " +"which affects a resource’s inherent potential." msgstr "" +"Ressurser har spesielle egenskaper eller attributter som påvirker hvordan de " +"kan brukes. Noen ressurser er naturlige; andre er menneskeskapt. Og - av " +"betydning for dagens felleseie - ressurser kan være fysiske eller digitale, " +"som påvirker det iboende ressurspotensialet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:549 msgid "" "Physical resources exist in limited supply. If I have a physical resource " -"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " +"and give it to you, I no longer have it. When a resource is removed and " "used, the supply becomes scarce or depleted. Scarcity can result in " "competing rivalry for the resource. Made with Creative Commons enterprises " "are usually digitally based but some of our case studies also produce " "resources in physical form. The costs of producing and distributing a " "physical good usually require them to engage with the market." msgstr "" +"Fysiske ressurser er begrensede. Hvis jeg har en fysisk ressurs og gir den " +"til deg, har jeg den ikke lenger. Når en ressurs er fjernet og brukt, blir " +"tilbudet knapt eller utarmet. Knapphet kan føre til konkurranse og " +"rivalisering om ressursen. Tiltak laget med Creative Commons er vanligvis " +"digitalt basert, men noen av våre referanseløsninger produserer også " +"ressurser i fysisk form. Kostnadene ved å produsere og distribuere et fysisk " +"gode, krever vanligvis at man benytter markedet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:449 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:560 msgid "" -"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " +"Physical resources are depletable, exclusive, and rivalrous. Digital " "resources, on the other hand, are nondepletable, nonexclusive, and " "nonrivalrous. If I share a digital resource with you, we both have the " "resource. Giving it to you does not mean I no longer have it. Digital " @@ -789,68 +1127,102 @@ msgid "" "depleted, and at close to zero cost. Abundance rather than scarcity is an " "inherent characteristic of digital resources." msgstr "" +"Fysiske ressurser blir uttømt, er eksklusive, og de konkurreres om. Digitale " +"ressurser, derimot, er uutømmelige, ikke-eksklusive, og gir ikke " +"rivalisering. Hvis jeg deler en digital ressurs med deg, har vi begge " +"ressursen. Å gi den til deg betyr ikke at jeg ikke lenger har den. Digitale " +"ressurser kan lages i det uendelige, kopieres og distribueres uten å bli " +"uttømt, og til en kostnad på nær null. Overflod i stedet for knapphet er en " +"iboende karakteristikk ved digitale ressurser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:456 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:570 msgid "" "The nondepletable, nonexclusive, and nonrivalrous nature of digital " -"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " +"resources means the rules and norms for managing them can (and ought to) be " "different from how physical resources are managed. However, this is not " -"always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially " -"scarce. Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and " -"abundant." +"always the case. Digital resources are frequently made artificially scarce. " +"Placing digital resources in the commons makes them free and abundant." msgstr "" +"At de digitale ressursene er uuttømmelige, ikke-eksklusive og ikke-" +"rivaliserende, betyr at reglene og normene for å håndtere dem kan (og bør) " +"være forskjellige fra hvordan fysiske ressurser håndteres. Men det er ikke " +"alltid tilfellet. Digitale ressurser gjøres ofte kunstig knappe. Å plassere " +"digitale ressurser i allmenninger gjør dem gratis og rikelige." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:465 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:578 msgid "" "Our case studies frequently manage hybrid resources, which start out as " "digital with the possibility of being made into a physical resource. The " "digital file of a book can be printed on paper and made into a physical " "book. A computer-rendered design for furniture can be physically " -"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " -"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " +"manufactured in wood. This conversion from digital to physical invariably " +"has costs. Often the digital resources are managed in a free and open way, " "but money is charged to convert a digital resource into a physical one." msgstr "" +"Våre referanseprosjekter håndterer ofte hybrid-ressurser, som begynner som " +"digitale med muligheter for å bli omgjort til en fysisk ressurs. Den " +"digitale bokfilen kan trykkes på papir og gjøres til en fysisk bok. Et data-" +"gjengitt design for møbler kan fysisk produseres i tre. Denne konverteringen " +"fra digital til fysisk har alltid kostnader. De digitale ressursene " +"administreres ofte på en fri og åpen måte, men det kreves penger for å " +"konvertere en digital ressurs til en fysisk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:589 msgid "" "Beyond this idea of physical versus digital, the commons, market, and state " -"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources as " -"private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The state " -"sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. The " -"commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth extending " -"beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or enhanced form to " -"future generations." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:475 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-18\"></span>People and processes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:479 +"conceive of resources differently (see Fig. 3). The market sees resources " +"as private goods—commodities for sale—from which value is extracted. The " +"state sees resources as public goods that provide value to state citizens. " +"The commons sees resources as common goods, providing a common wealth " +"extending beyond state boundaries, to be passed on in undiminished or " +"enhanced form to future generations." +msgstr "" +"Utover denne ideen med fysisk versus digital, forstår allmenninger, markedet " +"og staten ressurser forskjellig (se Fig. 3). Markedet ser ressurser som " +"private varer, goder for salg - som gir verdi. Staten ser ressurser som " +"offentlige goder som gir verdi til innbyggerne. Allmenninger ser ressurser " +"som felles goder, som gir en felles rikdom som strekker seg utover landets " +"grenser, og videreformidles uforminsket eller forbedret til fremtidige " +"generasjoner." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:600 +msgid "People and processes" +msgstr "Folk og prosesser" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:602 msgid "" "In the commons, the market, and the state, different people and processes " "are used to manage resources. The processes used define both who has a say " "and how a resource is managed." msgstr "" +"I allemannseie, markedet og staten brukes ulike mennesker og prosesser til å " +"administrere ressurser. De prosesser som brukes definerer både hvem som har " +"innflytelse og hvordan en ressurs skal håndteres." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:487 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:607 msgid "" "In the state, a government of elected officials is responsible for managing " "resources on behalf of the public. The citizens who produce and use those " "resources are not directly involved; instead, that responsibility is given " -"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with public " -"servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based on " -"government priorities and procedures." +"over to the government. State ministries and departments staffed with " +"public servants set budgets, implement programs, and manage resources based " +"on government priorities and procedures." msgstr "" +"I staten utgår en regjering fra folkevalgte som er ansvarlige for " +"ressurshåndteringen på vegne av folk flest. Innbyggerne som produserer og " +"bruker disse ressursene er ikke direkte involvert; i stedet er ansvaret gitt " +"over til regjeringen. Statlige departementer og avdelinger bemannet med " +"offentlige tjenestemenn setter opp budsjetter, gjennomfører programmer og " +"administrerer ressurser basert på regjeringens prioriteringer og prosedyrer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:494 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:616 msgid "" "In the market, the people involved are producers, buyers, sellers, and " "consumers. Businesses act as intermediaries between those who produce " @@ -859,39 +1231,89 @@ msgid "" "resources are managed as commodities, frequently mass-produced, and sold to " "consumers on the basis of a cash transaction." msgstr "" +"I markedet er menneskene som er involvert produsenter, kjøpere, selgere og " +"forbrukere. Bedrifter fungerer som mellomledd mellom dem som produserer " +"ressurser og dem som konsumerer eller bruke dem. Markedets prosesser søker å " +"trekke ut så mye verdi fra ressurser som mulig. Ressurser håndteres som en " +"handelsvare i markedet, ofte masseprodusert, og solgt til forbrukere på " +"grunnlag av en betalingstransaksjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:627 msgid "" -"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " -"directly by the people involved.7 Creators of human produced resources can " -"put them in the commons by personal choice. No permission from state or " -"market is required. Anyone can participate in the commons and determine for " -"themselves the extent to which they want to be involved—as a contributor, " -"user, or manager. The people involved include not only those who create and " -"use resources but those affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your " -"say, actions you can take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, " -"the community as a whole manages the resources. Resources put into the " -"commons using Creative Commons require users to give the original creator " -"credit. Knowing the person behind a resource makes the commons less " -"anonymous and more personal." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:510 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-19\"></span>Norms and rules" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." msgstr "" +"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " +"and the Commons (New York: Zed bøker, 2014), 93." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:515 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:625 +msgid "" +"In contrast to the state and market, resources in a commons are managed more " +"directly by the people involved.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Creators of human produced resources can put them in the commons by personal " +"choice. No permission from state or market is required. Anyone can " +"participate in the commons and determine for themselves the extent to which " +"they want to be involved—as a contributor, user, or manager. The people " +"involved include not only those who create and use resources but those " +"affected by outcome of use. Who you are affects your say, actions you can " +"take, and extent of decision making. In the commons, the community as a " +"whole manages the resources. Resources put into the commons using Creative " +"Commons require users to give the original creator credit. Knowing the " +"person behind a resource makes the commons less anonymous and more personal." +msgstr "" +"I motsetning til staten og markedet, håndteres ressurser i en allmenning mer " +"direkte av dem som er involvert.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"De som lager menneskeproduserte ressurser kan legge dem i felleseiet ut fra " +"et personlig valg. Det kreves ingen tillatelse fra staten eller markedet. " +"Alle kan delta i allmenninger og selv bestemme seg for hvor mye de vil være " +"involvert - som en bidragsyter, bruker eller administrator. Involverte " +"inkluderer ikke bare dem som oppretter og bruker ressurser, men også dem som " +"berøres av resultatet av bruk. Hvem du er, påvirker hva du har å si, hvilke " +"handlinger du kan utføre, og omfanget av beslutningstaking. I allmenninger " +"er det fellesskapet som helhet som administrerer ressursene. Ressurser lagt " +"inn i felleseiet ved å bruke Creative Commons krever at brukerne krediterer " +"den opprinnelige skaperen. Å vite hvem personen bak en ressurs er gjør " +"fellesskapseie mindre anonymt og mer personlig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:645 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:651 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Different views on resources" +msgstr "Different views on resources" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:647 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C40000065D9EC4F530BD4DFBE0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:658 +msgid "Norms and rules" +msgstr "Normer og regler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:660 msgid "" "The social interactions between people, and the processes used by the state, " "market, and commons, evolve social norms and rules. These norms and rules " "define permissions, allocate entitlements, and resolve disputes." msgstr "" +"De sosiale samhandlingene mellom mennesker, og prosessene i bruk av staten, " +"markedet og samfunnet for øvrig, utvikler sosiale normer og regler. Disse " +"normene og reglene definerer tillatelser, tildeler rettigheter og løser " +"disputter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:521 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:666 msgid "" "State authority is governed by national constitutions. Norms related to " "priorities and decision making are defined by elected officials and " @@ -899,51 +1321,95 @@ msgid "" "regulations, and laws. The state influences the norms and rules of the " "market and commons through the rules it passes." msgstr "" +"Statlig myndighet er underlagt nasjonale regelverk. Normer knyttet til " +"prioriteringer og beslutningsprosesser defineres av folkevalgte og " +"parlamentariske prosedyrer. Statlige føringer uttrykkes gjennom politiske " +"vedtak, lover og regler. Staten påvirker normer og regler for markedet og " +"allemannseie gjennom de reglene som lages." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:525 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:674 msgid "" "Market norms are influenced by economics and competition for scarce " "resources. Market rules follow property, business, and financial laws " "defined by the state." msgstr "" +"Markedets normer påvirkes av økonomi og konkurranse om knappe ressurser. " +"Markedsreguleringene omfatter eierforhold, virksomheter og økonomiske lover " +"definert av staten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:686 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:532 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:679 msgid "" "As with the market, a commons can be influenced by state policies, " "regulations, and laws. But the norms and rules of a commons are largely " "defined by the community. They weigh individual costs and benefits against " "the costs and benefits to the whole community. Consideration is given not " -"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability.9" +"just to economic efficiency but also to equity and sustainability." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Som med markedet, kan et felleseie påvirkes av offentlig politikk, " +"forskrifter og lover. Men normer og regler for et allemannseie er i det " +"store og hele definert av det selv. De veier individuelle kostnader og " +"fordeler - mot kostnader og fordeler for hele felleseiet. Det tas hensyn " +"ikke bare til økonomisk effektivitet, men også til egenkapital og " +"bærekraftighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:534 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-20\"></span>Goals" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:691 +msgid "Goals" +msgstr "Mål" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:539 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:693 msgid "" "The combination of the aspects we’ve discussed so far—the resource’s " "inherent characteristics, people and processes, and norms and rules—shape " "how resources are used. Use is also influenced by the different goals the " "state, market, and commons have." msgstr "" +"Kombinasjonen av forhold vi har diskutert så langt - de innebygde " +"egenskapene, folk, prosesser, normer og regler - utformer hvordan ressursene " +"brukes. Bruken påvirkes også av de ulike målene til stat, marked og " +"allmenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:546 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:705 msgid "" -"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What " -"we pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the " -"utility they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value " -"in the economy.10 Units consumed translates to sales, revenue, profit, and " -"growth, and these are all ways to measure goals of the market." +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." msgstr "" +"Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy,” i Free Knowledge: Confronting the Commodification of Human " +"Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: " +"University of Regina Press, 2015), 201–4." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:553 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:700 +msgid "" +"In the market, the focus is on maximizing the utility of a resource. What we " +"pay for the goods we consume is seen as an objective measure of the utility " +"they provide. The goal then becomes maximizing total monetary value in the " +"economy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Units consumed translates " +"to sales, revenue, profit, and growth, and these are all ways to measure " +"goals of the market." +msgstr "" +"I markedet er fokus på å maksimere nytten av en ressurs. Hva vi betaler for " +"varene vi forbruker, sees på som et objektivt mål på den nytten de gir. " +"Målet blir da å maksimere den totale økonomiske pengeverdien.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Forbrukte enheter forstås som salg, inntekter, " +"fortjeneste og vekst, og alle disse er måter å måle markedet på." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:715 msgid "" "The state aims to use and manage resources in a way that balances the " "economy with the social and cultural needs of its citizens. Health care, " @@ -952,34 +1418,49 @@ msgid "" "resources toward these aims. State goals are reflected in quality of life " "measures." msgstr "" +"Staten skal bruke og administrere ressurser på en måte som balanserer " +"økonomi mot sosiale og kulturelle behov hos sine innbyggere. Helsetjenester, " +"utdanning, jobb, miljø, transport, sikkerhet, arv og rettferdighet er alle " +"fasetter av et sunt samfunn, og staten bruker sine ressurser får å nå disse " +"målene. Statlige mål gjenspeiles i mål på livskvalitet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:724 msgid "" "In the commons, the goal is maximizing access, equity, distribution, " -"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " +"participation, innovation, and sustainability. You can measure success by " "looking at how many people access and use a resource; how users are " "distributed across gender, income, and location; if a community to extend " "and enhance the resources is being formed; and if the resources are being " "used in innovative ways for personal and social good." msgstr "" +"I allmenninger er målet å maksimere tilgang, egenkapital, distribusjon, " +"deltakelse, innovasjon og bærekraft. Vi kan måle suksess ved å se på hvor " +"mange personer som har tilgang til, og bruker en ressurs; hvordan brukere er " +"fordelt på kjønn, inntekt og hvor de er; om et fellesskap utvider og " +"forbedrer de ressurser som lages; og om ressursene brukes på innovative " +"måter til fordel for personlige og sosiale goder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:565 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:733 msgid "" "As hybrid combinations of the commons with the market or state, the success " "and sustainability of all our case study enterprises depends on their " "ability to strategically utilize and balance these different aspects of " "managing resources." msgstr "" +"Som hybridkombinasjoner av fellesskapseie og marked eller staten, avhenger " +"suksessen og bærekraften i alle våre referansestudier av tiltakenes evne til " +"å strategisk bruke og balansere disse ulike aspektene ved sin " +"ressurshåndtering." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:567 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-21\"></span>A Short History of the Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:741 +msgid "A Short History of the Commons" +msgstr "Commons korte historie" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:574 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:743 msgid "" "Using the commons to manage resources is part of a long historical " "continuum. However, in contemporary society, the market and the state " @@ -988,174 +1469,390 @@ msgid "" "from consciousness and consideration. There are no news reports or speeches " "about the commons." msgstr "" +"Å bruke felleseiet for å håndtere ressurser er en del av et langt historisk " +"kontinuum. Men i det moderne samfunn dominerer markedet og staten " +"diskusjonen om hvordan ressurser best håndteres. Sjelden er allmenneie " +"engang vurdert som et alternativ. Allmenneie har i stor grad forsvunnet fra " +"bevissthet og omtanke. Det finnes ingen nyheter eller taler om allemenninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:580 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:752 msgid "" "But the more than 1.1 billion resources licensed with Creative Commons " -"around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the " -"commons. The commons is making a resurgence. To understand the resilience of " -"the commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its " +"around the world are indications of a grassroots move toward the commons. " +"The commons is making a resurgence. To understand the resilience of the " +"commons and its current renewal, it’s helpful to know something of its " "history." msgstr "" +"Men mer enn 1,1 milliarder ressurser er lisensiert med Creative Commons " +"verden over, og er indikasjon på en grasrotbevegelse i retning allemannseie. " +"Felleseie blomstrer opp. For å forstå motstandsdyktigheten til slik eie og " +"den pågående fornyelsen er det nyttig å vite noe om historien." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:589 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:763 msgid "" -"For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " -"resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " -"many other things collectively as a commons.11 There was no market, no " -"global economy. The state in the form of rulers influenced the commons but " -"by no means controlled it. Direct social participation in a commons was the " -"primary way in which resources were managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 " -"illustrates the commons in relation to the state and the market.)" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." msgstr "" +"Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; ogHeather Menzies, Reclaiming the Commons for " +"the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, " +"2014), 42–43." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:597 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:759 msgid "" -"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) " -"taking over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of " -"the commons.12 In olden days, “commoners” were evicted from the land, fences " -"and hedges erected, laws passed, and security set up to forbid access.13 " +"For centuries, indigenous people and preindustrialized societies managed " +"resources, including water, food, firewood, irrigation, fish, wild game, and " +"many other things collectively as a commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There was no market, no global economy. The state in the form of " +"rulers influenced the commons but by no means controlled it. Direct social " +"participation in a commons was the primary way in which resources were " +"managed and needs met. (Fig. 4 illustrates the commons in relation to the " +"state and the market.)" +msgstr "" +"I århundrer håndterte urfolk og førindustrielle samfunn ressurser, inkludert " +"vann, mat, brensel, vanning, fisk, vilt og mange andre ting, kollektivt som " +"et felleseie.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var intet " +"marked, ingen verdensøkonomi. Staten, i form av herskere, påvirket " +"allmenningene, men kontrollerte dem ikke. Direkte sosial deltakelse i en " +"allmenning var primært måten ressurser ble styrt på og behov møtt. (Fig. 4 " +"illustrerer allemannseie i forhold til stat og marked.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:774 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:780 +msgid "Long ago" +msgstr "For lenge siden" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:776 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005153EACBD62F00F6BA9.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:788 +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:792 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." +msgstr "" +"Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " +"Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; " +"and Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 88." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:785 +msgid "" +"This is followed by a long history of the state (a monarchy or ruler) taking " +"over the commons for their own purposes. This is called enclosure of the " +"commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In olden days, “commoners” " +"were evicted from the land, fences and hedges erected, laws passed, and " +"security set up to forbid access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " "Gradually, resources became the property of the state and the state became " "the primary means by which resources were managed. (See Fig. 5)." msgstr "" +"Dette etterfølges av en lang historie der staten (monarkiet eller en " +"makthaver) overtar allmenninger til sine egne formål. Dette kalles " +"innkapsling av allemannseie.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I " +"gamle dager ble «commoners» kastet ut fra land, gjerder og hekker reist, " +"lover og sikkerhet satt opp for å forby adgang.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/> Gradvis ble ressursene statens eiendom, og staten ble det " +"primære verktøy for styring av disse ressursene. (Se Fig. 5)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:609 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:801 msgid "" "Holdings of land, water, and game were distributed to ruling family and " -"political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to " -"cities. With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources " -"became commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies " -"evolved into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money " -"operating the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws " -"were revised by governments to support markets, growth, and " -"productivity. Over time ready access to market produced goods resulted in a " -"rising standard of living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how " -"today the market is the primary means by which resources are managed." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:613 +"political appointees. Commoners displaced from the land migrated to cities. " +"With the emergence of the industrial revolution, land and resources became " +"commodities sold to businesses to support production. Monarchies evolved " +"into elected parliaments. Commoners became labourers earning money operating " +"the machinery of industry. Financial, business, and property laws were " +"revised by governments to support markets, growth, and productivity. Over " +"time ready access to market produced goods resulted in a rising standard of " +"living, improved health, and education. Fig. 6 shows how today the market is " +"the primary means by which resources are managed." +msgstr "" +"Eierskap til land, vann og vilt ble distribuert til den herskende familien " +"og politisk utvalgte. Vanlige borgere ble fordrevet fra landområdene og " +"flyttet til byer. Med fremveksten av den industrielle revolusjonen ble " +"landområder og ressurser solgt til bedrifter for å støtte produksjon. " +"Folkevalgte forsamlinger overtok etter hvert fra monarkier. Vanlige borgere " +"ble arbeidere som tjente penger ved å betjene maskiner i industrien. Finans, " +"virksomhet (business) og eiendomsrett ble omdannet av regjeringene til å " +"støtte markeder, vekst og produktivitet. Over tid ga tilgang til " +"markedsproduserte varer en økende levestandard, bedre helse og utdanning. " +"Fig. 6 viser hvordan markedet i dag er hovedmåten for ressurhåndtering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:815 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:821 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "### A Short History of the Commons" +msgid "State takeover of the commons" +msgstr "Staten tar over allmenningen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:817 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C4000005150F069409C1CC12F0.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:827 msgid "" "However, the world today is going through turbulent times. The benefits of " "the market have been offset by unequal distribution and overexploitation." msgstr "" +"Men i dag går verden gjennom turbulente tider. Fordelene med markedet har " +"blitt motvirket av ulik fordeling og rovdrift." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:622 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:832 msgid "" "Overexploitation was the topic of Garrett Hardin’s influential essay “The " "Tragedy of the Commons,” published in Science in 1968. Hardin argues that " "everyone in a commons seeks to maximize personal gain and will continue to " -"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " -"tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support " -"anyone. Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " +"do so even when the limits of the commons are reached. The commons is then " +"tragically depleted to the point where it can no longer support anyone. " +"Hardin’s essay became widely accepted as an economic truism and a " "justification for private property and free markets." msgstr "" +"Overutnyttelse var tema for Garrett Hardins innflytelsesrike essay om «The " +"Tragedy of the Commons», publisert i Science i 1968. Hardin hevder at alle i " +"et allmenneie søker å maksimere personlig vinning, og vil fortsette å gjøre " +"det selv når allmenningens grenser er nådd. Felleseiet blir så, tragisk " +"nok, utarmet til et punkt hvor det ikke lenger understøtter noen. Hardins " +"essay ble allment akseptert som en økonomisk sannhet og en begrunnelse for " +"privat eiendom og frie markeder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:859 +msgid "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." +msgstr "" +"Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, og Katherine J. Strandburg, " +"“Governing Knowledge Commons,” i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg " +"Governing Knowledge Commons, 12." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:639 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:842 msgid "" "However, there is one serious flaw with Hardin’s “The Tragedy of the " -"Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons " -"work. Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Prize in economics for her work " -"studying different commons all around the world. Ostrom’s work shows that " -"natural resource commons can be successfully managed by local communities " -"without any regulation by central authorities or without " -"privatization. Government and privatization are not the only two " -"choices. There is a third way: management by the people, where those that " -"are directly impacted are directly involved. With natural resources, there " -"is a regional locality. The people in the region are the most familiar with " -"the natural resource, have the most direct relationship and history with it, " -"and are therefore best situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the " -"governance of natural resources broke with convention; she recognized the " -"importance of the commons as an alternative to the market or state for " -"solving problems of collective action.14" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:649 +"Commons”—it’s fiction. Hardin did not actually study how real commons work. " +"Elinor Ostrom won the 2009 Nobel Prize in economics for her work studying " +"different commons all around the world. Ostrom’s work shows that natural " +"resource commons can be successfully managed by local communities without " +"any regulation by central authorities or without privatization. Government " +"and privatization are not the only two choices. There is a third way: " +"management by the people, where those that are directly impacted are " +"directly involved. With natural resources, there is a regional locality. The " +"people in the region are the most familiar with the natural resource, have " +"the most direct relationship and history with it, and are therefore best " +"situated to manage it. Ostrom’s approach to the governance of natural " +"resources broke with convention; she recognized the importance of the " +"commons as an alternative to the market or state for solving problems of " +"collective action.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men det er en alvorlig feil med Hardins «Allmenningens tragedie» - det er " +"fiksjon. Hardin studerer ikke faktisk hvordan virkelige felleseier fungerer. " +"Elinor Ostrom vant Nobelprisen i økonomi i 2009 for sitt arbeid med å med " +"studere allmenneier over hele verden. Ostroms arbeid viser at naturressurs-" +"allmenninger kan behandles med godt resultat av lokalsamfunn uten regulering " +"fra sentrale myndigheter eller uten privatisering. Regjeringen og " +"privatisering er ikke de eneste to valgene. Det er en tredje vei: Styring av " +"mennesker, der de som er direkte påvirket er direkte involvert. " +"Naturressurser er en regional lokalitet. Folk i regionen er mest fortrolig " +"med naturressursene, har den mest direkte relasjonen, og en historie knyttet " +"til dem, og er derfor best plassert til å administrere den. Ostroms " +"tilnærming til styringen av naturressurser brøt med konvensjonen; hun innså " +"betydningen av felleseie som et alternativ til markedet, eller staten for " +"løsning av oppgaver med problemløsning som krever felles innsats." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:865 msgid "" "Hardin failed to consider the actual social dynamic of the commons. His " -"model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure " -"self-interest, without interaction or consideration of others. But as Ostrom " +"model assumed that people in the commons act autonomously, out of pure self-" +"interest, without interaction or consideration of others. But as Ostrom " "found, in reality, managing common resources together forms a community and " "encourages discourse. This naturally generates norms and rules that help " "people work collectively and ensure a sustainable commons. Paradoxically, " "while Hardin’s essay is called The Tragedy of the Commons it might more " "accurately be titled The Tragedy of the Market." msgstr "" +"Hardin mislyktes i å vurdere den faktiske sosiale dynamikken ved felleseie. " +"Hans modell antok at folk i allmenneier handler uavhengig av hverandre, ut " +"fra ren egeninteresse, uten interaksjon eller hensyn til andre. Men som " +"Ostrom fant, i virkeligheten, å håndtere felles ressurser sammen, danner et " +"fellesskap og oppfordrer til meningsutveksling. Dette generer naturligvis " +"normer og regler som hjelpe folk til å arbeide sammen, og sikre et " +"bærekraftig felleseie. Paradoksalt nok, mens Hardins essay kalles The " +"tragedy of the Commons, burde det kanskje mer nøyaktig hatt tittelen The " +"Tragedy of the Market." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:881 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " -"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " -"known about how abundance works.15 The emergence of information technology " -"and the Internet has led to an explosion in digital resources and new means " -"of sharing and distribution. Digital resources can never be depleted. An " -"absence of a theory or model for how abundance works, however, has led the " -"market to make digital resources artificially scarce and makes it possible " -"for the usual market norms and rules to be applied." +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." msgstr "" +"Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and Hepting, " +"Free Knowledge, 203." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:877 +msgid "" +"Hardin’s story is based on the premise of depletable resources. Economists " +"have focused almost exclusively on scarcity-based markets. Very little is " +"known about how abundance works.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The emergence of information technology and the Internet has led to an " +"explosion in digital resources and new means of sharing and distribution. " +"Digital resources can never be depleted. An absence of a theory or model for " +"how abundance works, however, has led the market to make digital resources " +"artificially scarce and makes it possible for the usual market norms and " +"rules to be applied." +msgstr "" +"Hardins historie er basert på forutsetningen om begrensede ressurser. " +"Økonomer har fokusert nesten utelukkende på knapphetsbaserte markeder. " +"Svært lite er kjent om virkningene av overflod.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Fremveksten av informasjonsteknologi og Internett har ført " +"til en eksplosjon i digitale ressurser og nye måter for deling og " +"distribusjon. Digitale ressursene kan aldri bli uttømt. Fravær av en teori " +"eller modell for hvordan overflod fungerer, har ledet markedet til å gjøre " +"digitale ressurser kunstig knappe, og gjøre det mulig å anvende markedets " +"vanlige normer og regler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:892 msgid "" "When it comes to use of state funds to create digital goods, however, there " "is really no justification for artificial scarcity. The norm for state " "funded digital works should be that they are freely and openly available to " "the public that paid for them." msgstr "" +"Når det kommer til bruk av statlige bevilgninger til å lage digitale " +"produkter, er det egentlig ingen begrunnelse for kunstig knapphet. Normen " +"for statlig finansierte digitale arbeider skal være at de er fritt og åpent " +"tilgjengelige for allmennheten som betalte for dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:899 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:905 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Today" +msgstr "Today" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:666 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-22\"></span>The Digital Revolution" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><figure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:901 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000009C400000515F1CAA15B223F6BAF.png\" width=\"100.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:670 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:911 +msgid "The Digital Revolution" +msgstr "Den digitale revolusjonen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:913 msgid "" "In the early days of computing, programmers and developers learned from each " "other by sharing software. In the 1980s, the free-software movement codified " "this practice of sharing into a set of principles and freedoms:" msgstr "" +"I databehandlingens tidlige dager lærte programmerere og utviklere fra " +"hverandre ved å dele programvare. På 1980-tallet kodifiserte fri programvare-" +"bevegelsen denne delingspraksisen til et sett med prinsipper og friheter:" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:921 msgid "The freedom to run a software program as you wish, for any purpose." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Frihet til å kjøre et program som du ønsker, for ethvert formål." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:927 msgid "" "The freedom to study how a software program works (because access to the " "source code has been freely given), and change it so it does your computing " "as you wish." msgstr "" +"Friheten til å studere hvordan et program fungerer (fordi tilgangen til " +"kildekoden er frigitt), og endre den så den utfører databehandlingen din " +"slik du ønsker." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:934 msgid "The freedom to redistribute copies." +msgstr "Friheten til å redistribuere kopier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:941 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." msgstr "" +"“What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software " +"Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw\"/>." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:678 -msgid "The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others.16" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:939 +msgid "" +"The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Friheten til å distribuere kopier av dine modifiserte versjoner til andre." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:950 msgid "" "These principles and freedoms constitute a set of norms and rules that " "typify a digital commons." msgstr "" +"Disse prinsippene og frihetene utgjør et sett av normer og regler som " +"karakteriserer et digitalt felleseie." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:694 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:965 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November 22, 2016." +msgstr "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” siste endret 22. november 2016." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:954 msgid "" "In the late 1990s, to make the sharing of source code and collaboration more " "appealing to companies, the open-source-software initiative converted these " @@ -1165,26 +1862,60 @@ msgid "" "recognized and accepted. Customers liked the way open source gave them " "control without being locked into a closed, proprietary technology. Free and " "open-source software also generated a network effect where the value of a " -"product or service increases with the number of people using it.17 The " -"dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes much to the fact that nobody has " -"a proprietary lock on core Internet protocols." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:703 +"product or service increases with the number of people using it.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The dramatic growth of the Internet itself owes " +"much to the fact that nobody has a proprietary lock on core Internet " +"protocols." +msgstr "" +"I 1990, for å gjøre deling av kildekode og samarbeid mer tiltrekkende for " +"selskaper, konverterte åpen-kildekodeprogramvare-initiativet prinsippene til " +"lisenser og standarder for å håndtere tilgang til og distribusjon av " +"programvare. Fordelene av åpen kildekode - som pålitelighet, skalerbarhet og " +"kvalitet kontrollert av uavhengige fagfellevurderinger, ble anerkjent og " +"akseptert. Kundene likte måten åpen kildekode ga dem kontroll uten å bli " +"låst inn i en lukket, proprietær teknologi. Gratis og åpen " +"kildekodeprogramvare genereres også en nettverkseffekt der verdien av et " +"produkt eller tjeneste øker med antall personer som bruker det.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Den dramatiske veksten i selve Internettet " +"skyldes mye det faktum at ingen har en proprietær lås på kjernens Internett-" +"protokoller." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:980 +msgid "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” i The Cathedral and the Bazaar: " +"Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary, rev. ed. " +"(Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, 2001), <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/esr/" +"writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:972 msgid "" "While open-source software functions as a commons, many businesses and " "markets did build up around it. Business models based on the licenses and " "standards of open-source software evolved alongside organizations that " "managed software code on principles of abundance rather than scarcity. Eric " "Raymond’s essay “The Magic Cauldron” does a great job of analyzing the " -"economics and business models associated with open-source software.18 These " -"models can provide examples of sustainable approaches for those Made with " -"Creative Commons." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:714 +"economics and business models associated with open-source software." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These models can provide examples " +"of sustainable approaches for those Made with Creative Commons." +msgstr "" +"Mens åpen kildekodeprogramvare fungerer som et felleseie, bygget mange " +"bedrifter og markeder seg rundt det. Forretningsmodeller basert på lisenser " +"og standarder for åpen kildekode utviklet seg sammen med organisasjoner som " +"håndterte programvarekode med prinsippene om overflod i stedet for knapphet. " +"Eric Raymonds essay «The Magic Cauldron» gjør en stor jobb med å analysere " +"økonomi- og forretningsmodellene forbundet med åpen kildekode.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse modellene kan gi eksempler på " +"bærekraftige tilnærminger for de som er laget med Creative Commons." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:989 msgid "" "It isn’t just about an abundant availability of digital assets but also " "about abundance of participation. The growth of personal computing, " @@ -1192,29 +1923,56 @@ msgid "" "participation in producing creative works and distributing them. Photos, " "books, music, and many other forms of digital content could now be readily " "created and distributed by almost anyone. Despite this potential for " -"abundance, by default these digital works are governed by copyright " -"laws. Under copyright, a digital work is the property of the creator, and by " -"law others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s " +"abundance, by default these digital works are governed by copyright laws. " +"Under copyright, a digital work is the property of the creator, and by law " +"others are excluded from accessing and using it without the creator’s " "permission." msgstr "" +"Det handler ikke bare om en rikelig tilgjengelighet av digitale ressurser, " +"men også om en overflod av deltakelse. Veksten i personlige datamaskiner, " +"informasjonsteknologi og Internett gjorde det mulig for massedeltakelse i " +"produksjon av kreative arbeider, og distribusjon av dem. Bilder, bøker, " +"musikk og mange andre typer digitalt innhold kan nå lett opprettes og " +"distribueres av nær sagt alle. Til tross for dette overflodspotensialet, er " +"disse digitale arbeidene som standard underlagt lovgivning om opphavsrett. " +"Med opphavsrett, at et digitalt arbeid er eiendommen til den som har laget " +"det, og etter loven, er andre ekskludert fra adgangen til å bruke det uten " +"opphavspersonens tillatelse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:720 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1008 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " +"People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " +"2011), <ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1002 msgid "" "But people like to share. One of the ways we define ourselves is by sharing " "valuable and entertaining content. Doing so grows and nourishes " "relationships, seeks to change opinions, encourages action, and informs " "others about who we are and what we care about. Sharing lets us feel more " -"involved with the world.19" +"involved with the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Men folk liker å dele. En av måtene vi definerer oss selv på er å dele " +"verdifull og underholdende innhold. Dette gir vekst og næring til " +"relasjoner, vi søker å endre meninger, oppmuntrer til handling, og " +"informerer andre om hvem vi er og hva vi bryr oss om. Deling lar oss føle " +"oss mer involvert i verden.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:722 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-23\"></span>The Birth of Creative Commons" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1016 +msgid "The Birth of Creative Commons" +msgstr "Creative Commons blir til" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:729 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1018 msgid "" "In 2001, Creative Commons was created as a nonprofit to support all those " "who wanted to share digital content. A suite of Creative Commons licenses " @@ -1223,61 +1981,122 @@ msgid "" "individual creators to large companies and institutions a simple, " "standardized way to grant copyright permissions to their creative work." msgstr "" +"I 2001 ble Creative Commons opprettet som et nonprofit opplegg for å støtte " +"alle de som ønsket å dele digitalt innhold. En pakke med Creative Commons-" +"lisenser var modellert etter de for programvare med åpen kildekode, men for " +"bruk for digitalt innhold i stedet for programvarekode. Lisensene gir alle, " +"fra individuelle skapere til store selskaper og institusjoner, en enkel " +"standardisert måte å gi opphavsrettstillatelser for sitt skapende arbeid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1039 +msgid "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"“Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, vist 30. desember, 2016, " +"<ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-" +"considerations/\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1027 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses have a three-layer design. The norms and rules of " -"each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by " -"lawyers. This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and " -"users are not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing the " +"each license are first expressed in full legal language as used by lawyers. " +"This layer is called the legal code. But since most creators and users are " +"not lawyers, the licenses also have a commons deed, expressing the " "permissions in plain language, which regular people can read and quickly " "understand. It acts as a user-friendly interface to the legal-code layer " "beneath. The third layer is the machine-readable one, making it easy for the " "Web to know a work is Creative Commons–licensed by expressing permissions in " "a way that software systems, search engines, and other kinds of technology " -"can understand.20 Taken together, these three layers ensure creators, users, " -"and even the Web itself understand the norms and rules associated with " -"digital content in a commons." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:750 +"can understand.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Taken together, " +"these three layers ensure creators, users, and even the Web itself " +"understand the norms and rules associated with digital content in a commons." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons-lisenser har en tre-lags design. Normer og regler for hver " +"lisens uttrykkes først fullt ut i det juridiske språket som brukes av " +"advokater. Dette kalles den juridiske lisensteksten. Men siden de fleste " +"bidragsytere og brukere ikke er advokater, har lisensene også en commons " +"avtaletekst, som uttrykker tillatelsene i vanlig språk, som folk flest raskt " +"kan lese og forstå. Det fungerer som et brukervennlig grensesnitt til den " +"juridiske koden som ligger under. Det tredje laget er den maskinlesbare, som " +"gjør det enkelt for Internettet å vite om et arbeid har en Creative Commons-" +"lisens ved å uttrykke tillatelser på en måte som programvaresystemer, " +"søkemotorer og andre typer teknologi kan forstå.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> Sett samlet sikrer disse tre lagene at skaperne, brukere, og " +"nettområdet selv forstår normer og regler for digitalt innhold i et " +"allemannseie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1047 msgid "" "In 2015, there were over one billion Creative Commons licensed works in a " -"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People " -"are using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " +"global commons. These works were viewed online 136 billion times. People are " +"using Creative Commons licenses all around the world, in thirty-four " "languages. These resources include photos, artwork, research articles in " "journals, educational resources, music and other audio tracks, and videos." msgstr "" +"I 2015 var det over en milliard arbeider med Creative Common-lisens globalt. " +"Disse arbeidene ble vist på nettet 136 milliard ganger. Folk bruker " +"Creative Commons-lisenser på 34 språk over hele verden. Disse ressursene " +"inkluderer bilder, illustrasjoner, forskningsartikler i tidsskrifter, " +"pedagogiske ressurser, musikk og andre lydspor, og videoer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1060 +msgid "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA: Creative " +"Commons, 2015), <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1055 msgid "" "Individual artists, photographers, musicians, and filmmakers use Creative " "Commons, but so do museums, governments, creative industries, manufacturers, " "and publishers. Millions of websites use CC licenses, including major " -"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.21 Users of " -"Creative Commons are diverse and cut across many different sectors. (Our " -"case studies were chosen to reflect that diversity.)" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:768 +"platforms like Wikipedia and Flickr and smaller ones like blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Users of Creative Commons are diverse and cut " +"across many different sectors. (Our case studies were chosen to reflect that " +"diversity.)" +msgstr "" +"Individuelle kunstnere, fotografer, musikere og filmskapere bruker Creative " +"Commons, men det gjør også museer, regjeringer, kreative næringer, " +"produsenter og forleggere. Millioner av nettsteder bruker CC-lisenser, " +"inkludert store plattformer som Wikipedia og Flickr, og mindre slik som " +"blogger.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Brukere av Creative " +"Commons er mangfoldige, og går på tvers av mange ulike sektorer. (Våre " +"referanseløsninger ble valgt for å reflektere dette mangfoldet.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1068 msgid "" "Some see Creative Commons as a way to share a gift with others, a way of " -"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " +"getting known, or a way to provide social benefit. Others are simply " "committed to the norms associated with a commons. And for some, " "participation has been spurred by the free-culture movement, a social " -"movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative " -"works. The free-culture movement sees a commons as providing significant " -"benefits compared to restrictive copyright laws. This ethos of free exchange " -"in a commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source " +"movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify creative works. " +"The free-culture movement sees a commons as providing significant benefits " +"compared to restrictive copyright laws. This ethos of free exchange in a " +"commons aligns the free-culture movement with the free and open-source " "software movement." msgstr "" +"Noen ser Creative Commons som en måte å dele en gave med andre, en måte for " +"å bli kjent, eller en måte å gi en sosial fordel på. Andre er bare " +"forpliktet i forhold til normene knyttet til et allemannseie. Og for noen er " +"deltakelsen ansporet av fri kultur-bevegelsen, en sosial bevegelse som " +"fremmer friheten til å distribuere og endre kreative arbeider. Fri kultur-" +"bevegelsen ser at allemannseie gir viktige fordeler sammenlignet med " +"restriktive lover om opphavsrett. Denne grunnholdning til fri utveksling i " +"en allmenning samstemmer fri kultur-bevegelsen med den frie og åpen " +"kildekode-programvare-bevegelsen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1080 msgid "" "Over time, Creative Commons has spawned a range of open movements, including " "open educational resources, open access, open science, and open data. The " @@ -1285,98 +2104,252 @@ msgid "" "resources at no cost, with legal permissions for anyone to freely access, " "use, and modify." msgstr "" +"Over tid, har Creative Commons avfødt en hel rekke med åpne bevegelser, " +"inkludert åpne pedagogiske ressurser, åpen tilgang, åpen vitenskap og åpne " +"data. Målet har i alle tilfeller vært å demokratisere deltakelse, og dele " +"digitale ressurser kostnadsfritt, med juridiske tillatelser for alle for " +"fritt å ha tilgang, bruke, og endre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1093 +msgid "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified September 24, " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” sist endret 24 september " +"2016, <ulink url=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Government_Partnership" +"\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:784 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1088 msgid "" -"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " +"The state is increasingly involved in supporting open movements. The Open " "Government Partnership was launched in 2011 to provide an international " "platform for governments to become more open, accountable, and responsive to " "citizens. Since then, it has grown from eight participating countries to " -"seventy.22 In all these countries, government and civil society are working " -"together to develop and implement ambitious open-government " -"reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting Creative Commons to ensure " -"works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and free to the public that paid " -"for them." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:786 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-24\"></span>The Changing Market" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:798 +"seventy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In all these countries, " +"government and civil society are working together to develop and implement " +"ambitious open-government reforms. Governments are increasingly adopting " +"Creative Commons to ensure works funded with taxpayer dollars are open and " +"free to the public that paid for them." +msgstr "" +"Staten er i økende grad involvert i å støtte åpne bevegelser. The Open " +"Government Partnership (åpen regjeringspartnerskap) ble lansert i 2011 for å " +"gi en internasjonal plattform for regjeringer til å bli mer åpne, ansvarlige " +"og mottakelige i forhold til innbyggerne. Siden da har det vokst fra åtte " +"deltakerland til sytti.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I alle " +"disse landene arbeider regjeringen og det sivile samfunnet sammen om å " +"utvikle og implementere ambisiøse åpen-regjering-reformer (offentlige " +"reformer). Regjeringer bruker i økende grad Creative Commons for å sikre at " +"arbeid finansiert av skattebetalerne er åpent og gratis for det publikum som " +"betalte for dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1104 +msgid "The Changing Market" +msgstr "Markedet i forandring" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1112 +msgid "Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." +msgstr "Capra og Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1120 +msgid "Ibid., 116." +msgstr "Ibid., 116." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1106 msgid "" "Today’s market is largely driven by global capitalism. Law and financial " "systems are structured to support extraction, privatization, and corporate " "growth. A perception that the market is more efficient than the state has " "led to continual privatization of many public natural resources, utilities, " -"services, and infrastructures.23 While this system has been highly efficient " -"at generating consumerism and the growth of gross domestic product, the " -"impact on human well-being has been mixed. Offsetting rising living " -"standards and improvements to health and education are ever-increasing " -"wealth inequality, social inequality, poverty, deterioration of our natural " -"environment, and breakdowns of democracy.24" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:804 +"services, and infrastructures.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"While this system has been highly efficient at generating consumerism and " +"the growth of gross domestic product, the impact on human well-being has " +"been mixed. Offsetting rising living standards and improvements to health " +"and education are ever-increasing wealth inequality, social inequality, " +"poverty, deterioration of our natural environment, and breakdowns of " +"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dagens marked er i stor grad drevet av global kapitalisme. Lov og økonomiske " +"systemer er strukturert for å støtte inntjening, privatisering og bedriftens " +"vekst. En oppfatning at markedet er mer effektivt enn det offentlige, har " +"ført til en kontinuerlig privatisering av mange offentlige ressurser, " +"hjelpemidler, tjenester og infrastruktur.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Mens dette systemet har vært svært effektivt til å generere forbruk " +"og vekst i bruttonasjonalproduktet, har innvirkningen på menneskets trivsel " +"vært blandet. Motstykket til økende levestandard og forbedringer i helse og " +"utdanning er stadig økende ulikheter i rikdom, sosial ulikhet, fattigdom, " +"forverring av vårt naturlige miljø, og demokratiske sammenbrudd.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1130 +msgid "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” accessed February 15, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/" +"globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "" +"The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm " +"Statement” vist 15. februar, 2017, <ulink url=\"http://sida.se/globalassets/" +"sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1124 msgid "" "In light of these challenges there is a growing recognition that GDP growth " "should not be an end in itself, that development needs to be socially and " "economically inclusive, that environmental sustainability is a requirement " "not an option, and that we need to better balance the market, state and " -"community.25" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:812 +"community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I lys av disse utfordringene er det en voksende anerkjennelse av at BNP-" +"veksten ikke bør være et mål i seg selv, at utvikling trenger å være sosialt " +"og økonomisk inkluderende, at miljømessig bærekraft er en forutsetning ikke " +"et alternativ, og at vi trenger å balansere markedet, stat og samfunn bedre." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1141 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." +msgstr "" +"City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " +"for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans. LabGov (LABoratory " +"for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, 2014), " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1151 +msgid "" +"The Seoul Sharing City website is <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub.kr\"/" +">; for Amsterdam Sharing City, go to <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl.nl/" +"amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Seoul Sharing Citys nettside ligger her <ulink url=\"http://english.sharehub." +"kr\"/>; for Amsterdam Sharing City, gå til <ulink url=\"http://www.sharenl." +"nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1136 msgid "" "These realizations have led to a resurgence of interest in the commons as a " "means of enabling that balance. City governments like Bologna, Italy, are " "collaborating with their citizens to put in place regulations for the care " -"and regeneration of urban commons.26 Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves " -"“sharing cities,” looking to make sustainable and more efficient use of " -"scarce resources. They see sharing as a way to improve the use of public " -"spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and safety.27" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:829 +"and regeneration of urban commons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Seoul and Amsterdam call themselves “sharing cities,” looking to make " +"sustainable and more efficient use of scarce resources. They see sharing as " +"a way to improve the use of public spaces, mobility, social cohesion, and " +"safety.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse erkjennelser har ført til en fornyet interesse i allemannseie som " +"muliggjør en slik balanse. Byregjeringer, som italienske Bologna, " +"samarbeider med sine innbyggere for å få til forskrifter for omsorg for og " +"modernisering av bymessige felleseier.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Seoul og Amsterdam kaller seg «delingsbyer», når de søker etter å " +"få til bærekraftig og mer effektiv bruk av knappe ressurser. De ser deling " +"som en måte å forbedre bruken av offentlige rom, mobilitet, sosialt samhold " +"og sikkerhet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1168 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." +msgstr "" +"Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New York: OR " +"Books, 2015), 42." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1158 msgid "" "The market itself has taken an interest in the sharing economy, with " "businesses like Airbnb providing a peer-to-peer marketplace for short-term " -"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " +"lodging and Uber providing a platform for ride sharing. However, Airbnb and " "Uber are still largely operating under the usual norms and rules of the " "market, making them less like a commons and more like a traditional business " "seeking financial gain. Much of the sharing economy is not about the commons " "or building an alternative to a corporate-driven market economy; it’s about " -"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives.28 While " -"none of the people we interviewed for our case studies would describe " -"themselves as part of the sharing economy, there are in fact some " -"significant parallels. Both the sharing economy and the commons make better " -"use of asset capacity. The sharing economy sees personal residents and cars " -"as having latent spare capacity with rental value. The equitable access of " -"the commons broadens and diversifies the number of people who can use and " -"derive value from an asset." +"extending the deregulated free market into new areas of our lives." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> While none of the people we " +"interviewed for our case studies would describe themselves as part of the " +"sharing economy, there are in fact some significant parallels. Both the " +"sharing economy and the commons make better use of asset capacity. The " +"sharing economy sees personal residents and cars as having latent spare " +"capacity with rental value. The equitable access of the commons broadens and " +"diversifies the number of people who can use and derive value from an asset." +msgstr "" +"Markedet selv har vært interessert i delingsøkonomien, med bedrifter som " +"Airbnb som gir et peer-to-peer marked (P2P: likemannsnettverk) for kortvarig " +"overnatting, og Uber som gir en plattform for deling av bilturer. Airbnb og " +"Uber opererer imidlertid fortsatt i stor grad med vanlige normer og regler i " +"et marked, noe som gjør dem mindre som en felleseier, og mer som en " +"tradisjonell virksomhet som søker finansiell inntjening. Mye av " +"delingsøkonomien er ikke om allmenneier, eller å bygge et alternativ til en " +"bedriftsdrevet markedsøkonomi: Det handler om å utvide det deregulerte frie " +"markedet til nye områder i våre liv.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Mens ingen av de vi intervjuet for våre referanseløsninger ville beskrive " +"seg selv som en del av delingsøkonomien, er det faktisk noen viktige " +"paralleller. Både delingsøkonomi og allmenneie gjør bedre bruk av eiendelens " +"kapasitet. Delingsøkonomien ser på personlig beboere og biler å ha en latent " +"ekstra kapasitet med utleieverdi. Rettferdig tilgang på felleseier utvider " +"og diversifiserer (spre, fordele på ) antall personer som kan bruke og få " +"verdi ut av en eiendel." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1190 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +#| "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, " +#| "2010), 224." +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York: Hyperion, " +"2010), 78." msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:839 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1180 msgid "" "One way Made with Creative Commons case studies differ from those of the " "sharing economy is their focus on digital resources. Digital resources " "function under different economic rules than physical ones. In a world where " -"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. " -"Computer-processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly " -"increasing, but rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital " -"technologies are getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything " -"built on these technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.29" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:850 +"prices always seem to go up, information technology is an anomaly. Computer-" +"processing power, storage, and bandwidth are all rapidly increasing, but " +"rather than costs going up, costs are coming down. Digital technologies are " +"getting faster, better, and cheaper. The cost of anything built on these " +"technologies will always go down until it is close to zero.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Enveis «Made with Creative Commons» (Laget med Creative Commons) " +"referansestudier skiller seg fra delingsøkonomien med sine fokus på digitale " +"ressurser. Digitale ressurser virker under ulike økonomiske regler enn de " +"fysiske. I en verden hvor prisene alltid synes å gå opp, er " +"informasjonsteknologi et avvik. Databehandlingsmakt, lagringsplass og " +"båndbredde er alle raskt økende, men heller enn at kostnadene går opp, går " +"kostnadene ned. Digital teknologi blir raskere, bedre og billigere. " +"Kostnaden for noe som bygger på disse teknologiene vil alltid gå ned til nær " +"null.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1196 msgid "" "Those that are Made with Creative Commons are looking to leverage the unique " "inherent characteristics of digital resources, including lowering costs. The " @@ -1386,114 +2359,291 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses are used to put digital content out in the " "commons, taking advantage of the unique economics associated with being " "digital. The aim is to see digital resources used as widely and by as many " -"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common " -"goal. They aim for abundance over scarcity." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:857 +"people as possible. Maximizing access and participation is a common goal. " +"They aim for abundance over scarcity." +msgstr "" +"De som lages med Creative Commons søker å utnytte de unike iboende " +"egenskaper til digitale ressurser, inkludert å senke kostnadene. Bruken av " +"digitale rettighetshåndterte teknologier i form av låser, passord og " +"kontroller for å hindre at digitale produkter blir tilgjengelige, endret, " +"kopiert og distribuert, er minimal eller ikke-eksisterende. I stedet brukes " +"Creative Commons-lisenser til å legge digitalt innhold i felleseier, og ta " +"fordelen ved den unike økonomi som er knyttet til å være digital. Målet er å " +"oppnå at digitale ressursene brukes så mye og av så mange som mulig. " +"Maksimert tilgang og deltakelse er et felles mål. Deres mål er overflod " +"fremfor knapphet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1215 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." +msgstr "" +"Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave " +"Macmillan, 2014), 273." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1210 msgid "" "The incremental cost of storing, copying, and distributing digital goods is " "next to zero, making abundance possible. But imagining a market based on " "abundance rather than scarcity is so alien to the way we conceive of " -"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.30 Those that are " -"Made with Creative Commons are each pioneering in this new landscape, " -"devising their own economic models and practice." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:863 +"economic theory and practice that we struggle to do so.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Those that are Made with Creative Commons are each " +"pioneering in this new landscape, devising their own economic models and " +"practice." +msgstr "" +"Den trinnvise kostnaden ved lagring, kopiering og distribusjon av digitale " +"produkter er neste null, og gjør overflod mulig. Men å forestille seg et " +"marked basert mer på overflod snarere enn knapphet er så fremmed for måten " +"vi tenker oss økonomisk teori og praksis på, at vi strever med å gjøre det." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det som er laget med Creative " +"Commons er banebrytende i dette nye landskapet, og utformer sine egne " +"økonomiske modeller og praksiser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1223 msgid "" "Some are looking to minimize their interactions with the market and operate " "as autonomously as possible. Others are operating largely as a business " "within the existing rules and norms of the market. And still others are " "looking to change the norms and rules by which the market operates." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:874 +"Noen ønsker å minimere sin samhandling med markedet og operere så " +"selvstendig som mulig. Andre opererer hovedsakelig som en virksomhet " +"innenfor eksisterende regler og normer for markedet. Og andre igjen, søker " +"etter muligheter til å endre normer og regler som markedet fungerer etter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1237 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." +msgstr "" +"Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " +"Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " +"from the Ground Up (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1246 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." +msgstr "" +"Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " +"Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1230 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its " +#| "operations is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that " +#| "financially benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. " +#| "There are benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden " +#| "their business goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on " +#| "society, workers, the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned " +#| "businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other " +#| "organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. " +#| "Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing the rules " +#| "and norms of the market.32" msgid "" "For an ordinary corporation, making social benefit a part of its operations " "is difficult, as it’s legally required to make decisions that financially " "benefit stockholders. But new forms of business are emerging. There are " "benefit corporations and social enterprises, which broaden their business " "goals from making a profit to making a positive impact on society, workers, " -"the community, and the environment.31 Community-owned businesses, " -"worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, and other organizational " -"forms offer alternatives to the traditional corporation. Collectively, these " -"alternative market entities are changing the rules and norms of the " -"market.32" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:881 +"the community, and the environment.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Community-owned businesses, worker-owned businesses, cooperatives, guilds, " +"and other organizational forms offer alternatives to the traditional " +"corporation. Collectively, these alternative market entities are changing " +"the rules and norms of the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For et vanlig aksjeselskap er det vanskelig å få til sosial fordel med som " +"en del av sin virksomhet, så det er lovpålagt å ta avgjørelser til økonomisk " +"fordel for aksjonærene. Men nye former for forretningsvirksomhet vokser " +"frem. Det er veldedige sammenslutninger og sosiale foretak som utvider sine " +"forretningsmål fra å gjøre fortjeneste til å gjøre en positiv innvirkning " +"på samfunnet, arbeidere, lokalsamfunnet og miljøet.31) Fellesskapseide og " +"arbeidstakereide bedrifter, kooperativer, laug og andre organisasjonsformer " +"er alternativer til tradisjonelle bedrifter. Samlet endrer disse alternative " +"markedsaktørene markedets regler og normer.32)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1259 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"på strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1252 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " +#| "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation " +#| "as our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed " +#| "over nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from " +#| "forty-five countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about " +#| "business models.33" msgid "" "“A book on open business models” is how we described it in this book’s " "Kickstarter campaign. We used a handbook called Business Model Generation as " -"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " +"our reference for defining just what a business model is. Developed over " "nine years using an “open process” involving 470 coauthors from forty-five " -"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models.33" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:890 +"countries, it is useful as a framework for talking about business models." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"«En bok om åpne forretningsmodeller» er hvordan vi beskrev det i denne " +"bokens Kickstarter-kampanje. Vi brukte en håndbok kalt «Business Model " +"Generation» som vår referanse for å definere hva en forretningsmodell er. " +"Utviklet over ni år med en «åpen prosess» som involverte 470 medforfattere " +"fra 45 land, er den nyttig som et rammeverk for å omtale " +"forretningsmodeller.33)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1268 +msgid "" +"This business model canvas is available to download at <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Bildet med forretningsmodellen er tilgjengelig for nedlasting fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1276 +msgid "" +"We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the coauthor Paul " +"Stacey, available online at <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. You can also find " +"the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas Questions at <ulink url=\"http://" +"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Vi har laget et \"Åpen forretningsmodell-bilde,\" designet av medforfatter " +"Paul Stacey, tilgjengelig på nettet fra <ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/" +"drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit\"/>. Du kan " +"også finne det medfølgende \"Åpen forretningsmodell-spørsmål-bilde\" fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://docs.google.com/drawings/" +"d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1266 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business " +#| "model as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a " +#| "tool for anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this " +#| "business model canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three " +#| "more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: " +#| "social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of open environment that " +#| "the business fits in.”35 This enhanced canvas proved useful when we " +#| "analyzed businesses and helped start-ups plan their economic model." msgid "" "It contains a “business model canvas,” which conceives of a business model " -"as having nine building blocks.34 This blank canvas can serve as a tool for " -"anyone to design their own business model. We remixed this business model " -"canvas into an open business model canvas, adding three more building blocks " -"relevant to hybrid market, commons enterprises: social good, Creative " -"Commons license, and “type of open environment that the business fits in.”35 " -"This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses and helped " -"start-ups plan their economic model." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:901 +"as having nine building blocks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"This blank canvas can serve as a tool for anyone to design their own " +"business model. We remixed this business model canvas into an open business " +"model canvas, adding three more building blocks relevant to hybrid market, " +"commons enterprises: social good, Creative Commons license, and “type of " +"open environment that the business fits in.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> This enhanced canvas proved useful when we analyzed businesses " +"and helped start-ups plan their economic model." +msgstr "" +"Den inneholder et «lerret for forretningsmodeller», som oppfatter at en " +"forretningsmodell har ni byggestener.34) Dette tomme lerretet kan tjene som " +"et verktøy for alle som vil lage sine egen forretningsmodell. Vi remikset " +"dette lerretet for forretningsmodeller til et lerret for en åpen " +"virksomhetsmodell, og la til tre flere byggeklosser passende for " +"fellesskapsbedrifter i et hybrid marked: Sosial nytte, Creative Commons-" +"lisens, og «type åpent miljø som virksomheten passer i».35) Dette " +"forbedrede lerretet viste seg nyttig når vi analyserte bedrifter, og hjalp " +"gründere å planlegge sin økonomiske modell." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1286 msgid "" "In our case study interviews, many expressed discomfort over describing " "themselves as an open business model—the term business model suggested " -"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the " -"commons-to-market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a " -"business in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and " -"commons values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or " -"depicting what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with " -"Creative Commons use business speak; for some the process has been " -"experimental, emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a " -"predefined model." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:912 +"primarily being situated in the market. Where you sit on the commons-to-" +"market spectrum affects the extent to which you see yourself as a business " +"in the market. The more central to the mission shared resources and commons " +"values are, the less comfort there is in describing yourself, or depicting " +"what you do, as a business. Not all who have endeavors Made with Creative " +"Commons use business speak; for some the process has been experimental, " +"emergent, and organic rather than carefully planned using a predefined model." +msgstr "" +"I intervjuene i vår studie uttrykte mange ubehag over å beskrive seg selv " +"som å ha en åpen forretningsmodell – begrepet forretningsmodell foreslo " +"primært å være plassert i markedet. Hvor du er plassert i spektret, fra " +"felleseie – til marked, påvirker i hvilken grad du ser deg selv som en " +"markedsbedrift. Jo mer sentralt for oppgaven delte ressurs- og " +"allemannseieverdiene er, jo mindre komfortabelt er det å beskrive seg, eller " +"vise til hva du gjør, som en bedrift. Ikke alle som har oppgaver laget med " +"Creative Commons bruker forretningsspråk; for noen har prosessen heller vært " +"eksperimentell, vokst frem og organisk snarere enn nøye planlagt ved hjelp " +"av en forhåndsdefinert modell." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1299 msgid "" "The creators, businesses, and organizations we profile all engage with the " "market to generate revenue in some way. The ways in which this is done vary " "widely. Donations, pay what you can, memberships, “digital for free but " -"physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add services, patrons " -". . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn revenue " -"available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to Bring In " -"Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and each " -"endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more than one " -"way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple paths to " -"sustainability." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:914 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-25\"></span>Benefits of the Digital Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:919 +"physical for a fee,” crowdfunding, matchmaking, value-add services, " +"patrons . . . the list goes on and on. (Initial description of how to earn " +"revenue available through reference note. For latest thinking see How to " +"Bring In Money in the next section.) 36 There is no single magic bullet, and " +"each endeavor has devised ways that work for them. Most make use of more " +"than one way. Diversifying revenue streams lowers risk and provides multiple " +"paths to sustainability." +msgstr "" +"Bidragsyterne, bedrifter og organisasjoner vi profiler er alle engasjerte i " +"markedet for å generere inntekter på ulik måte. Hvordan dette gjøres " +"varierer mye. Donasjoner, betal hva du kan, medlemskap, «Digitalt gratis, " +"men fysisk for betaling», fellesfinansiering, matchmaking, verdiøkende " +"tjenester, beskyttere ... listen fortsetter og fortsetter. (Første " +"beskrivelse av hvordan skaffe inntekt fremgår av referansenoten. Om seneste " +"tenkning om dette, se «Hvordan bringe inn penger» i neste seksjon.)36) " +"Det er ingen enkel, magisk kule, og hver oppgave har utviklet måter som " +"passer for den. De fleste gjør bruk av mer enn én måte. Å diversifisere " +"inntektsstrømmer reduserer risikoen, og gir flere veier til bærekraft." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1313 +msgid "Benefits of the Digital Commons" +msgstr "Fordelene med Digital Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1315 msgid "" "While it may be clear why commons-based organizations want to interact and " "engage with the market (they need money to survive), it may be less obvious " "why the market would engage with the commons. The digital commons offers " "many benefits." msgstr "" +"Mens det kan være klart hvorfor felleseie-baserte organisasjoner ønsker å " +"samhandle og engasjere seg med markedet (de trenger penger for å overleve), " +"kan det være mindre opplagt hvorfor markedet vil engasjere seg med " +"felleseier. Digitale allmenneier tilbyr mange fordeler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:926 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1321 msgid "" "The commons speeds dissemination. The free flow of resources in the commons " "offers tremendous economies of scale. Distribution is decentralized, with " @@ -1501,54 +2651,114 @@ msgid "" "to. Those that are Made with Creative Commons have a reduced need for sales " "or marketing. Decentralized distribution amplifies supply and know-how." msgstr "" +"Felleseiene setter fart på formidlingen. Fri flyt av ressurser i felleseier " +"tilbyr enorme stordriftsfordeler. Distribusjon er desentralisert, når alle " +"de i felleseiet har myndighet til å dele ressursene de har tilgang til. Det " +"som er laget med Creative Commons har et redusert behov for salg eller " +"markedsføring. Desentralisert distribusjon forsterker leveranse og " +"ekspertise." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:937 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1330 msgid "" "The commons ensures access to all. The market has traditionally operated by " -"putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before " -"access. The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front " -"without payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no " -"use of digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM " -"frees them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to " -"engage in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way " -"the commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and " -"promotes inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:948 +"putting resources behind a paywall requiring payment first before access. " +"The commons puts resources in the open, providing access up front without " +"payment. Those that are Made with Creative Commons make little or no use of " +"digital rights management (DRM) to manage resources. Not using DRM frees " +"them of the costs of acquiring DRM technology and staff resources to engage " +"in the punitive practices associated with restricting access. The way the " +"commons provides access to everyone levels the playing field and promotes " +"inclusiveness, equity, and fairness." +msgstr "" +"Commons sikrer alle tilgang. Markedets tradisjon har vært å betalingsmure " +"inn ressurser, betaling før tilgang. Felleseie åpner ressurstilgangen, " +"umiddelbar tilgang uten betaling. Laget med Creative Commons gjør lite eller " +"ingen bruk av digital tilgangsnekting (DRM – digital rights management) til " +"ressursbakstreveri. Ved ikke å bruke DRM frigjøres kostnadene ved å " +"anskaffe DRM-teknologi og arbeidsressurser til ervervelse av " +"straffepraksisinformasjon knyttet til adgangsbegrensning. Måten fellesskapet " +"gir tilgang til alle, gir alle én spade, fremmer inkludering, rettferdighet " +"og redelighet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1343 msgid "" "The commons maximizes participation. Resources in the commons can be used " "and contributed to by everyone. Using the resources of others, contributing " "your own, and mixing yours with others to create new works are all dynamic " -"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " +"forms of participation made possible by the commons. Being Made with " "Creative Commons means you’re engaging as many users with your resources as " -"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, localizing, " -"translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for people to " -"directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even democracy, and " -"many other socially beneficial practices." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:960 +"possible. Users are also authoring, editing, remixing, curating, " +"localizing, translating, and distributing. The commons makes it possible for " +"people to directly participate in culture, knowledge building, and even " +"democracy, and many other socially beneficial practices." +msgstr "" +"Allemannseie er deltagelsens seiersgang. Ressurser i felleseie kan brukes, " +"og er åpne for medvirkning av og med alle. Å bruke andres ressurser, bidra " +"med eget, og blande med andres for å skape nye arbeider, er alle dynamiske " +"former for deltakelse muliggjort av allmenningen. Laget med Creative Commons " +"betyr engasjering av så mange brukere av ressursene dine som mulig. Brukerne " +"godkjenner, redigerer, remikser, retter, lokaliserer, oversetter og " +"distribuerer. Felleseie gjør det mulig for folk å delta direkte i kulturer, " +"kunnskapsbygging, til og med demokrati, og mange andre former for " +"samfunnsnyttig praksis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1365 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." +msgstr "" +"Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and " +"Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006), 31–" +"44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1356 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who " +#| "can use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be " +#| "modified, customized, and improved results in derivative works never " +#| "imagined by the original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons deliberately encourage users to take the resources being " +#| "shared and innovate them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) " +#| "from being solely inside the organization to being in the community.37 " +#| "Community-based innovation will keep an organization or business on its " +#| "toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top " +#| "of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and the " +#| "relationship with the community." msgid "" "The commons spurs innovation. Resources in the hands of more people who can " "use them leads to new ideas. The way commons resources can be modified, " "customized, and improved results in derivative works never imagined by the " "original creator. Some endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "deliberately encourage users to take the resources being shared and innovate " -"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely inside " -"the organization to being in the community.37 Community-based innovation " -"will keep an organization or business on its toes. It must continue to " -"contribute new ideas, absorb and build on top of the innovations of others, " -"and steward the resources and the relationship with the community." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:970 -msgid "" -"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " +"them. Doing so moves research and development (R&D) from being solely " +"inside the organization to being in the community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Community-based innovation will keep an organization " +"or business on its toes. It must continue to contribute new ideas, absorb " +"and build on top of the innovations of others, and steward the resources and " +"the relationship with the community." +msgstr "" +"Allemannseie leder an til innovasjon. Ressurser flere personer i hende, som " +"evner å nytte dem, fører nye ideer med seg. Måten felleseide ressurser kan " +"endre, tilpasse, og bedrede resultatene i avledninger muliggjør arbeider " +"opphavsmannen aldri hadde forestilt seg. Noen bestrebelser i Creative " +"Commons oppfordrer bevisst brukere fornyelse av delte ressurser. Dermed " +"flyttes forskning og utvikling (R&D – research and development) fra " +"utelukkende innlemmet organisasjonens virke, til fellesskapet.37) " +"Fellesskapsbasert innovasjon holder en organisasjon eller virksomhet " +"skjerpet. Den må fortsette å bidra med nye idéer, absorbere og bygge videre " +"på andres innovasjoner, forvalte ressursene og forholdet til fellesskapet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1374 +msgid "" +"The commons boosts reach and impact. The digital commons is global. " "Resources may be created for a local or regional need, but they go far and " "wide generating a global impact. In the digital world, there are no borders " "between countries. When you are Made with Creative Commons, you are often " @@ -1558,9 +2768,19 @@ msgid "" "digital commons magnifies impact by connecting creators to those who use and " "build on their work both locally and globally." msgstr "" +"Allemannseie øker rekkevidden og slagkraften av den. Digitalallmenningen er " +"verdensomspennende. Ressurser kan opprettes for lokale eller regionale " +"behov, men favne vidt og bredt, og generere en global effekt. I den digitale " +"verden er det ingen grenser landene imellom. Made with Creative Commons, " +"ofte både lokal og global: Digital design distribuert globalt, men laget og " +"produsert lokalt. Digitale bøker eller musikk distribuert globalt, men " +"opplest og fremført lokalt. Digitale felleseier øker virkningen ved å koble " +"bidragsyterne allesteds hen, til dem som bruker og bygger videre på deres " +"arbeide." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:982 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1387 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The commons is generative. Instead of extracting value, the commons adds " "value. Digitized resources persist without becoming depleted, and through " @@ -1569,67 +2789,104 @@ msgid "" "commons generates value for a broader range of beneficiaries including the " "business, the customer, the creator, the public, and the commons itself. The " "generative nature of the commons means that it is more cost-effective and " -"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " +"produces a greater return on investment. Value is not just measured in " "financial terms. Each new resource added to the commons provides value to " "the public and contributes to the overall value of the commons." msgstr "" +"Allmannseie er generativt. I stedet for å trekke ut verdi, tilfører " +"felleseiet verdi. Digitaliserte ressurser blir ikke oppbrukt, men er der " +"fortsatt – og ved bruk, forbedret, tilpasset og lokalisert. Hvert type bruk " +"tilfører verdi. Markedet fokuserer på å generere verdi for virksomheten og " +"kunden. Felleseier genererer verdi for et bredere spekter av mottakere " +"inkludert virksomheten, forbrukeren, innholdsleverandøren, publikum og " +"allemannseiet selv. Allemannseiets generative natur betyr at det er mer " +"kostnadseffektivt, og gir en høyere avkastning på investeringen. Verdi er " +"ikke bare målt finansielt. Hver ny ressurs som legges til allmenningen gir " +"verdi til publikum, og bidrar til den samlede verdien av felleseiene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:995 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1401 msgid "" "The commons brings people together for a common cause. The commons vests " "people directly with the responsibility to manage the resources for the " "common good. The costs and benefits for the individual are balanced with the " -"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " +"costs and benefits for the community and for future generations. Resources " "are not anonymous or mass produced. Their provenance is known and " "acknowledged through attribution and other means. Those that are Made with " "Creative Commons generate awareness and reputation based on their " "contributions to the commons. The reach, impact, and sustainability of those " "contributions rest largely on their ability to forge relationships and " -"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the " -"basis of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies " -"people." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1000 +"connections with those who use and improve them. By functioning on the basis " +"of social engagement, not monetary exchange, the commons unifies people." +msgstr "" +"Allemannseier fører folk sammen for en felles sak. Allmannseier binder folk " +"sammen om ansvaret for å administrere ressursene som et felles gode. " +"Kostnader og fordeler for den enkelte balanseres med kostnader og fordeler " +"for samfunnet og for fremtidige generasjoner. Ressursene er ikke anonyme " +"eller masseproduserte. Opprinnelse er kjent og anerkjent gjennom " +"henvisninger og andre virkemidler. De som er laget med Creative Commons " +"genererer oppmerksomhet og omdømme basert på deres bidrag til fellesskapet. " +"Innflytelsen og bærekraften til disse bidragene hviler i stor grad på deres " +"evne til å etablere relasjoner og forbindelser med dem som bruker og " +"forbedrer dem. Allemannseie forener folk ved å virke ut fra sitt sosiale " +"engasjement, ikke ved utveksling av penger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1416 msgid "" "The benefits of the commons are many. When these benefits align with the " "goals of individuals, communities, businesses in the market, or state " "enterprises, choosing to manage resources as a commons ought to be the " "option of choice." msgstr "" +"Allmenningsfordelene er mange. Når disse knyttes sammen med enkeltpersoners " +"mål, samfunn, bedrifter i markedet, eller statlige virksomheter, burde det å " +"administrere ressurser som i felleseie være det klare alternativet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1002 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-26\"></span>Our Case Studies" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1423 +msgid "Our Case Studies" +msgstr "Våre referansestudier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1425 msgid "" "The creators, organizations, and businesses in our case studies operate as " -"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal status, " -"they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is to make " -"the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a social end, " -"not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, behavior, " -"and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact and " -"success are measured against social aims expressed in mission statements, " -"and are not just about the financial bottom line." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1017 +"nonprofits, for-profits, and social enterprises. Regardless of legal " +"status, they all have a social mission. Their primary reason for being is " +"to make the world a better place, not to profit. Money is a means to a " +"social end, not the end itself. They factor public interest into decisions, " +"behavior, and practices. Transparency and trust are really important. Impact " +"and success are measured against social aims expressed in mission " +"statements, and are not just about the financial bottom line." +msgstr "" +"I våre referanseløsninger opererer innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner og " +"bedrifter både som ideelle eller inntektsgivende organisasjoner, og som " +"sosiale foretak. Uansett rettslig status har de alle sosiale oppdrag. Deres " +"viktigste grunn til å være til, er å gjøre verden til et bedre sted, ikke " +"for fortjenesten. Penger er et middel til å nå sosiale mål, og er ikke selv " +"sluttmålet. De produserer en offentlig interesse for beslutninger, atferd og " +"praksis. Transparens (åpenhet) og tillit er svært viktig. Virkning og " +"suksess måles mot sosiale mål uttrykt i idégrunnlaget, og gjelder ikke bare " +"den finansielle bunnlinjen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1437 msgid "" "The case studies are based on the narratives told to us by founders and key " "staff. Instead of solely using financials as the measure of success and " "sustainability, they emphasized their mission, practices, and means by which " -"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals are " -"being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." +"they measure success. Metrics of success are a blend of how social goals " +"are being met and how sustainable the enterprise is." msgstr "" +"Referansestudiene er basert på fortellingene vi ble fortalt av grunnleggere " +"og nøkkelpersoner. I stedet for utelukkende å ha økonomi som mål på suksess " +"og bærekraft, understreket de sin oppgave, praksis og metodene som de måler " +"suksess etter. Beregninger av suksess er en blanding av hvordan sosiale mål " +"er nådd, og hvor bærekraftig organisasjonen er." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1025 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1445 msgid "" "Our case studies are diverse, ranging from publishing to education and " "manufacturing. All of the organizations, businesses, and creators in the " @@ -1639,9 +2896,16 @@ msgid "" "physical resources. Others are born digital but can be made into physical " "resources." msgstr "" +"Våre referansestudier er mangfoldige, og spenner fra publisering – til " +"utdanning og produksjon. Alle organisasjoner, bedrifter, og " +"innholdsleverandører i studiene produserer digitale ressurser. Disse " +"ressursene finnes i mange former, inkludert bøker, design, sanger, " +"forskning, data, kulturelle uttrykk, undervisningsmateriell, grafiske ikoner " +"og video. Noen er digitale representasjoner av fysiske ressurser. Andre er " +"opprinnelig digitale, men kan gjøres til fysiske ressurser." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1032 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1455 msgid "" "They are creating new resources, or using the resources of others, or mixing " "existing resources together to make something new. They, and their audience, " @@ -1649,18 +2913,27 @@ msgid "" "their preservation, curation, distribution, and enhancement. Access and " "participation is open to all regardless of monetary means." msgstr "" +"De skaper nye ressurser, eller bruker andres ressurser, eller kombinerer " +"eksisterende ressurser for å lage noe nytt. De, og deres publikum, har alle " +"en direkte, deltakende rolle i å håndtere disse ressursene, inkludert å ta " +"vare på, bevare, distribuere og forbedre. Tilgang og deltakelse er åpen for " +"alle uavhengig av økonomiske midler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1463 msgid "" "And as users of Creative Commons licenses, they are automatically part of a " "global community. The new digital commons is global. Those we profiled come " "from nearly every continent in the world. To build and interact within this " "global community is conducive to success." msgstr "" +"Som brukere av Creative Commons-lisenser, er de automatisk en del av et " +"globalt samfunn. De nye digitale allmenneiene er globale. De vi har løftet " +"frem, kommer fra nesten alle verdens kontinenter. Å bygge og samhandle i " +"dette globale samfunnet leder til suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1470 msgid "" "Creative Commons licenses may express legal rules around the use of " "resources in a commons, but success in the commons requires more than " @@ -1668,25 +2941,41 @@ msgid "" "we heard in our interviews how success and sustainability are tied to a set " "of beliefs, values, and principles that underlie their actions: Give more " "than you take. Be open and inclusive. Add value. Make visible what you are " -"using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are " -"monetizing. Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. " -"Develop trust; don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be " -"transparent. Defend the commons." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1055 +"using from the commons, what you are adding, and what you are monetizing. " +"Maximize abundance. Give attribution. Express gratitude. Develop trust; " +"don’t exploit. Build relationship and community. Be transparent. Defend the " +"commons." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons-lisenser kan uttrykke juridiske regler rundt bruken av " +"ressurser i en allmenning, men suksess i felleseier krever mer enn å følge " +"lovens bokstav og skaffe økonomiske midler. Igjen og igjen hørte vi i våre " +"intervjuer hvordan suksess og bærekraft er knyttet til et sett av tro, " +"verdier og prinsipper som ligger til grunn for deres handlinger: Gi mer enn " +"du tar. Være åpen og inkluderende. Legge til verdi. Gjør synlig hva du " +"bruker fra felleseier, og hva du legger til, og hva som er økonomisk. " +"Maksimere overfloden. Henvis. Vis takknemlighet. Utvikle tillit; ikke " +"utnytt. Bygg relasjoner og samfunn. Være transparent (åpen). Forsvar " +"allmenneier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1483 msgid "" "The new digital commons is here to stay. Made With Creative Commons case " "studies show how it’s possible to be part of this commons while still " -"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " +"functioning within market and state systems. The commons generates benefits " "neither the market nor state can achieve on their own. Rather than the " "market or state dominating as primary means of resource management, a more " "balanced alternative is possible." msgstr "" +"Nye digitale felleseier er her for å bli. Referansestudiene om Made with " +"Creative Commons viser hvordan det er mulig å være del av dette felleseiet " +"mens en fortsatt er i markedet og i statlige systemer. Allmenneie genererer " +"fordeler verken markedet eller staten kan oppnå på egen hånd. Heller enn at " +"markedet eller staten dominerer som primærinstans for ressursforvaltning, så " +"er et mer balansert alternativ mulig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1062 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1492 msgid "" "Enterprise use of Creative Commons has only just begun. The case studies in " "this book are merely starting points. Each is changing and evolving over " @@ -1695,187 +2984,25 @@ msgid "" "digital commons. The remaining sections go deeper providing further guidance " "and insights on how it works." msgstr "" +"Bedriftenes bruk av Creative Commons har bare såvidt begynt. Case-studiene i " +"denne boken er bare startpunktet. De er i endring, og utvikles over tid. " +"Mange kommer med, og finner nye modeller. Denne oversikten har som mål å gi " +"rammeverk og språk for å tenke og snakke om nye digitale felleseier. De " +"påfølgende kapitlene går dypere inn, og gir ytterligere veiledning og " +"innsikt i hvordan dette virker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1064 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2290 -msgid "Notes" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "Jonathan Rowe, Our Common Wealth (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013), 14." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 176." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "Ibid., 15." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "Ibid., 145." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "Ibid., 175." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "" -"Daniel H. Cole, “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " -"Commons for the Knowledge Commons,” in Governing Knowledge Commons, " -"eds. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg " -"(New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 53." -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1503 +msgid "How to Be Made with Creative Commons" +msgstr "Hvordan bli laget med Creative Commons" -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "" -"Max Haiven, Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " -"and the Commons (New York: Zed Books, 2014), 93." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -msgid "" -"Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, Governing " -"Knowledge Commons, 59." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1164 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 175.\n" -"10. Joshua Farley and Ida Kubiszewski, “The Economics of Information in\n" -" a Post-Carbon Economy,” in Free Knowledge: Confronting the\n" -" Commodification of Human Discovery, eds. Patricia W. Elliott and\n" -" Daryl H. Hepting (Regina, SK: University of Regina Press,\n" -" 2015), 201–4.\n" -"11. Rowe, Our Common Wealth, 19; and Heather Menzies, Reclaiming the\n" -" Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and Manifesto (Gabriola\n" -" Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 42–43.\n" -"12. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 55–78.\n" -"13. Fritjof Capra and Ugo Mattei, The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal\n" -" System in Tune with Nature and Community (Oakland, CA:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2015), 46–57; and Bollier, Think Like a\n" -" Commoner, 88.\n" -"14. Brett M. Frischmann, Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J.\n" -" Strandburg, “Governing Knowledge Commons,” in Frischmann, Madison,\n" -" and Strandburg Governing Knowledge Commons, 12.\n" -"15. Farley and Kubiszewski, “Economics of Information,” in Elliott and\n" -" Hepting, Free Knowledge, 203.\n" -"16. “What Is Free Software?” GNU Operating System, the Free Software\n" -" Foundation’s Licensing and Compliance Lab, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.\n" -"17. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open-source software,” last modified November\n" -" 22, 2016.\n" -"18. Eric S. Raymond, “The Magic Cauldron,” in The Cathedral and the\n" -" Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental\n" -" Revolutionary, rev. ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media,\n" -" 2001), www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/.\n" -"19. New York Times Customer Insight Group, The Psychology of Sharing:\n" -" Why Do People Share Online? (New York: New York Times Customer\n" -" Insight Group, 2011), www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf.\n" -"20. “Licensing Considerations,” Creative Commons, accessed December 30,\n" -" 2016, creativecommons.org/share-your-work/licensing-considerations/.\n" -"21. Creative Commons, 2015 State of the Commons (Mountain View, CA:\n" -" Creative Commons, 2015), stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/.\n" -"22. Wikipedia, s.v. “Open Government Partnership,” last modified\n" -" September 24,\n" -" 2016, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open\\_Government\\_Partnership.\n" -"23. Capra and Mattei, Ecology of Law, 114.\n" -"24. Ibid., 116.\n" -"25. The Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, “Stockholm\n" -" Statement” accessed February 15, 2017,\n" -" sida.se/globalassets/sida/eng/press/stockholm-statement.pdf\n" -"26. City of Bologna, Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and\n" -" the City for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons, trans.\n" -" LabGov (LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons) (Bologna, Italy:\n" -" City of Bologna,\n" -" 2014), " -"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf.\n" -"27. The Seoul Sharing City website is english.sharehub.kr; for Amsterdam\n" -" Sharing City, go to www.sharenl.nl/amsterdam-sharing-city/.\n" -"28. Tom Slee, What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy (New\n" -" York: OR Books, 2015), 42.\n" -"29. Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by\n" -" Giving Something for Nothing, Reprint with new preface. (New York:\n" -" Hyperion, 2010), 78.\n" -"30. Jeremy Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of\n" -" Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism\n" -" (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 273.\n" -"31. Gar Alperovitz, What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next\n" -" American Revolution: Democratizing Wealth and Building a\n" -" Community-Sustaining Economy from the Ground Up (White River\n" -" Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013), 39.\n" -"32. Marjorie Kelly, Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership\n" -" Revolution; Journeys to a Generative Economy (San Francisco:\n" -" Berrett-Koehler, 2012), 8–9.\n" -"33. Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation\n" -" (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010). A preview of the book is\n" -" available at strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation.\n" -"34. This business model canvas is available to download\n" -" at strategyzer.com/canvas/business-model-canvas.\n" -"35. We’ve made the “Open Business Model Canvas,” designed by the\n" -" coauthor Paul Stacey, available online\n" -" at " -"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1QOIDa2qak7wZSSOa4Wv6qVMO77IwkKHN7CYyq0wHivs/edit.\n" -" You can also find the accompanying Open Business Model Canvas\n" -" Questions\n" -" at " -"docs.google.com/drawings/d/1kACK7TkoJgsM18HUWCbX9xuQ0Byna4plSVZXZGTtays/edit.\n" -"36. A more comprehensive list of revenue streams is available in this\n" -" post I wrote on Medium on March 6, 2016. “What Is an Open Business\n" -" Model and How Can You Generate Revenue?”, available\n" -" at " -"medium.com/made-with-creative-commons/what-is-an-open-business-model-and-how-can-you-generate-revenue-5854d2659b15.\n" -"37. Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating\n" -" and Profiting from Technology (Boston: Harvard Business Review\n" -" Press, 2006), 31–44.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1166 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-27\"></span>How" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1168 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-28\"></span>to Be" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1170 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-29\"></span>Made with" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1172 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-30\"></span>Creative" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1174 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-31\"></span>Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1505 msgid "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1190 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1508 msgid "" "When we began this project in August 2015, we set out to write a book about " "business models that involve Creative Commons licenses in some significant " @@ -1883,17 +3010,29 @@ msgid "" "Kickstarter backers, we chose twenty-four endeavors from all around the " "world that are Made with Creative Commons. The mix is diverse, from an " "individual musician to a university-textbook publisher to an electronics " -"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " +"manufacturer. Some make their own content and share under Creative Commons " "licensing. Others are platforms for CC-licensed creative work made by " "others. Many sit somewhere in between, both using and contributing creative " "work that’s shared with the public. Like all who use the licenses, these " "endeavors share their work—whether it’s open data or furniture designs—in a " -"way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of " -"it." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1199 +"way that enables the public not only to access it but also to make use of it." +msgstr "" +"Da vi startet dette prosjektet i August 2015, startet vi for å skrive en bok " +"om forretningsmodeller som i noe omfang involverer Creative Commons-lisenser " +"– det vi kaller Made with Creative Commons. Ved hjelp av våre Kickstarter-" +"støttespillere valgte vi tjuefire arbeidsopplegg fra hele verden laget med " +"Creative Commons. Blandingen er variert, fra en enkelt musiker til en " +"utgiver av lærebøker for universitetet, over til en elektronikkprodusent. " +"Noen lager sitt eget innhold og deler under Creative Commons-lisensiering. " +"Andre er plattformer for CC-lisensierte kreative arbeider gjort av andre. " +"Mange sitter et sted imellom både som bruker og som bidragsyter til skapende " +"arbeid som er delt med offentligheten. Som for alle som bruker lisensene, er " +"disse oppleggene for å dele sitt arbeid – enten det er åpne dataprogrammer " +"eller møbeldesign – på en måte som gjør at offentligheten ikke bare å får " +"tilgang til dem, men også å kan bruke dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1524 msgid "" "We analyzed the revenue models, customer segments, and value propositions of " "each endeavor. We searched for ways that putting their content under " @@ -1903,50 +3042,102 @@ msgid "" "Commons. In our interviews, we dug into the motivations, the role of CC " "licenses, modes of revenue generation, definitions of success." msgstr "" +"Vi analyserte inntektsmodeller, kundesegmenter og forslag til verdier for " +"hver oppgave. Vi søkte etter måter som, ved å sette innholdet under Creative " +"Commons-lisenser, hjalp til å øke salget eller øke utbredelsen. Ved å bruke " +"tradisjonelle tiltak for økonomisk suksess, prøvde vi å kartlegge disse " +"forretningsmodellene på en måte slik at de meningsfullt inneholdt en " +"hensiktsmessig innvirkning av Creative Commons. I våre intervjuer gikk vi " +"inn i motivasjonen, rollen CC til lisenser, ulike former for inntekter, og " +"definisjoner av suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1534 msgid "" "In fairly short order, we realized the book we set out to write was quite " "different from the one that was revealing itself in our interviews and " "research." msgstr "" +"På relativt kort tid skjønte vi at boken vi gikk ut for å skrive, var ganske " +"forskjellig fra den som dukket frem i våre intervjuer og forskning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1211 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1539 msgid "" "It isn’t that we were wrong to think you can make money while using Creative " "Commons licenses. In many instances, CC can help make you more money. Nor " "were we wrong that there are business models out there that others who want " -"to use CC licensing as part of their livelihood or business could " -"replicate. What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to " -"write a book about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business " -"lens." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1219 +"to use CC licensing as part of their livelihood or business could replicate. " +"What we didn’t realize was just how misguided it would be to write a book " +"about being Made with Creative Commons using only a business lens." +msgstr "" +"Det var ikke for at vi tok feil i å tro at du kan tjene penger når du " +"bruker Creative Commons-lisenser. I mange tilfeller hjelper CC til å tjene " +"mer penger. Heller ikke tok vi feil i at det er forretningsmodeller der ute " +"som andre, som ønsker å bruke CC-lisenser som en del av sitt levebrød eller " +"sin bedrift, kan benytte. Hva vi skjønte var hvor misforstått det ville være " +"å skrive en bok om Made with Creative Commons, og bare bruke " +"forretningsvirksomhet som fokus." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1551 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +msgid "" +"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"på strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1548 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " +#| "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, " +#| "and captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and " +#| "capturing value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of " +#| "place, something we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as " +#| "Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, “Business model can mean " +#| "anything you want it to mean.”" msgid "" "According to the seminal handbook Business Model Generation, a business " "model “describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and " -"captures value.”1 Thinking about sharing in terms of creating and capturing " -"value always felt inappropriately transactional and out of place, something " -"we heard time and time again in our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us " -"in our interview with him, “Business model can mean anything you want it to " -"mean.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1224 +"captures value.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Thinking about " +"sharing in terms of creating and capturing value always felt inappropriately " +"transactional and out of place, something we heard time and time again in " +"our interviews. And as Cory Doctorow told us in our interview with him, " +"“Business model can mean anything you want it to mean.”" +msgstr "" +"Ifølge den banebrytende håndboken Business Model Generation, en " +"forretningsmodell som «beskriver begrunnelsen for hvordan en organisasjon " +"skaper, leverer og fanger inn verdi.»1) Tenking om deling i betydningen å " +"skape og fange inn verdier, føltes alltid uriktig transaksjonsbasert og " +"malplassert, noe vi hørte gang på gang i våre intervjuer. Og som Cory " +"Doctorow fortalte oss i vårt intervju med ham, «forretningsmodell kan bety " +"alt dere mener det skal bety.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1562 msgid "" "Eventually, we got it. Being Made with Creative Commons is more than a " "business model. While we will talk about specific revenue models as one " "piece of our analysis (and in more detail in the case studies), we scrapped " "that as our guiding rubric for the book." msgstr "" +"Til slutt fikk vi det inn. Made with Creative Commons er mer enn en " +"forretningsmodell. Mens vi vil snakke om bestemte inntektsmodeller som en " +"del av vår analyse (og mer detaljert i referansestudiene), skrotet vi det " +"som som vår styrende overskrift for boken." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1232 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1569 msgid "" "Admittedly, it took me a long time to get there. When Paul and I divided up " "our writing after finishing the research, my charge was to distill " @@ -1956,11 +3147,18 @@ msgid "" "interacted. But there is no formula. You’ll probably have to discard that " "way of thinking before you read any further." msgstr "" +"Riktignok er tok det lang tid for meg å komme dit. Når Paul og jeg delte opp " +"vår skriving etter avsluttet forskning, var mitt ansvar å løfte frem alt vi " +"lærte fra referansestudiene, og skrive opp praktiske leksjoner og snarveier. " +"Jeg tilbrakte måneder med å prøve å få frem det vi lærte i boksen for " +"forretningsmodell, overbevist om det var en formel for hvordan ting hang " +"sammen. Men det var ingen formel. Du vil sannsynligvis måtte forkaste den " +"måten å tenke på før du leser videre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1579 msgid "" -"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " +"In every interview, we started from the same simple questions. Amid all the " "diversity among the creators, organizations, and businesses we profiled, " "there was one constant. Being Made with Creative Commons may be good for " "business, but that is not why they do it. Sharing work with Creative Commons " @@ -1969,19 +3167,33 @@ msgid "" "revenue model later. This was our first hint that writing a book solely " "about the impact of sharing on business might be a little off track." msgstr "" +"I hvert intervju startet vi med de samme enkle spørsmålene. Blant alle " +"variasjonene hos bidragsytere, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi gjennomgikk, " +"var det en konstant. Made with Creative Commons kan være bra for " +"forretningen, men det er ikke derfor de gjør det. Å dele arbeidet med " +"Creative Commons, er i bunn og grunn en moralsk beslutning. Kommersielle og " +"andre fordeler i egeninteresse er sekundære. De fleste besluttet å bruke CC-" +"lisenser først, og fant en inntekstsmodell senere. Dette var vårt første " +"hint, at å skrive en bok bare om virkningen av deling i ett " +"forretningspespektiv, kan være litt utenfor sporet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1591 msgid "" "But we also started to realize something about what it means to be Made with " "Creative Commons. When people talked to us about how and why they used CC, " "it was clear that it meant something more than using a copyright license. It " -"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " +"also represented a set of values. There is symbolism behind using CC, and " "that symbolism has many layers." msgstr "" +"Men vi har også begynt å innse noe om hva det betyr å være Made with " +"Creative Commons. Når folk snakket med oss om hvordan og hvorfor de brukte " +"CC, ble det klart at det betydde noe mer enn å bruke en lisens for " +"opphavsrett. Det representerte også et verdisett. Det er symbolikk bak å " +"bruke CC, og den symbolikken har mange lag." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1259 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1599 msgid "" "At one level, being Made with Creative Commons expresses an affinity for the " "value of Creative Commons. While there are many different flavors of CC " @@ -1994,13 +3206,23 @@ msgid "" "something to contribute, and that no one can own our shared culture. They " "reflect a belief in the promise of sharing." msgstr "" +"På ett nivå uttrykker Made with Creative Commons en tilknytning for verdien " +"av Creative Commons. Mens det er mange forskjellige variasjoner av CC-" +"lisenser, og nesten uendelige måter for å være Made with Creative Commons, " +"er det grunnleggende verdisystemet forankret i en grunnleggende tro på at " +"kunnskap og kreativitet er byggesteinene i vår kultur, heller enn bare varer " +"som har en markedsverdi som gir inntekt. Disse verdiene gjenspeiler troen på " +"at fellesgodet alltid bør være en del av sammenhengen når vi bestemmer " +"hvordan vi regulerer vår kulturelle produksjon. De gjenspeiler en tro på at " +"alle har noe å bidra med, og at ingen kan eie vår felles kultur. De " +"gjenspeiler en tro på løftet om å dele." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1269 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1613 msgid "" "Whether the public makes use of the opportunity to copy and adapt your work, " "sharing with a Creative Commons license is a symbol of how you want to " -"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " +"interact with the people who consume your work. Whenever you create " "something, “all rights reserved” under copyright is automatic, so the " "copyright symbol (©) on the work does not necessarily come across as a " "marker of distrust or excessive protectionism. But using a CC license can be " @@ -2008,34 +3230,78 @@ msgid "" "an impersonal market transaction. It leaves open the possibility of " "connection." msgstr "" +"Om publikum gjør bruk av muligheten til å kopiere og tilpasse sitt arbeid, " +"er å dele med en Creative Commons-lisens et symbol på hvordan du skal " +"kommunisere med personer som bruker ditt arbeidet. Når du oppretter noe, er " +"«alle rettigheter reservert» med opphavsrett automatisk, så " +"opphavsrettsymbolet (©) på arbeidet formidles ikke nødvendigvis som en " +"markør av mistro eller overdreven proteksjonisme. Men å bruke en CC-lisens " +"kan være et symbol på det motsatte – av at en ønsker en ekte menneskelig " +"relasjon, i stedet for en upersonlig markedstransaksjon. Det etterlater en " +"åpen mulighet for forbindelse." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1275 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1625 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons not only demonstrates values connected to " "CC and sharing. It also demonstrates that something other than profit drives " "what you do. In our interviews, we always asked what success looked like for " -"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " +"them. It was stunning how rarely money was mentioned. Most have a deeper " "purpose and a different vision of success." msgstr "" +"Made with Creative Commons viser ikke bare verdiene med CC og å dele. Det " +"viser også at noe annet enn at profitt driver hva man gjør. I våre " +"intervjuer spurte vi alltid hva suksess var for dem. Det var overraskende " +"hvor sjelden penger ble nevnt. De fleste har en dypere hensikt, og et annet " +"syn på suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1286 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1638 msgid "" -"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " -"individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " -"ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " -"doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative work under a " -"CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. Similarly, for " -"technological innovators, it is often less about creating a specific new " -"thing that will make you rich and more about solving a specific problem you " -"have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key question when creating " -"something is “Do you as the creator want to use it? It has to have personal " -"use and meaning.”" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " +"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1633 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +#| "individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " +#| "ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually " +#| "start doing what they do for love.”2 But when you share your creative " +#| "work under a CC license, that dynamic is even more pronounced. " +#| "Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less about creating " +#| "a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about solving a " +#| "specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that the key " +#| "question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to use " +#| "it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" +msgid "" +"The driving motivation varies depending on the type of endeavor. For " +"individual creators, it is most often about personal inspiration. In some " +"ways, this is nothing new. As Doctorow has written, “Creators usually start " +"doing what they do for love.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But " +"when you share your creative work under a CC license, that dynamic is even " +"more pronounced. Similarly, for technological innovators, it is often less " +"about creating a specific new thing that will make you rich and more about " +"solving a specific problem you have. The creators of Arduino told us that " +"the key question when creating something is “Do you as the creator want to " +"use it? It has to have personal use and meaning.”" +msgstr "" +"Motivasjonen varierer avhengig av hva en skal oppnå. For individuelle " +"innholdsleverandører er det oftest en personlig inspirasjon. På noen måter " +"er dette ikke noe nytt. Som Doctorow har skrevet, «skapere starter vanligvis " +"å gjøre hva de gjør av kjærlighet».2) Men når du deler ditt skapende arbeid " +"under en CC-lisens, er denne dynamikken enda mer uttalt. Tilsvarende for " +"teknologiske innovatører gjelder det ofte mindre å skape en bestemt ny ting " +"som vil gjøre deg rik, men mer om å løse et bestemt problem du har. Skaperne " +"av Arduino fortalte oss at de viktigste spørsmålet når du oppretter noe er " +"«vil du som lager det, bruke det? Det må ha en personlig bruk og betydning.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1649 msgid "" "Many that are Made with Creative Commons have an express social mission that " "underpins everything they do. In many cases, sharing with Creative Commons " @@ -2045,9 +3311,17 @@ msgid "" "with a straight face if they weren’t willing to show the world that it was " "OK to share their content using a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" +"Mange som bruker Made with Creative Commons har et uttrykt sosialt formål " +"som underbygger alt de gjør. I mange tilfeller gir å dele med Creative " +"Commons klare fremskritt for dette sosiale formålet, og å bruke lisensene " +"kan være forskjellen mellom legitimitet og hykleri. Medgrunnlegger Edward " +"Boatman i Noun Project fortalte at de ikke kunne ha formulert sitt " +"samfunnsoppdrag med å dele «with a straight face» («holde masken» )hvis de " +"ikke var villig til å vise verden at det var OK å dele innholdet med en " +"Creative Commons-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1303 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1659 msgid "" "This dynamic is probably one reason why there are so many nonprofit examples " "of being Made with Creative Commons. The content is the result of a labor of " @@ -2057,17 +3331,27 @@ msgid "" "where profit is not paramount, and producing social good and human " "connection are integral to success." msgstr "" +"Denne dynamikken er nok en grunn til hvorfor det er så mange nonprofit " +"eksempler på Made with Creative Commons. Innholdet er resultatet av en " +"innsats en føler mye for, eller et verktøy for å oppnå sosial endring, og " +"penger er som gassen i bilen, noe som du må holde i gang, men som ikke er et " +"mål i seg selv. Made with Creative Commons er et annet syn på en bedrift " +"eller et levebrød, der profitt ikke er avgjørende, men å produsere et sosial " +"gode og menneskelig tilknytning er en integrert del for å oppnå suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1307 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1669 msgid "" "Even if profit isn’t the end goal, you have to bring in money to be " "successfully Made with Creative Commons. At a bare minimum, you have to make " "enough money to keep the lights on." msgstr "" +"Selv om profitt ikke er sluttmålet, må det bringes penger inn for å være " +"velykket med Made with Creative Commons. Som et absolutt minimum må du tjene " +"nok til å holde lysene påslått." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1317 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1674 msgid "" "The costs of doing business vary widely for those made with CC, but there is " "generally a much lower threshold for sustainability than there used to be " @@ -2078,36 +3362,121 @@ msgid "" "the fact that it’s possible to run a business that gets the same amount of " "advertising as its forebears at a fraction of the price.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1328 +"Kostnadene for å gjøre forretninger varierer ved bruk av CC, men det er " +"vanligvis en mye lavere terskel for lønnsomhet enn det pleide å være for " +"kreative innsatser. Digital teknologi har gjort det enklere enn noensinne å " +"lage, og enklere enn noensinne å distribuere. Som Doctorow skrev i sin bok " +"«Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free»: «Hvis analoge dollar har snudd til " +"digitale skillemynt (som kritikere av annonsestøttede media vil ha det til), " +"er det det et faktum at det er mulig å drive en forretning som får samme " +"mengde reklame som sine forgjengere til en brøkdel av prisen.»" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1691 +msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1686 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " +#| "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or " +#| "paint a painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are " +#| "dramatically reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy " +#| "domains like filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public " +#| "domain, as well as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also " +#| "dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as resources to create " +#| "something new. And, of course, there is the reality that some content " +#| "would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it is a labor " +#| "of love." msgid "" "Some creation costs are the same as they always were. It takes the same " "amount of time and money to write a peer-reviewed journal article or paint a " "painting. Technology can’t change that. But other costs are dramatically " "reduced by technology, particularly in production-heavy domains like " -"filmmaking.3 CC-licensed content and content in the public domain, as well " -"as the work of volunteer collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs " -"if they’re being used as resources to create something new. And, of course, " -"there is the reality that some content would be created whether or not the " -"creator is paid because it is a labor of love." +"filmmaking.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> CC-licensed content and " +"content in the public domain, as well as the work of volunteer " +"collaborators, can also dramatically reduce costs if they’re being used as " +"resources to create something new. And, of course, there is the reality that " +"some content would be created whether or not the creator is paid because it " +"is a labor of love." +msgstr "" +"Noen igangsettingskostnader er de samme som de alltid har vært. Det tar like " +"mye tid og penger til å skrive en fagfellevurdert tidsskriftsartikkel ,eller " +"male et maleri. Teknologi endrer ikke på det. Men andre kostnader er " +"dramatisk redusert med teknologi, særlig i produksjonstunge områder som " +"filmproduksjon.3) CC-lisensiert innhold og innhold i den offentlige sfæren, " +"samt arbeidet til frivillige samarbeidspartnere, kan også redusere kostnader " +"hvis de brukes som ressurser til å lage noe nytt. Og, selvfølgelig, det er " +"realiteten at noe innhold lages enten den som lager det blir betalt eller " +"ikke, fordi det lages ut fra overbevisning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1703 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " +"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " +"224." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1338 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1700 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once " +#| "content is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are " +#| "essentially zero.4 The costs to distribute physical copies are still " +#| "significant, but lower than they have been historically. And it is now " +#| "much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, which also " +#| "reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole host of " +#| "other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even expenses " +#| "associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring or " +#| "custom training." msgid "" "Distributing content is almost universally cheaper than ever. Once content " -"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero.4 " -"The costs to distribute physical copies are still significant, but lower " -"than they have been historically. And it is now much easier to print and " -"distribute physical copies on-demand, which also reduces costs. Depending on " -"the endeavor, there can be a whole host of other possible expenses like " -"marketing and promotion, and even expenses associated with the various ways " -"money is being made, like touring or custom training." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1351 +"is created, the costs to distribute copies digitally are essentially zero." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The costs to distribute physical " +"copies are still significant, but lower than they have been historically. " +"And it is now much easier to print and distribute physical copies on-demand, " +"which also reduces costs. Depending on the endeavor, there can be a whole " +"host of other possible expenses like marketing and promotion, and even " +"expenses associated with the various ways money is being made, like touring " +"or custom training." +msgstr "" +"Å distribuere innhold er nesten universelt billigere enn noensinne. Når " +"innhold er laget, er kostnadene ved å distribuere kopier digitalt egentlig " +"null.4) Kostnadene til å distribuere fysiske kopier er fortsatt betydelige, " +"men lavere enn de har vært historisk sett. Og det er nå mye enklere å skrive " +"ut og distribuere fysiske kopier på forespørsel, noe som også reduserer " +"kostnadene. Avhengig av oppgaven kan det være en hel rekke andre utgifter " +"som markedsføring og promotering, og selv utgifter forbundet med ulike måter " +"pengene kommer inn på, som reising eller tilpasset opplæring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1725 +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1715 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " +#| "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation " +#| "and distribution themselves. People now often have a direct route to " +#| "their potential public without necessarily needing intermediaries like " +#| "record labels and book publishers. Doctorow wrote, “If you’re a creator " +#| "who never got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this " +#| "is your time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without " +#| "the assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have " +#| "hundreds of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of " +#| "creative work involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic " +#| "entity, now creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial " +#| "needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." msgid "" "It’s important to recognize that the biggest impact of technology on " "creative endeavors is that creators can now foot the costs of creation and " @@ -2117,29 +3486,53 @@ msgid "" "got the time of day from one of the great imperial powers, this is your " "time. Where once you had no means of reaching an audience without the " "assistance of the industry-dominating megacompanies, now you have hundreds " -"of ways to do it without them.”5 Previously, distribution of creative work " -"involved the costs associated with sustaining a monolithic entity, now " -"creators can do the work themselves. That means the financial needs of " -"creative endeavors can be a lot more modest." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1362 +"of ways to do it without them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Previously, distribution of creative work involved the costs associated with " +"sustaining a monolithic entity, now creators can do the work themselves. " +"That means the financial needs of creative endeavors can be a lot more " +"modest." +msgstr "" +"Det er viktig å innse at den største effekten av teknologi for kreative " +"oppgaver er at bidragsyterne nå selv kan stå for kostnadene for å utføre " +"oppgaven og distribusjonen. Ofte har folk selv nå en direkte rute til sitt " +"potensielle publikum uten nødvendigvis å trenge mellomledd som " +"plateselskaper og bokutgivere. Doctorow skrev, «Hvis du er en " +"innholdsleverandør som aldri fikk et klokkeslett fra en av de store " +"imperialistiske maktene, er dette din tid. Der du en gang ikke hadde noen " +"mulighet til å nå ut til et publikum uten hjelp av industri-dominerte " +"megaselskaper, har du nå hundrevis av måter å gjøre det på uten dem».5) " +"Tidligere innebar distribusjon av skapende arbeid kostnadene knyttet til å " +"opprettholde en monolittisk enhet, nå kan skaperne gjøre dette arbeidet " +"selv. Det betyr at de finansielle forutsetningene for kreativt innhold kan " +"være mye mer beskjedne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1732 msgid "" "Whether for an individual creator or a larger endeavor, it usually isn’t " -"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. " -"You need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " +"enough to break even if you want to make what you’re doing a livelihood. You " +"need to build in some support for the general operation. This extra bit " "looks different for everyone, but importantly, in nearly all cases for those " "Made with Creative Commons, the definition of “enough money” looks a lot " "different than it does in the world of venture capital and stock options. It " -"is more about sustainability and less about unlimited growth and " -"profit. SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle told us, “Business model is a really " +"is more about sustainability and less about unlimited growth and profit. " +"SparkFun founder Nathan Seidle told us, “Business model is a really " "grandiose word for it. It is really just about keeping the operation going " "day to day.”" msgstr "" +"Enten det er for en individuell bidragsyter eller en større oppgave, er det " +"vanligvis ikke nok til å gå i balanse om det en ønsker å gjøre, skal bli et " +"levebrød. Du må bygge inn noen støtte til generell drift. Denne ekstra " +"delen ser ulikt ut for alle, men viktigere, i nesten alle tilfeller for de " +"som er «Made with Creative Commons», er definisjonen av «nok penger» mye " +"annerledes enn i verden av risikovillig kapital og aksjeopsjoner. Det " +"handler mer om bærekraft og mindre om ubegrenset vekst og fortjeneste. Som " +"SparkFun grunnlegger Nathan Seidle fortalte oss, «Forretningsmodell er et " +"virkelig stort ord for det. Det gjelder egentlig bare å holde operasjonen " +"gående fra dag til dag»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1745 msgid "" "This book is a testament to the notion that it is possible to make money " "while using CC licenses and CC-licensed content, but we are still very much " @@ -2147,82 +3540,239 @@ msgid "" "profile in this book are blazing the trail and adapting in real time as they " "pursue this new way of operating." msgstr "" +"Denne boken er et testament til ideen om at det er mulig å tjene penger mens " +"du bruker CC-lisenser og CC-lisensiert innhold, men vi er fortsatt svært mye " +"på eksperimentstadiet. Innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner, og bedrifter " +"som vi profilerer i denne boken, blitser opp veien videre i sanntid når de " +"forfølger denne nye måten å operere på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1372 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1753 msgid "" "There are, however, plenty of ways in which CC licensing can be good for " "business in fairly predictable ways. The first is how it helps solve " "“problem zero.”" msgstr "" +"Det er imidlertid mange måter der CC-lisenser kan være bra for forretningen " +"på ganske forutsigbare måter. Først, hvordan det hjelper å løse «problem " +"null»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1758 +msgid "Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +msgstr "Problem Null: Å bli oppdaget" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1765 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." +msgstr "" +"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " +"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1374 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-32\"></span>Problem Zero: Getting Discovered" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1779 +msgid "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." msgstr "" +"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " +"2012), 64." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1760 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " +#| "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It " +#| "has to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and " +#| "mean something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to " +#| "finding your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to " +#| "connect with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian " +#| "value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited " +#| "by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and " +#| "need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where " +#| "consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and more about " +#| "micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all " +#| "different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has a " +#| "place for all of them in the way that physical markets did not.”7 We are " +#| "no longer limited to what appeals to the masses." msgid "" "Once you create or collect your content, the next step is finding users, " "customers, fans—in other words, your people. As Amanda Palmer wrote, “It has " "to start with the art. The songs had to touch people initially, and mean " -"something, for anything to work at all.”6 There isn’t any magic to finding " -"your people, and there is certainly no formula. Your work has to connect " -"with people and offer them some artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some " -"ways, this is easier than ever. Online we are not limited by shelf space, so " -"there is room for every obscure interest, taste, and need imaginable. This " -"is what Chris Anderson dubbed the Long Tail, where consumption becomes less " -"about mainstream mass “hits” and more about micromarkets for every " -"particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We are all different, with different " -"wants and needs, and the Internet now has a place for all of them in the way " -"that physical markets did not.”7 We are no longer limited to what appeals to " -"the masses." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1402 +"something, for anything to work at all.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> There isn’t any magic to finding your people, and there is certainly " +"no formula. Your work has to connect with people and offer them some " +"artistic and/or utilitarian value. In some ways, this is easier than ever. " +"Online we are not limited by shelf space, so there is room for every obscure " +"interest, taste, and need imaginable. This is what Chris Anderson dubbed the " +"Long Tail, where consumption becomes less about mainstream mass “hits” and " +"more about micromarkets for every particular niche. As Anderson wrote, “We " +"are all different, with different wants and needs, and the Internet now has " +"a place for all of them in the way that physical markets did " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We are no longer limited to " +"what appeals to the masses." +msgstr "" +"Når du oppretter eller samler ditt innhold, er det neste trinnet er å finne " +"brukere, kunder, fans – med andre ord, folk. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, «Det " +"må starte med kunsten. Sangene måtte røre folk først, og bety noe, om noe " +"skal virke i det hele tatt».6) Det er ikke noe magi å finne dine, og det er " +"absolutt ingen formel. Arbeidet ditt er å få kontakt med folk, og tilby dem " +"noe med kunstnerisk og/eller nytteverdi. På noen måter er det enklere enn " +"noensinne. På nettet er vi ikke begrenset av hylleplass, så det er rom for " +"alle tenkelige særinteresser, smak og behov. Dette er hva Chris Anderson " +"kalte den lange halen, hvor forbruket mindre er om bredspekrede «treff», og " +"mer om mikromarkeder for hver enkelt nisje. Som Anderson skrev, «Vi er alle " +"forskjellige, med forskjellige ønsker og behov, og Internett har nå en plass " +"for dem alle på en måte som fysiske markeder ikke gjorde».7) Vi er ikke " +"lenger begrenset til hva som appellerer til massene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1792 +msgid "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." +msgstr "" +"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " +"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1798 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 66." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 66." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1802 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." +msgstr "" +"Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy (New " +"York: Morgan James, 2016), 10." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1785 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " +#| "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " +#| "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " +#| "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing " +#| "for attention against more content creators than ever before, you are " +#| "competing against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 " +#| "Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past decade has been the " +#| "shift in time people spend consuming amateur content instead of " +#| "professional content.”9 To top it all off, you have to compete against " +#| "the rest of their lives, too—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer " +#| "games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, some way, you have to get " +#| "noticed by the right people." msgid "" "While finding “your people” online is theoretically easier than in the " "analog world, as a practical matter it can still be difficult to actually " "get noticed. The Internet is a firehose of content, one that only grows " "larger by the minute. As a content creator, not only are you competing for " "attention against more content creators than ever before, you are competing " -"against creativity generated outside the market as well.8 Anderson wrote, " -"“The greatest change of the past decade has been the shift in time people " -"spend consuming amateur content instead of professional content.”9 To top it " -"all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too—“friends, " -"family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the town.”10 Somehow, " -"some way, you have to get noticed by the right people." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1415 +"against creativity generated outside the market as well.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Anderson wrote, “The greatest change of the past " +"decade has been the shift in time people spend consuming amateur content " +"instead of professional content.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"To top it all off, you have to compete against the rest of their lives, too" +"—“friends, family, music playlists, soccer games, and nights on the " +"town.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Somehow, some way, you have " +"to get noticed by the right people." +msgstr "" +"Samtidig som å finne «dine folk» på nettet teoretisk er enklere enn i den " +"analoge verden, kan det, som et praktisk spørmål, fortsatt være vanskelig å " +"faktisk bli lagt merke til. Internett er en brannslange med innhold, som " +"bare vokser minutt for minutt. Som innholdsleverandør konkurrerer du også " +"mot kreativitet som er generert utenfor markedet.8) Anderson skrev, «Den " +"største endringen i det siste tiåret har vært skifte i tiden folk bruker på " +"amatørinnhold i stedet for profesjonelt innhold».9) For å toppe det hele du " +"må konkurrere med resten av deres liv, også – «venner, familie, " +"musikkspillelister, fotballkamper, og kveld på byen».10) På en eller annen " +"måte må du bli lagt merke til av de rette folkene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1816 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 62." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 62." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1808 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " +#| "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before " +#| "there is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for " +#| "your work is part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost " +#| "has a big effect on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large " +#| "difference in demand between something that is available at the price of " +#| "one cent versus the price of zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to " +#| "charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +#| "effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +#| "restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +#| "discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your " +#| "work and sharing it with others is counterproductive." msgid "" "When you come to the Internet armed with an all-rights-reserved mentality " "from the start, you are often restricting access to your work before there " "is even any demand for it. In many cases, requiring payment for your work is " "part of the traditional copyright system. Even a tiny cost has a big effect " -"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " +"on demand. It’s called the penny gap—the large difference in demand between " "something that is available at the price of one cent versus the price of " -"zero.11 That doesn’t mean it is wrong to charge money for your content. It " -"simply means you need to recognize the effect that doing so will have on " -"demand. The same principle applies to restricting access to copy the " -"work. If your problem is how to get discovered and find “your people,” " -"prohibiting people from copying your work and sharing it with others is " -"counterproductive." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1419 +"zero.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That doesn’t mean it is wrong " +"to charge money for your content. It simply means you need to recognize the " +"effect that doing so will have on demand. The same principle applies to " +"restricting access to copy the work. If your problem is how to get " +"discovered and find “your people,” prohibiting people from copying your work " +"and sharing it with others is counterproductive." +msgstr "" +"Når du kommer til Internettet med en alle-rettigheter-reservert mentalitet " +"når du starter, begrenser du ofte adgangen til innholdet ditt før det engang " +"er blitt noen etterspørsel etter det. I mange tilfeller er å kreve betaling " +"for innholdet en del av det tradisjonelle opphavsrettssystemet. Selv en " +"liten pris har en stor effekt på etterspørselen. Det kalles «penny gap»: Den " +"store forskjellen i etterspørsel mellom noe som er tilgjengelig til prisen " +"på ett øre mot en pris på null.11) Det betyr ikke at det er galt å ta betalt " +"for innholdet. Det betyr bare du må innse hvilken betydning dette vil ha på " +"etterspørselen. Det samme prinsippet gjelder ved å begrense tilgangen til å " +"kopiere arbeidet. Hvis problemet ditt er å bli oppdaget og finne «dine " +"folk», virker å hindre folk fra å kopiere arbeidet ditt og dele det med " +"andre, mot sin hensikt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1830 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1826 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work " +#| "will make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition " +#| "is one of many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" msgid "" "Of course, it’s not that being discovered by people who like your work will " "make you rich—far from it. But as Cory Doctorow says, “Recognition is one of " -"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”12" +"many necessary preconditions for artistic success.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig, det er ikke at å bli oppdaget av folk som liker arbeidet ditt " +"vil gjøre deg rik - langt fra det. Men som Cory Doctorow sier, " +"«anerkjennelse er en av mange nødvendige forutsetninger for kunstnerisk " +"suksess».12)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1834 msgid "" "Choosing not to spend time and energy restricting access to your work and " "policing infringement also builds goodwill. Lumen Learning, a for-profit " @@ -2233,83 +3783,181 @@ msgid "" "this decision has generated an immense amount of goodwill within the " "community." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1435 +"Å velge å ikke bruke tid og energi på å begrense tilgangen til ditt arbeid, " +"og forfølge overtredelser, bygger også goodwill. Lumen Learning, et selskap " +"som er for fortjeneste (profitselskap), og som utgir læremidler på nett, tok " +"en tidlig avgjørelse om ikke å forhindre studentenes adgang til innholdet, " +"selv i form av en liten betalingsvegg, fordi det negativt ville påvirke " +"studentens suksess på en måte som ville undergrave samfunnsoppdraget bak det " +"de gjør. De tror denne beslutningen har generert en betydelig mengde " +"goodwill i samfunnet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1851 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1845 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " +#| "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your " +#| "creative work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be " +#| "to share it with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human " +#| "impulses to imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +#| "criminalized.”13" msgid "" "It is not just that restricting access to your work may undermine your " "social mission. It also may alienate the people who most value your creative " "work. If people like your work, their natural instinct will be to share it " "with others. But as David Bollier wrote, “Our natural human impulses to " -"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been criminalized.”13" +"imitate and share—the essence of culture—have been " +"criminalized.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Det er ikke bare det at begrenset tilgang til innholdet ditt undergraver " +"ditt sosiale oppdrag. Det kan også fremmedgjøre folk som mest verdsetter din " +"kreative innsats. Hvis folk liker ditt arbeid, blir deres naturlige instinkt " +"å dele det med andre. Men som David Bollier skrev, «våre naturlige " +"menneskelige impulser til å imitere og dele – essensen av hva kultur er – " +"har blitt kriminalisert». 13)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1443 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1855 msgid "" "The fact that copying can carry criminal penalties undoubtedly deters " "copying it, but copying with the click of a button is too easy and " "convenient to ever fully stop it. Try as the copyright industry might to " "persuade us otherwise, copying a copyrighted work just doesn’t feel like " -"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing " -"a creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." +"stealing a loaf of bread. And, of course, that’s because it isn’t. Sharing a " +"creative work has no impact on anyone else’s ability to make use of it." msgstr "" +"Det faktum at kopiering kan innebære straffeansvar, forhindrer utvilsomt " +"kopiering, men kopiering ved å klikke på en knapp er for enkelt og praktisk " +"til noensinne å få en fullstendig stopp for det. Opphavsrettsindustrien " +"forsøk på å overbevise oss om det motsatte, å kopierer et åndsprodukt føles " +"ikke som å stjele et brød. Og, selvfølgelig, det er fordi det ikke gjør " +"det. Å dele skapende arbeid har ingen innvirkning på noen annens mulighet " +"til å gjøre bruk av det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1457 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1864 msgid "" "If you take some amount of copying and sharing your work as a given, you can " "invest your time and resources elsewhere, rather than wasting them on " "playing a cat and mouse game with people who want to copy and share your " "work. Lizzy Jongma from the Rijksmuseum said, “We could spend a lot of money " -"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they " -"will use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing " -"high-resolution digital copies of their collection into the public domain " -"and making them available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a " -"form of quality control over the copies that were inevitably being shared " -"online. Doing this meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from " -"selling digital images. But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all " -"of the opportunities that sharing unlocked for them." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1465 +"trying to protect works, but people are going to do it anyway. And they will " +"use bad-quality versions.” Instead, they started releasing high-resolution " +"digital copies of their collection into the public domain and making them " +"available for free on their website. For them, sharing was a form of quality " +"control over the copies that were inevitably being shared online. Doing this " +"meant forgoing the revenue they previously got from selling digital images. " +"But Lizzy says that was a small price to pay for all of the opportunities " +"that sharing unlocked for them." +msgstr "" +"Tar du for gitt endel kopiering og deling av arbeidet ditt, kan du investere " +"tid og ressurser andre steder enn å kaste dem bort på å leke katt og mus med " +"folk som vil kopiere og dele ditt innhold. Lizzy Jongma fra Rijksmuseum sa, " +"«vi kan bruke mye penger på å prøve å beskytte verkene, men folk kommer til " +"å gjøre det likevel. Og de vil bruke gjengivelser med dårlig kvalitet». I " +"stedet startet de med å utgi høyoppløselige digitale kopier fra sine " +"samlinger i det offentlige rom, og gjøre dem tilgjengelige gratis fra sin " +"hjemmeside. For dem var deling en form for kvalitetskontroll av kopiene som " +"uunngåelig ville blitt delt på nettet. Å gjør dette betydde å gi avkall på " +"inntektene de tidligere fikk fra salg av digitale bilder. Men Lizzy sier det " +"var en liten pris å betale for alle mulighetene som deling låste opp for dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1884 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 86." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 86." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1880 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " +#| "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " +#| "potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance " +#| "as a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the " +#| "idling capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and " +#| "colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the " +#| "Internet.”" msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons means you stop thinking about ways to " "artificially make your content scarce, and instead leverage it as the " -"potentially abundant resource it is.14 When you see information abundance as " -"a feature, not a bug, you start thinking about the ways to use the idling " -"capacity of your content to your advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric " -"Steuer once said, “Using CC licenses shows you get the Internet.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1474 +"potentially abundant resource it is.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> When you see information abundance as a feature, not a bug, you start " +"thinking about the ways to use the idling capacity of your content to your " +"advantage. As my friend and colleague Eric Steuer once said, “Using CC " +"licenses shows you get the Internet.”" +msgstr "" +"Å ha brukt Made with Creative Commons betyr at du slutter å tenke på måter å " +"kunstig gjøre innholdet til et knapphetsgode, og i stedet utnytte det som " +"den potensielt rikelige ressursen det er.14) Når du ser " +"informasjonsoverflod som en funksjon, ikke en feil, begynner du å tenke på " +"måter å bruke denne tomgangskapasiteten til din fordel. Som min venn og " +"kollega Eric Steuer engang sa, «å bruke CC-lisenser viser at du har taket på " +"Internettet»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1895 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1892 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of " +#| "his work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in " +#| "return.15 Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was " +#| "impossible to stop people from copying their hardware, so they decided " +#| "not to even try and instead look for the benefits of being open. For " +#| "them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the " +#| "world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and innovators that " +#| "have done things with their work they never could have done otherwise." msgid "" "Cory Doctorow says it costs him nothing when other people make copies of his " -"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return.15 " -"Similarly, the makers of the Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop " -"people from copying their hardware, so they decided not to even try and " -"instead look for the benefits of being open. For them, the result is one of " -"the most ubiquitous pieces of hardware in the world, with a thriving online " -"community of tinkerers and innovators that have done things with their work " -"they never could have done otherwise." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1477 +"work, and it opens the possibility that he might get something in return." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Similarly, the makers of the " +"Arduino boards knew it was impossible to stop people from copying their " +"hardware, so they decided not to even try and instead look for the benefits " +"of being open. For them, the result is one of the most ubiquitous pieces of " +"hardware in the world, with a thriving online community of tinkerers and " +"innovators that have done things with their work they never could have done " +"otherwise." +msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow sier det koster ham ingenting når andre mennesker lager kopier " +"av hans arbeid, når det åpner muligheten for at han kan få noe tilbake.15) " +"På samme måte, skaperne av Arduino Boards visste det var umulig å stoppe " +"folk fra å kopiere maskinvaren deres, så de besluttet og selv ikke engang å " +"prøve på det, og i stedet se etter fordelene med å være åpne. For dem er " +"resultatet en av de mest utbredte datakort i verden, med et blomstrende " +"nettverkssamfunn (community) av tenkere og innovatører som har bidratt med " +"ting som de selv aldri kunne ha gjort på noen annen måte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1905 msgid "" "There are all kinds of way to leverage the power of sharing and remix to " "your benefit. Here are a few." msgstr "" +"Det er alle slags måter å utnytte kraften i å dele og remikse til din " +"fordel. Her er noen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1479 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-33\"></span>Use CC to grow a larger audience" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1909 +msgid "Use CC to grow a larger audience" +msgstr "Bruk CC for å finne et større publikum" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1489 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1911 msgid "" "Putting a Creative Commons license on your content won’t make it " "automatically go viral, but eliminating legal barriers to copying the work " @@ -2320,115 +3968,256 @@ msgid "" "content has a sign that says Share and the other says Don’t Share (which is " "what “©” means), which do you think people are more likely to share?" msgstr "" +"Å gi innholdet ditt Creative Commons-lisens, vil ikke automatisk gjøre at " +"det går viralt, men å eliminere juridiske hindringer for å kopiering vil " +"absolutt ikke svekke sjansene for at arbeidet deles. CC-lisens symboliserer " +"at deling er velkomment. Den kan fungere som et lite klapp på skulderen til " +"de som kommer over arbeidet – et lite dytt til å kopiere arbeidet om de " +"fornemmer det. Forutsatt at alt annet er likt, hvis ett stykke innhold har " +"et skilt som sier «Del» og det andre sier «Ikke del» (som er det «©» betyr), " +"hvilket tror du det er mer sannsynlig at folk deler?" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1496 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1923 msgid "" "The Conversation is an online news site with in-depth articles written by " -"academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are " -"CC-licensed, and they are copied and reshared on other sites by design. This " +"academics who are experts on particular topics. All of the articles are CC-" +"licensed, and they are copied and reshared on other sites by design. This " "proliferating effect, which they track, is a central part of the value to " "their academic authors who want to reach as many readers as possible." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1508 +"The Conversation er et nyhetsnettsted med dyptgående artikler skrevet av " +"akademikere som er eksperter på spesifikke emner. Alle artiklene er CC-" +"lisensierte, og de kopieres og deles videre til andre bestemte områder. " +"Denne voksende effekten, som spores, er en sentral del av verdien for de " +"akademiske forfattere som ønsker å nå så mange lesere som mulig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1939 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 123." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 123." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1932 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the " +#| "max strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. " +#| "According to Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it " +#| "is you are doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other " +#| "way of saying this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, " +#| "you might as well put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often " +#| "motivates companies to make their products and services free (i.e., no " +#| "cost), but the same logic applies to making content freely shareable. " +#| "Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can be freely " +#| "copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to spread." msgid "" "The idea that more eyeballs equates with more success is a form of the max " -"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " +"strategy, adopted by Google and other technology companies. According to " "Google’s Eric Schmidt, the idea is simple: “Take whatever it is you are " "doing and do it at the max in terms of distribution. The other way of saying " "this is that since marginal cost of distribution is free, you might as well " -"put things everywhere.”16 This strategy is what often motivates companies to " -"make their products and services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic " -"applies to making content freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is " -"free (as in cost) and can be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more " -"accessible and likely to spread." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1516 +"put things everywhere.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " +"strategy is what often motivates companies to make their products and " +"services free (i.e., no cost), but the same logic applies to making content " +"freely shareable. Because CC-licensed content is free (as in cost) and can " +"be freely copied, CC licensing makes it even more accessible and likely to " +"spread." +msgstr "" +"Ideen om at jo flere øyne som ser, og gir tilsvarende mer suksess, er en " +"form for maksimumsstrategi, adoptert av Google og andre teknologiselskaper. " +"Ifølge Eric Schmidt i Google er ideen enkel: «Uansett hva du gjør, gjør det " +"med maksimum distribusjon. Den andre måten å si dette på er at når de " +"marginale distribusjonskostnadene er gratis, kan du også legge ut ting " +"overalt».16) Denne strategien motiverer ofte selskaper til å gjøre sine " +"produkter og tjenester gratis (dvs. til ingen kostnad), men den samme " +"logikken gjelder for å dele innhold fritt. Fordi CC-lisensiert innhold er " +"gratis (i kostnad) og fritt kan deles, gjør CC-lisensiering innholdet enda " +"mer tilgjengelig, og sannsynligvis til å bli spredt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1953 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 132." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1958 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 70." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1948 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or " +#| "other consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " +#| "effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or " +#| "following your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in " +#| "part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but " +#| "it is also because a large following is at least a partial indicator of " +#| "quality or usefulness.18" msgid "" "If you are successful in reaching more users, readers, listeners, or other " -"consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon " -"effect. The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following " -"your work spurs others to want to do the same.17 This is, in part, because " -"we simply have a tendency to engage in herd behavior, but it is also because " -"a large following is at least a partial indicator of quality or " -"usefulness.18" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1519 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-34\"></span>Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1534 +"consumers of your work, you can start to benefit from the bandwagon effect. " +"The simple fact that there are other people consuming or following your work " +"spurs others to want to do the same.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> This is, in part, because we simply have a tendency to engage in herd " +"behavior, but it is also because a large following is at least a partial " +"indicator of quality or usefulness.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Hvis du lykkes i å nå flere brukere, lesere, lyttere eller andre brukere av " +"arbeidet, kan du starte med å benytte deg av bandwagon-effekten. Det enkle " +"faktum er at andre folk som bruker eller følger ditt arbeid ansporer andre " +"til å gjøre samme.17) Dette er delvis fordi vi ganske enkelt har en tendens " +"til å engasjere oss i flokkatferd, men det er også fordi en stor følgeskare " +"delvis er indikator på kvalitet eller nytteverdi.18)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1963 +msgid "Use CC to get attribution and name recognition" +msgstr "Å bruke CC for å få henvisninger og navnegjenkjenning" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1977 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" +msgstr "" +"James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books, 2005), 124. " +"Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and contracts is how rarely " +"they are invoked.”" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1965 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the " +#| "author, and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the " +#| "material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public " +#| "domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many " +#| "communities still give credit as a matter of best practices and social " +#| "norms. In fact, it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal " +#| "enforcement, that most often motivate people to provide attribution and " +#| "otherwise comply with the CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of " +#| "any well-functioning community, within both the marketplace and the " +#| "society at large.19 CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of " +#| "creators, and in the vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally " +#| "inclined to follow those wishes. This is particularly the case for " +#| "something as straightforward and consistent with basic notions of " +#| "fairness as providing credit." msgid "" "Every Creative Commons license requires that credit be given to the author, " -"and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the " -"material. CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public " -"domain, does not make attribution a legal requirement, but many communities " -"still give credit as a matter of best practices and social norms. In fact, " -"it is social norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most " -"often motivate people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the " -"CC license terms anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, " -"within both the marketplace and the society at large.19 CC licenses reflect " -"a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the vast majority of " -"circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow those wishes. This is " -"particularly the case for something as straightforward and consistent with " -"basic notions of fairness as providing credit." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1545 +"and that reusers supply a link back to the original source of the material. " +"CC0, not a license but a tool used to put work in the public domain, does " +"not make attribution a legal requirement, but many communities still give " +"credit as a matter of best practices and social norms. In fact, it is social " +"norms, rather than the threat of legal enforcement, that most often motivate " +"people to provide attribution and otherwise comply with the CC license terms " +"anyway. This is the mark of any well-functioning community, within both the " +"marketplace and the society at large.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> CC licenses reflect a set of wishes on the part of creators, and in the " +"vast majority of circumstances, people are naturally inclined to follow " +"those wishes. This is particularly the case for something as straightforward " +"and consistent with basic notions of fairness as providing credit." +msgstr "" +"Hver Creative Commons-lisens krever at forfatteren gis referanse (kreditt), " +"og at gjenbrukere gir en lenke tilbake til den opprinnelige kilden for " +"materialet. CC0, ikke en lisens, men et verktøy som brukes til å legge " +"arbeider ut i den offentlige sfæren, gjør ikke henvisning juridisk påkrevd, " +"men mange fellesskap gir fortsatt henvisninger i tråd med beste praksis og " +"sosiale normer. Faktisk er det sosiale normer, heller enn trusselen om " +"juridiske håndhevelse, som oftest uansett motiverer folk til å henvise, og " +"ellers overholde lisensvilkårene i CC. Dette er kjennetegnet på et " +"velfungerende fellesskap, både i markedet og samfunnet som helhet.19) CC-" +"lisenser gjenspeiler et sett av ønsker fra bidragsyterne, og i de aller " +"fleste tilfeller er folk naturligvis tilbøyelige til å følge disse ønskene. " +"Dette er spesielt tilfellet for noe så rett frem, og i samsvar med " +"grunnleggende forestillinger om rimelighet, slik som å gi henvisning " +"(kreditt)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:1988 msgid "" "The fact that the name of the creator follows a CC-licensed work makes the " "licenses an important means to develop a reputation or, in corporate speak, " "a brand. The drive to associate your name with your work is not just based " "on commercial motivations, it is fundamental to authorship. Knowledge " -"Unlatched is a nonprofit that helps to subsidize the print production of " -"CC-licensed academic texts by pooling contributions from libraries around " -"the United States. The CEO, Frances Pinter, says that the Creative Commons " +"Unlatched is a nonprofit that helps to subsidize the print production of CC-" +"licensed academic texts by pooling contributions from libraries around the " +"United States. The CEO, Frances Pinter, says that the Creative Commons " "license on the works has a huge value to authors because reputation is the " "most important currency for academics. Sharing with CC is a way of having " "the most people see and cite your work." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1557 +"Det faktum at navnet på innholdsleverandøren følger med i et CC-lisensiert " +"arbeid, gjør lisensene til et viktig middel for å utvikle et omdømme, eller " +"i bedriftenes språk, en merkevare. Drivkraften bak å knytte ditt navn til " +"ditt arbeid er ikke bare basert på en kommersiell motivasjon, det er " +"grunnleggende i forfatterskapet. Åpenhet - Knowledge Unlatched (KU) - er en " +"ideell egenskap som bidrar til å subsidiere produksjonen av CC-lisensierte " +"akademiske tekster ved samling og deling av bidrag fra biblioteker rundt i " +"USA. Direktøren, Frances Pinter, sier at Creative Commons-lisensen på verker " +"har en stor verdi for forfattere fordi omdømme er den viktigste valutaen for " +"akademikere. Deling med CC er en måte for å få flest til å se og sitere ditt " +"arbeide." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2002 msgid "" "Attribution can be about more than just receiving credit. It can also be " "about establishing provenance. People naturally want to know where content " "came from—the source of a work is sometimes just as interesting as the work " "itself. Opendesk is a platform for furniture designers to share their " -"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " +"designs. Consumers who like those designs can then get matched with local " "makers who turn the designs into real-life furniture. The fact that I, " "sitting in the middle of the United States, can pick out a design created by " "a designer in Tokyo and then use a maker within my own community to " "transform the design into something tangible is part of the power of their " "platform. The provenance of the design is a special part of the product." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1565 -msgid "" -"Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its " -"credibility. Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to " -"identify the source and quality of a particular good and service, knowing " -"the author of a work gives the public a way to assess its credibility. In a " -"time when online discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted " -"information source is more valuable than ever." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1567 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-35\"></span>Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1574 +"Å bli navngitt kan handle om mer enn bare å få æren (bli kreditert). Det kan " +"også handle e om å etablere kilden. Naturligvis ønsker folk å vite hvor " +"innholdet kom fra – kilden til et arbeid er noen ganger like interessant som " +"selve arbeidet. Opendesk er en plattform for møbeldesignere til å dele sine " +"design. Forbrukere som liker disse designene kan deretter bli koblet med " +"lokale produsenter som omsetter tegninger til virkelige møbler. Det faktum " +"at jeg sitter i USA, kan plukke ut et design laget av en designer i Tokyo, " +"og deretter bruke en produsent i mitt eget lokalsamfunn til å forvandle " +"designet til noe håndfast, er en del av kraften til plattformen. Opphavet " +"til designet blir en spesiell del av produktet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2017 +msgid "" +"Knowing the source of a work is also critical to ensuring its credibility. " +"Just as a trademark is designed to give consumers a way to identify the " +"source and quality of a particular good and service, knowing the author of a " +"work gives the public a way to assess its credibility. In a time when online " +"discourse is plagued with misinformation, being a trusted information source " +"is more valuable than ever." +msgstr "" +"Å vite hvor arbeidet kommer fra er også avgjørende for å sørge for " +"troverdigheten. Akkurat som et varemerke er utformet for å gi forbrukerne " +"mulighet til å identifisere kilden og kvaliteten til et bestemt gode og en " +"tjeneste, gir det å kjenne til forfatteren av et arbeid publikum en mulighet " +"til å vurdere arbeidets troverdighet. I en tid når nettdiskusjon er plaget " +"med feilinformasjon, er det å være en pålitelig informasjonskilde mer " +"verdifullt enn noensinne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2027 +msgid "Use CC-licensed content as a marketing tool" +msgstr "Å bruke CC-lisensiert innhold som markedsføringsverktøy" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2029 msgid "" "As we will cover in more detail later, many endeavors that are Made with " "Creative Commons make money by providing a product or service other than the " @@ -2437,9 +4226,35 @@ msgid "" "performance of the CC content. In all cases, the CC content can attract " "people to your other product or service." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1587 +"Som vi vil dekke mer detaljert senere; mange arbeider som er «Made with " +"Creative Commons» tjener penger ved å tilby et annet produkt eller en " +"tjeneste enn det CC-lisensierte arbeidet. Noen ganger er det andre produktet " +"eller tjenesten ikke relatert til CC-innholdet. Andre ganger er det en " +"fysisk utgave eller liveopptreden med CC-innholdet. I alle tilfeller kan CC-" +"innholdet trekke folk til dine andre produkter eller tjenester." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2051 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 44." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2038 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " +#| "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually " +#| "increases sales of the printed goods because it functions as a marketing " +#| "tool. We see this phenomenon regularly with famous artwork. The Mona Lisa " +#| "is likely the most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has " +#| "the effect of catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and " +#| "in owning physical goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content " +#| "often entice more demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the " +#| "advent of the radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming " +#| "(and fought it!), free music on the radio functioned as advertising for " +#| "the paid version people bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of " +#| "promotion." msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us she has seen time and again how " "offering CC-licensed content—that is, digitally for free—actually increases " @@ -2448,14 +4263,27 @@ msgid "" "most recognizable painting on the planet. Its ubiquity has the effect of " "catalyzing interest in seeing the painting in person, and in owning physical " "goods with the image. Abundant copies of the content often entice more " -"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the " -"radio. Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), " -"free music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version " -"people bought in music stores.20 Free can be a form of promotion." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1599 +"demand, not blunt it. Another example came with the advent of the radio. " +"Although the music industry did not see it coming (and fought it!), free " +"music on the radio functioned as advertising for the paid version people " +"bought in music stores.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Free can be " +"a form of promotion." +msgstr "" +"Knowlegde Unlatcheds Pinter fortalte oss at hun igjen og igjen har sett " +"hvordan det å tilby CC-lisensiert innhold – som er digitalt gratis – faktisk " +"øker salg av de trykte varene fordi det fungerer som et " +"markedsføringsverktøy. Vi ser dette fenomenet regelmessig med kjente " +"kunstverk. Mona Lisa er trolig det mest gjenkjennelige maleriet på planeten. " +"Denne allestedsnærværelsen utløser interessen for å ville se maleriet selv, " +"og eie fysiske goder med avbildningen. Rikelig med kopier av innholdet " +"lokker ofte til mer etterspørsel, ikke til redusert. Et annet eksempel var " +"da radioen kom. Selv om musikkbransjen ikke så det komme (og kjempet mot " +"den!), fungerte gratis musikk på radio som reklame for den betalte versjonen " +"folk kjøpte i musikkforretninger.20) Gratis kan være en form for " +"markedsføring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2055 msgid "" "In some cases, endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons do not even " "need dedicated marketing teams or marketing budgets. Cards Against Humanity " @@ -2465,163 +4293,424 @@ msgid "" "marketing. The textbook publisher OpenStax has also avoided hiring a " "marketing team. Their products are free, or cheaper to buy in the case of " "physical copies, which makes them much more attractive to students who then " -"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " +"demand them from their universities. They also partner with service " "providers who build atop the CC-licensed content and, in turn, spend money " -"and" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1602 -msgid "" -"resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " +"and resources marketing those services (and by extension, the OpenStax " "textbooks)." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1605 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-36\"></span>Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your " -"work" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1610 +"I noen tilfeller trenger arbeid utført med Creative Commons ikke engang egne " +"markedsføringsteam eller -budsjetter. Cards Against Humanity er et CC-" +"lisensiert kortspill tilgjengelig som en gratis nedlasting. På grunn av " +"dette (takk til CC-lisensen på spillet) sier de som laget det at det en av " +"de best markedsførte spillene i verden, og at de har aldri brukt en krone på " +"markedsføring. Lærebokutgiveren OpenStax har også sluppet å ansette et " +"markedsføringsteam. Deres produkter er gratis, eller billigere å kjøpe som " +"fysiske kopier, noe som gjør dem mye mer attraktive for studenter, som " +"deretter krever dem fra sine universiteter. De samarbeider også med " +"tjenesteleverandører som bygger videre oppå det CC-lisensierte innholdet og, " +"igjen, bruker penger og ressurser på å markedsføre disse tjenestene (og " +"dermed OpenStax lærebøker)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2072 +msgid "Use CC to enable hands-on engagement with your work" +msgstr "" +"Bruke CC til å aktivere hands-on engasjement (aktiv deltakelse) med arbeidet " +"ditt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2075 msgid "" "The great promise of Creative Commons licensing is that it signifies an " "embrace of remix culture. Indeed, this is the great promise of digital " "technology. The Internet opened up a whole new world of possibilities for " "public participation in creative work." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1620 +"Den store lovnaden med Creative Commons-lisensiering er at den omfavner en " +"remiksingskultur. Dette er faktisk det store løftet med digital teknologi. " +"Internettet åpnet opp en helt ny verden av muligheter for offentlig " +"deltakelse i skapende arbeid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2089 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." +msgstr "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2082 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " +#| "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " +#| "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " +#| "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, " +#| "uses, people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer " +#| "the public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than " +#| "others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update " +#| "the content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, " +#| "the ability to adapt a photo is less important." msgid "" "Four of the six CC licenses enable reusers to take apart, build upon, or " "otherwise adapt the work. Depending on the context, adaptation can mean " "wildly different things—translating, updating, localizing, improving, " "transforming. It enables a work to be customized for particular needs, uses, " -"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the " -"public.21 Adaptation is more game changing in some contexts than " -"others. With educational materials, the ability to customize and update the " -"content is critically important for its usefulness. For photography, the " -"ability to adapt a photo is less important." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1632 +"people, and communities, which is another distinct value to offer the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Adaptation is more game changing " +"in some contexts than others. With educational materials, the ability to " +"customize and update the content is critically important for its usefulness. " +"For photography, the ability to adapt a photo is less important." +msgstr "" +"Fire av de seks CC-lisensene åpner for å bygge på gjenbruk, eller på andre " +"måter tilpasse arbeidet. Avhengig av sammenhengen, kan tilpasning bety vidt " +"forskjellige ting – oversettelse, oppdatering, lokalisering, forbedring, " +"transformering. De gjør det mulig å tilpasse et arbeid for spesielle behov, " +"bruk, mennesker og samfunn, som er en annen distinkt verdi å tilby til " +"offentligheten.21) Tilpasning er mer en endring av spillereglene i noen " +"sammenhenger enn i andre. Med læremidler er muligheten til å tilpasse og " +"oppdatere innholdet kritisk viktig for nytteverdien. For fotografi er " +"muligheten til å tilpasse et bilde mindre viktig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2102 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 67." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 67." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2107 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 55." +msgid "Ibid., 58." +msgstr "Ibid., 55." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2110 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 71." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 71." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2115 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." +msgstr "" +"Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " +"Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2097 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " +#| "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People " +#| "often don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result " +#| "they don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny " +#| "act of volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception " +#| "of that thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " +#| "exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had " +#| "a part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " +#| "quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " +#| "replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" msgid "" "This is a way to counteract a potential downside of the abundance of free " "and open content described above. As Anderson wrote in Free, “People often " "don’t care as much about things they don’t pay for, and as a result they " -"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”22 If even the tiny act of " -"volition of paying one penny for something changes our perception of that " -"thing, then surely the act of remixing it enhances our perception " -"exponentially.23 We know that people will pay more for products they had a " -"part in creating.24 And we know that creating something, no matter what " -"quality, brings with it a type of creative satisfaction that can never be " -"replaced by consuming something created by someone else.25" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1640 +"don’t think as much about how they consume them.”<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> If even the tiny act of volition of paying one penny for " +"something changes our perception of that thing, then surely the act of " +"remixing it enhances our perception exponentially.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> We know that people will pay more for products they " +"had a part in creating.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> And we know " +"that creating something, no matter what quality, brings with it a type of " +"creative satisfaction that can never be replaced by consuming something " +"created by someone else.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette er en måte å motvirke mulige ulemper på i overfloden av gratis og " +"åpent innhold beskrevet ovenfor. Som Anderson skrev i Free, «Folk bryr seg " +"ofte ikke så mye om ting de ikke betaler for, og som et resultat tenker de " +"ikke så mye på hvordan de bruker dem». 22) Hvis selv den lille handlingen " +"som vilje til å betale én penny for noe, endrer vår oppfatning av den " +"tingen, så vil sikkert det å remikse forbedre vår oppfatning " +"eksponensielt.23) Vi vet at folk vil betale mer for produkter de hadde en " +"rolle i å lage.24) Og vi vet at å skape noe, uansett hvilken kvalitet, " +"bringer med seg en slags kreativ tilfredshet som kan bli erstattet av å " +"bruke noe som er laget av noen andre.25)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2128 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 21." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2121 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " +#| "consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " +#| "social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " +#| "Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " +#| "matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response " +#| "is part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people " +#| "more deeply tied to your work." msgid "" "Actively engaging with the content helps us avoid the type of aimless " -"consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their " -"social-media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive " -"Surplus, Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence " -"matters, as if, when you see something or hear something, your response is " -"part of the event.”26 Opening the door to your content can get people more " -"deeply tied to your work." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1642 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-37\"></span>Use CC to differentiate yourself" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1654 +"consumption that anyone who has absentmindedly scrolled through their social-" +"media feeds for an hour knows all too well. In his book, Cognitive Surplus, " +"Clay Shirky says, “To participate is to act as if your presence matters, as " +"if, when you see something or hear something, your response is part of the " +"event.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opening the door to your " +"content can get people more deeply tied to your work." +msgstr "" +"Å aktivt engasjere seg i innholdet hjelper oss til å unngå et planløst " +"forbruk som alle som åndsfraværende har rullet igjennom det som kommer inn i " +"ens sosiale medier en times tid, vet alt for godt. I sin bok, Cognitive " +"Surplus, sier Clay Shirky, «Å delta er å handle som om din tilstedeværelse " +"betyr noe, som om, når du ser noe eller hører noe, er ditt svar en del av " +"hendelsen». 26) Å åpne døren til ditt innhold kan få folk dypere knyttet " +"til arbeidet ditt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2134 +msgid "Use CC to differentiate yourself" +msgstr "Bruke CC for å skille deg ut" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2143 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." +msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43." +msgstr "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2136 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating " +#| "under the rules of establishment players in the media. Business " +#| "strategies that are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like " +#| "using digital rights management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, " +#| "can tie the hands of creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best " +#| "interest.27 Being Made with Creative Commons means you can function " +#| "without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased openness as " +#| "a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +#| "specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers " +#| "cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David " +#| "said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" msgid "" "Operating under a traditional copyright regime usually means operating under " "the rules of establishment players in the media. Business strategies that " "are embedded in the traditional copyright system, like using digital rights " "management (DRM) and signing exclusivity contracts, can tie the hands of " -"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.27 Being Made " -"with Creative Commons means you can function without those barriers and, in " -"many cases, use the increased openness as a competitive advantage. David " -"Harris from OpenStax said they specifically pursue strategies they know that " -"traditional publishers cannot. “Don’t go into a market and play by the " -"incumbent rules,” David said. “Change the rules of engagement.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1656 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-38\"></span>Making Money" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1668 +"creators, often at the expense of the creator’s best interest.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons means you can " +"function without those barriers and, in many cases, use the increased " +"openness as a competitive advantage. David Harris from OpenStax said they " +"specifically pursue strategies they know that traditional publishers cannot. " +"“Don’t go into a market and play by the incumbent rules,” David said. " +"“Change the rules of engagement.”" +msgstr "" +"Å operere under et tradisjonelt opphavsrettsregime betyr vanligvis å operere " +"under reglene til etablerte aktører i media. Forretningsstrategier som er " +"innebygd i det tradisjonelle opphavsrettssystemet, som bruker digital " +"rettinghetshåndtering (DRM), og signering av eksklusivitetskontrakter, kan " +"binde hendene til innholdsleverandører, ofte på bekostning av leverandørens " +"beste interesse.27) Made with Creative Commons betyr at du kan fungere uten " +"disse barrierene, og i mange tilfeller bruke økt åpenhet som et " +"konkurransefortrinn. David Harris fra OpenStax sa at de spesielt forfulgte " +"strategier de vet at tradisjonelle utgivere ikke kan. «Ikke gå inn i et " +"marked og lek med de etablerte reglene», sa David. «Reglene for engasjement " +"må endres»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2155 +msgid "Making Money" +msgstr "Å tjene penger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2165 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." +msgstr "" +"William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten Nonprofit " +"Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009, <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2157 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " +#| "have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +#| "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " +#| "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " +#| "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization " +#| "out of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit " +#| "funding operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by " +#| "endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the " +#| "value they generate, where the recipient is paying for the value they " +#| "receive like any standard market transaction. In still other cases, " +#| "rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that typically " +#| "drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a sense of " +#| "reciprocity." msgid "" "Like any moneymaking endeavor, those that are Made with Creative Commons " -"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " +"have to generate some type of value for their audience or customers. " "Sometimes that value is subsidized by funders who are not actually " "beneficiaries of that value. Funders, whether philanthropic institutions, " "governments, or concerned individuals, provide money to the organization out " "of a sense of pure altruism. This is the way traditional nonprofit funding " -"operates.28 But in many cases, the revenue streams used by endeavors that " -"are Made with Creative Commons are directly tied to the value they generate, " -"where the recipient is paying for the value they receive like any standard " -"market transaction. In still other" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1672 -msgid "" +"operates.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But in many cases, the " +"revenue streams used by endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons are " +"directly tied to the value they generate, where the recipient is paying for " +"the value they receive like any standard market transaction. In still other " "cases, rather than the quid pro quo exchange of money for value that " "typically drives market transactions, the recipient gives money out of a " "sense of reciprocity." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1680 +"Som ethvert foretagende som tjener penger, må det som lages med Creative " +"Commons bidra til en slags nytteverdi for sitt publikum eller forbrukere. " +"Noen ganger blir verdien subsidiert av bidragsytere som ikke direkte nyter " +"godt av den direkte. Bidragsytere, enten veldedige institusjoner, " +"myndigheter, eller folk som bryr seg, gir penger til organisasjonen av egen " +"vilje. Dette er den måten vanlig veldedig finansiering virker på.28) I " +"mange tilfeller er pengestrømmene som genereres med arbeid laget med " +"Creative Commons (Made with Creative Commons) direkte knyttet til verdien " +"det genererer, der mottakere betaler for verdien de mottar, som i enhver " +"annen standard markedstransaksjon. I mange andre tilfeller, snarere enn i en " +"noe for noe-utveksling av penger for verdi («en tjeneste er en annen " +"verdt»), som typisk for markedstransaksjoner, gir mottakeren penger i " +"forståelse av en gjensidighet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2186 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2178 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring " +#| "in revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using " +#| "grant funding for content creation when research-and-development costs " +#| "are particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or " +#| "streams) for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing " +#| "when markets are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they " +#| "are not.”29" msgid "" "Most who are Made with Creative Commons use a variety of methods to bring in " "revenue, some market-based and some not. One common strategy is using grant " "funding for content creation when research-and-development costs are " "particularly high, and then finding a different revenue stream (or streams) " "for ongoing expenses. As Shirky wrote, “The trick is in knowing when markets " -"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are not.”29" +"are an optimal way of organizing interactions and when they are " +"not.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Det meste som er laget med Creative Commons bruker en rekke ulike metoder " +"for å bringe inn omsetning, noen markedsbaserte og andre ikke. En vanlig " +"strategi er å bruke eksterne bevilgninger til innhold når forsknings- og " +"utviklingskostnader er spesielt høye, og deretter finne en annen " +"inntektsstrøm (eller strømmer) til påløpende utgifter. Som Shirky skrev, er " +"«trikset å vite når markedene er en optimal måte å organisere interaksjoner " +"på og når de ikke er det». 29)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1687 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2190 msgid "" "Our case studies explore in more detail the various revenue-generating " "mechanisms used by the creators, organizations, and businesses we " "interviewed. There is nuance hidden within the specific ways each of them " "makes money, so it is a bit dangerous to generalize too much about what we " -"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " +"learned. Nonetheless, zooming out and viewing things from a higher level of " "abstraction can be instructive." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1689 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-39\"></span>Market-based revenue streams" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1696 +"Våre referansestudier gjennomgår nærmere de ulike veiene til å skaffe " +"inntekter til innholdsleverandører, organisasjoner og bedrifter vi " +"intervjuet. Det er nyanser skjult i de spesifikke måtene hver og en av dem " +"tjener penger på, så det er litt farlig å generalisere for mye fra hva vi " +"fant. Likevel, å ta et skritt tilbake og vise ting fra et høyere " +"abstraksjonsnivå, kan være lærerikt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2199 +msgid "Market-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Markedsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2204 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." +msgstr "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2211 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." +msgstr "" +"Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance " +"(Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2201 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in " +#| "revenue is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if " +#| "you are Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available " +#| "for free and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium " +#| "business model, any possible market transaction with a consumer of your " +#| "content has to be based on some added value you provide.31" msgid "" "In the market, the central question when determining how to bring in revenue " -"is what value people are willing to pay for.30 By definition, if you are " -"Made with Creative Commons, the content you provide is available for free " -"and not a market commodity. Like the ubiquitous freemium business model, any " -"possible market transaction with a consumer of your content has to be based " -"on some added value you provide.31" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1710 +"is what value people are willing to pay for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> By definition, if you are Made with Creative Commons, the content " +"you provide is available for free and not a market commodity. Like the " +"ubiquitous freemium business model, any possible market transaction with a " +"consumer of your content has to be based on some added value you provide." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I markedet er det sentrale spørsmålet når vi bestemmer hvordan vi skal få " +"inntekter, hvor mye folk er villige til å betale.30) Per definisjon, hvis " +"du bruker Made with Creative Commons, er innholdet du gir tilgjengelig " +"gratis og ikke en markedsvare. I den allestedsnærværende freemium-modellen " +"(som kombinerer «free» og «premium»-utgaver av et produkt eller en tjeneste, " +"der inntjeningen ligger i premium-utgaven), må enhver markedstransaksjon med " +"en forbruker av innholdet være basert på en verdiøkning du tilbyr.31)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2227 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 71." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 71." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2217 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " +#| "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because " +#| "the Internet makes a universe of content available to all of us for free, " +#| "it is difficult to get people to pay for content online. The struggling " +#| "newspaper industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the " +#| "fact that at least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That " +#| "means you may end up competing with free versions of your own content, " +#| "whether you condone it or not.32 If people can easily find your content " +#| "for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, particularly in a " +#| "context where access to content is more important than owning it. In " +#| "Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether coded into " +#| "either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the force " +#| "of gravity.”" msgid "" "In many ways, this is the way of the future for all content-driven " "endeavors. In the market, value lives in things that are scarce. Because the " @@ -2630,28 +4719,66 @@ msgid "" "industry is a testament to this fact. This is compounded by the fact that at " "least some amount of copying is probably inevitable. That means you may end " "up competing with free versions of your own content, whether you condone it " -"or not.32 If people can easily find your content for free, getting people to " -"buy it will be difficult, particularly in a context where access to content " -"is more important than owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright " -"protection schemes, whether coded into either law or software, are simply " -"holding up a price against the force of gravity.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1719 +"or not.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If people can easily find " +"your content for free, getting people to buy it will be difficult, " +"particularly in a context where access to content is more important than " +"owning it. In Free, Anderson wrote, “Copyright protection schemes, whether " +"coded into either law or software, are simply holding up a price against the " +"force of gravity.”" +msgstr "" +"På mange måter er dette veien fremover for alle innholdsdrevne bestrebelser. " +"I markedet ligger verdien i ting som er mangelvare. Med Internetter som et " +"gratis tilgjengelig univers av innhold for oss, er det vanskelig å få folk " +"til å betale for innhold på nettet. Den kjempende avisbransjen er et uttrykk " +"for dette faktum. Dette er forverret av det faktum at i det minste er noe " +"kopiering trolig uunngåelig. Det betyr at du kan ende opp med å konkurrere " +"med gratis versjoner av ditt eget innhold, enten du ser gjennom fingrene med " +"det eller ikke.32) Hvis folk lett kan finne innholdet gratis, vil det være " +"vanskelig å få folk til å kjøpe det, spesielt i en kontekst der tilgang til " +"innhold er viktigere enn å eie den. I Free skrev Anderson: " +"«Opphavsrettigheter, enten regelfestet i lov eller i programvaren, er i " +"enkelhet å holde en pris opp imot tyngdekraften»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2246 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 231." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2236 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future " +#| "in the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one " +#| "product or service becomes free, as information and content largely have " +#| "in the digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance " +#| "creates a new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other " +#| "than the content to provide value to your audience or customers. As " +#| "Anderson says, “It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something " +#| "better or at least different from the free version.”33" msgid "" "Of course, this doesn’t mean that content-driven endeavors have no future in " "the traditional marketplace. In Free, Anderson explains how when one product " "or service becomes free, as information and content largely have in the " -"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " +"digital age, other things become more valuable. “Every abundance creates a " "new scarcity,” he wrote. You just have to find some way other than the " "content to provide value to your audience or customers. As Anderson says, " "“It’s easy to compete with Free: simply offer something better or at least " -"different from the free version.”33" +"different from the free version.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Dette betyr selvfølgelig at innholdsdrevne bestrebelser ikke har noen " +"fremtid på den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. I Free forklarer Anderson at " +"når et produkt eller en tjeneste blir gratis, som informasjon og innhold i " +"stor grad blir i den digitale tidsalderen, blir andre ting mer verdifulle. " +"«Hver overflod skaper en ny knapphet», skrev han. Du må bare finne en måte " +"annet enn enn innholdet for å gi verdi til brukere eller kunder. Som " +"Anderson sier, «det er lett å konkurrere med Free: Bare tilby noe bedre, " +"eller i det minste ulik gratisversjonen».33)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2250 msgid "" "In light of this reality, in some ways endeavors that are Made with Creative " "Commons are at a level playing field with all content-based endeavors in the " @@ -2660,196 +4787,382 @@ msgid "" "also benefit from the goodwill that stems from the values behind being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"I lys av denne virkeligheten er det på noen måter slik innhold Made with " +"Creative Commons er på samme bane som alle innholdsbaserte produkter i den " +"digitale tidsalderen. De kan faktisk selv ha en fordel fordi de kan bruke " +"overfloden av innhold til å få inntekter fra noen knappe ressurser. De kan " +"også nyttiggjøre seg velviljen som stammer fra verdiene bak å være Made with " +"Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1731 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2259 msgid "" "For content creators and distributors, there are nearly infinite ways to " "provide value to the consumers of your work, above and beyond the value that " "lives within your free digital content. Often, the CC-licensed content " -"functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or" +"functions as a marketing tool for the paid product or service." msgstr "" +"For innholdskapere og distributører er det nesten uendelige måter å gi verdi " +"til forbrukerne av ditt arbeid, over og utover verdien av det som er " +"innenfor ditt gratis digitale innhold. Ofte fungerer det CC-lisensierte " +"innholdet som et markedsføringsverktøy for de betalte produkter eller " +"tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1733 -msgid "service." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2266 msgid "Here are the most common high-level categories." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1738 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-40\"></span>Providing a custom service to consumers of " -"your work * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1747 +msgstr "Her er de vanligste høynivå kategoriene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2270 +msgid "" +"Providing a custom service to consumers of your work <emphasis>[MARKET-" +"BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Å tilby en tilpasset tjeneste til brukere av ditt arbeid " +"<emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2280 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 175." +msgid "Ibid., 97." +msgstr "Ibid., 175." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2273 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The " +#| "trick is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized " +#| "services are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity " +#| "information (everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. " +#| "Customized information (you get something unique and meaningful to you) " +#| "wants to be expensive.”34 This can be anything from the artistic and " +#| "cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the custom-song " +#| "business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." msgid "" "In this age of information abundance, we don’t lack for content. The trick " "is finding content that matches our needs and wants, so customized services " -"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " -"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " -"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be expensive.”34 " -"This can be anything from the artistic and cultural consulting services " -"provided by Ártica to the custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” " -"Mann." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1750 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-41\"></span>Charging for the physical copy * " -"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1771 +"are particularly valuable. As Anderson wrote, “Commodity information " +"(everybody gets the same version) wants to be free. Customized information " +"(you get something unique and meaningful to you) wants to be " +"expensive.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This can be anything " +"from the artistic and cultural consulting services provided by Ártica to the " +"custom-song business of Jonathan “Song-A-Day” Mann." +msgstr "" +"I denne informasjonsalderens overflod mangler vi ikke innhold. Trikset er å " +"finne innhold som samsvarer med våre behov og ønsker, så tilpassede " +"tjenester er spesielt verdifulle. Som Anderson skrev, «Vareinformasjon (alle " +"får den samme versjonen) ønsker å være fri. Tilpasset informasjon (du får " +"noe unikt og meningsfullt for deg) ønsker å være dyr».34) Dette kan være alt " +"fra kunstneriske og kulturelle rådgivingstjenester som tilbys av Ártica til " +"det skreddersydde sangtilbudet fra Jonathan «Song-A-Day» Mann." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2287 +msgid "Charging for the physical copy <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Å ta betalt for den fysiske kopien <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2294 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 107." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 107." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2290 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as " +#| "giving away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital " +#| "content and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly " +#| "successful in domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as " +#| "valuable as the analog version, like book publishing where a significant " +#| "subset of people still prefer reading something they can hold in their " +#| "hands. Or in domains where the content isn’t useful until it is in " +#| "physical form, like furniture designs. In those situations, a significant " +#| "portion of consumers will pay for the convenience of having someone else " +#| "put the physical version together for them. Some endeavors squeeze even " +#| "more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative Commons license that " +#| "only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else can sell physical " +#| "copies of their work in competition with them. This strategy of reserving " +#| "commercial rights can be particularly important for items like books, " +#| "where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be the same " +#| "quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service from " +#| "another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, the " +#| "provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the " +#| "same works based on quality, service, or other traditional business " +#| "principles." msgid "" "In his book about maker culture, Anderson characterizes this model as giving " "away the bits and selling the atoms (where bits refers to digital content " -"and atoms refer to a physical object).35 This is particularly successful in " -"domains where the digital version of the content isn’t as valuable as the " -"analog version, like book publishing where a significant subset of people " -"still prefer reading something they can hold in their hands. Or in domains " -"where the content isn’t useful until it is in physical form, like furniture " -"designs. In those situations, a significant portion of consumers will pay " -"for the convenience of having someone else put the physical version together " -"for them. Some endeavors squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by " -"using a Creative Commons license that only allows noncommercial uses, which " -"means no one else can sell physical copies of their work in competition with " -"them. This strategy of reserving commercial rights can be particularly " -"important for items like books, where every printed copy of the same work is " -"likely to be the same quality, so it is harder to differentiate one " -"publishing service from another. On the other hand, for items like furniture " -"or electronics, the provider of the physical goods can compete with other " -"providers of the same works based on quality, service, or other traditional " -"business principles." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1774 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-42\"></span>Charging for the in-person version * " -"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1782 +"and atoms refer to a physical object).<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> This is particularly successful in domains where the digital version " +"of the content isn’t as valuable as the analog version, like book publishing " +"where a significant subset of people still prefer reading something they can " +"hold in their hands. Or in domains where the content isn’t useful until it " +"is in physical form, like furniture designs. In those situations, a " +"significant portion of consumers will pay for the convenience of having " +"someone else put the physical version together for them. Some endeavors " +"squeeze even more out of this revenue stream by using a Creative Commons " +"license that only allows noncommercial uses, which means no one else can " +"sell physical copies of their work in competition with them. This strategy " +"of reserving commercial rights can be particularly important for items like " +"books, where every printed copy of the same work is likely to be the same " +"quality, so it is harder to differentiate one publishing service from " +"another. On the other hand, for items like furniture or electronics, the " +"provider of the physical goods can compete with other providers of the same " +"works based on quality, service, or other traditional business principles." +msgstr "" +"I sin bok om «maker culture» (produsentkultur) karakteriserer Anderson denne " +"modellen ved at den gir bort biter og selger atomene (der biter refererer " +"til digitalt innhold og atomer refererer til et fysisk objekt).35) Dette er " +"særlig vellykket i domener der den digitale versjonen av innholdet ikke er " +"så verdifull som den analoge versjonen, som i bokpublisering der en stor " +"undergruppe fortsatt foretrekker å lese noe de kan holde i hendene, eller i " +"domener der innholdet ikke er nyttig før det er i fysisk form, som " +"møbeldesign. I slike situasjoner vil en betydelig del av forbrukerne betale " +"for nytten av å ha noen andre til å sette sammen den fysiske versjonen for " +"dem. Noen bidragsytere klemmer enda mer ut av denne inntektsstrømmen ved " +"hjelp av en Creative Commons-lisens som bare tillater ikke-kommersiell bruk, " +"noe som betyr at ingen andre kan selge fysiske kopier av arbeidet i " +"konkurranse med dem. Denne strategien for å reservere kommersielle " +"rettigheter kan være spesielt viktig for varer som bøker, der hver utskrift " +"av det samme arbeidet sannsynligvis har samme kvalitet, så det er " +"vanskeligere å skille en publiseringstjeneste fra en annen. På den annen " +"side, for varer som møbler eller elektronikk, kan leverandøren av de fysiske " +"varene konkurrere med andre leverandører av de samme varene basert på " +"kvalitet, tjeneste eller andre tradisjonelle forretningsprinsipper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2318 +msgid "Charging for the in-person version <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Å ta betalt for en personlig versjon <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2321 msgid "" "As anyone who has ever gone to a concert will tell you, experiencing " "creativity in person is a completely different experience from consuming a " "digital copy on your own. Far from acting as a substitute for face-to-face " -"interaction, CC-licensed content can actually create demand for the " -"in-person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view " +"interaction, CC-licensed content can actually create demand for the in-" +"person version of experience. You can see this effect when people go view " "original art in person or pay to attend a talk or training course." msgstr "" +"Som alle som noensinne har gått på en konsert vil fortelle deg, å oppleve " +"kreativitet personlig er en helt annen opplevelse i forhold til å oppleve en " +"digital kopi på egenhånd. Langt fra å være en erstatning for å samhandle " +"ansikt til ansikt, kan CC-lisensiert innhold faktisk skape etterspørsel " +"etter å oppleve dette som en personlig erfaring. Du kan se denne effekten " +"når folk går for å se original kunst personlig, eller betaler for å delta på " +"et tale- eller opplæringskurs." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1784 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-43\"></span>Selling merchandise * \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2332 +msgid "Selling merchandise <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Å selge handelsvarer <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1789 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2335 msgid "" "In many cases, people who like your work will pay for products demonstrating " "a connection to your work. As a child of the 1980s, I can personally attest " "to the power of a good concert T-shirt. This can also be an important " "revenue stream for museums and galleries." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1800 +"I mange tilfeller vil folk som liker ditt arbeid betale for produkter som " +"viser en forbindelse til ditt arbeid. Som barn i 1980, kan jeg personlig " +"bekrefte kraften i en T-skjorte fra en god konsert. Dette kan også være en " +"viktig inntektskilde for museer og gallerier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2352 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." +msgstr "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2342 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " +#| "value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. " +#| "In these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an " +#| "entirely different category of people or businesses. Often, those people " +#| "or businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " +#| "content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes " +#| "the offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +#| "traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " +#| "Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay for" +#| "—there are other services you can provide as well." msgid "" "Sometimes the way to find a market-based revenue stream is by providing " -"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " +"value to people other than those who consume your CC-licensed content. In " "these revenue streams, the free content is being subsidized by an entirely " "different category of people or businesses. Often, those people or " "businesses are paying to access your main audience. The fact that the " -"content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " -"offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " -"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms.36 " -"Access to your audience isn’t the only thing people are willing to pay " -"for—there are other services you can provide as well." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1803 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-44\"></span>Charging advertisers or sponsors * " -"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1814 +"content is free increases the size of the audience, which in turn makes the " +"offer more valuable to the paying customers. This is a variation of a " +"traditional business model built on free called multi-sided platforms." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Access to your audience isn’t the " +"only thing people are willing to pay for—there are other services you can " +"provide as well." +msgstr "" +"Noen ganger kan en finne en markedsbasert inntektsstrøm ved å gi verdi til " +"andre enn dem som bruker ditt CC-lisensierte innhold. I disse " +"inntektstrømmene blir gratis innhold subsidiert av en helt annen kategori " +"personer eller bedrifter. Ofte betaler disse personene eller bedriftene for " +"tilgang til din viktigste målgruppe. Det faktum at innholdet er gratis, øker " +"størrelsen på publikumet, som igjen gjør tilbudet mer verdifullt for de " +"betalende kundene. Dette er en variant av en tradisjonell forretningsmodell " +"bygget på frie såkalte flersidige-plattformer.36) Tilgang til ditt publikum " +"er ikke det eneste folk er villige til å betale for, du kan også levere " +"andre tjenester." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2359 +msgid "Charging advertisers or sponsors <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Ta betalt fra annonsører og sponsorer <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2367 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 92." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2371 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Free, 142." +msgstr "Anderson, Free, 142." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2362 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " +#| "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " +#| "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of " +#| "their audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because " +#| "the number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has " +#| "become essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue " +#| "stream for many content creators, including those who are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the " +#| "advertiser pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or " +#| "projects, or of the overall endeavor." msgid "" "The traditional model of subsidizing free content is advertising. In this " "version of multi-sided platforms, advertisers pay for the opportunity to " "reach the set of eyeballs the content creators provide in the form of their " -"audience.37 The Internet has made this model more difficult because the " -"number of potential channels available to reach those eyeballs has become " -"essentially infinite.38 Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " -"many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative " -"Commons. Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser " -"pays to be an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the " -"overall endeavor." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1817 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-45\"></span>Charging your content creators * " -"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1827 +"audience.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has made " +"this model more difficult because the number of potential channels available " +"to reach those eyeballs has become essentially infinite.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Nonetheless, it remains a viable revenue stream for " +"many content creators, including those who are Made with Creative Commons. " +"Often, instead of paying to display advertising, the advertiser pays to be " +"an official sponsor of particular content or projects, or of the overall " +"endeavor." +msgstr "" +"Den tradisjonelle modellen for å subsidiere gratis innhold er reklame. I " +"denne versjonen av flersidige plattformer, betaler annonsørene for " +"muligheten til kontakt til rekken av «antall øyne som ser» i " +"innholdleverandørenes publikum.37) Internett har gjort denne modellen " +"vanskeligere fordi antallet tilgjengelige, mulige kanaler for å nå det " +"aktuelle antallet er i bunn og grunn blitt uendelig.38) Likevel, det er " +"fortsatt en livskraftig inntektskilde for mange innholdsskapere, inkludert " +"dem som bruker Made with Creative Commons. Ofte, i stedet for betaling for å " +"vise reklame, betaler annonsøren for å være en offisiell sponsor av et " +"bestemt innhold, prosjekter eller oppgaven som sådan." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2380 +msgid "Charging your content creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Betaling fra dine innholdsleverandører <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2383 msgid "" "Another type of multisided platform is where the content creators themselves " -"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " -"available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by " -"others. The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing " -"charge” of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library " -"of Science, but there are other variations. The Conversation is primarily " +"pay to be featured on the platform. Obviously, this revenue stream is only " +"available to those who rely on work created, at least in part, by others. " +"The most well-known version of this model is the “author-processing charge” " +"of open-access journals like those published by the Public Library of " +"Science, but there are other variations. The Conversation is primarily " "funded by a university-membership model, where universities pay to have " "their faculties participate as writers of the content on the Conversation " "website." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1830 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-46\"></span>Charging a transaction fee * " -"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1840 +"En annen type flersidig plattform er der de som lager innholdet selv betaler " +"for å bli omtalt på plattformen. Selvfølgelig er denne inntektsstrømmen bare " +"tilgjengelig for dem som stoler på det arbeidet som er laget, i all fall " +"delvis, av andre. Den mest kjente versjonen av denne modellen er " +"«forfatteravgift» i tidsskrifter med åpen tilgang som de som er publisert av " +"Public Library of Science, men det finnes også andre varianter. The " +"Conversation er primært finansiert med en universitetetsmedlemskapsmodell, " +"der universiteter betaler for at fakultetene kan ha forfattere som leverer " +"innhold til Conversations nettside." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2397 +msgid "Charging a transaction fee <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Transaksjonsgebyr <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2402 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." +msgstr "Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2400 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " +#| "transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " +#| "model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through CC-" +#| "licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " +#| "when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " +#| "platforms make money when service providers transact with their " +#| "customers; for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their " +#| "site pays a maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the " +#| "platform." msgid "" "This is a version of a traditional business model based on brokering " -"transactions between parties.39 Curation is an important element of this " -"model. Platforms like the Noun Project add value by wading through " -"CC-licensed content to curate a high-quality set and then derive revenue " -"when creators of that content make transactions with customers. Other " -"platforms make money when service providers transact with their customers; " -"for example, Opendesk makes money every time someone on their site pays a " -"maker to make furniture based on one of the designs on the platform." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1843 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-47\"></span>Providing a service to your creators* " -"\\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1850 +"transactions between parties.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Curation is an important element of this model. Platforms like the Noun " +"Project add value by wading through CC-licensed content to curate a high-" +"quality set and then derive revenue when creators of that content make " +"transactions with customers. Other platforms make money when service " +"providers transact with their customers; for example, Opendesk makes money " +"every time someone on their site pays a maker to make furniture based on one " +"of the designs on the platform." +msgstr "" +"Dette er en versjon av en tradisjonell modell basert på " +"meglingstransaksjoner mellom deltakere.39) Utvalg og organisering er et " +"viktig element i denne modellen. Plattformer som Noun Project tilfører verdi " +"ved å vade gjennom CC-lisensiert innhold for å velge ut et høykvalitets " +"utvalg, og så utlede inntekt når innholdsleverandørene gjør transaksjoner " +"med kunder. Andre plattformer tjener penger når tjenesteleverandører gjør " +"transaksjoner med kundene deres; for eksempel tjener Opendesk penger hver " +"gang noen på deres nettsted betaler en håndverker for å lage møbler basert " +"på ett av designene på plattformen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2414 +msgid "" +"Providing a service to your creators <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Levere en tjeneste til dine innholdsleverandører <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</" +"emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2417 msgid "" "As mentioned above, endeavors can make money by providing customized " "services to their users. Platforms can undertake a variation of this service " @@ -2858,14 +5171,20 @@ msgid "" "providing paid tools to help their users make the data they contribute to " "the platform more discoverable and reusable." msgstr "" +"Som nevnt ovenfor, kan et innhold gi fortjeneste ved at det leveres " +"tilpassede tjenester til brukerne. Plattformer kan gi en variant av denne " +"tjenestemodellen rettet mot innholdsleverandører som legger inn et innhold " +"de får omtalt. Dataplattformene Figure.NZ og Figshare utnytter denne " +"modellen ved å tilby betalte verktøy for å hjelpe sine brukere å gjøre " +"dataene de bidrar med til plattformen mer synlige og gjenbrukbare." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1852 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-48\"></span>Licensing a trademark* \\[MARKET-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2427 +msgid "Licensing a trademark <emphasis>[MARKET-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Lisensiere et varemerke <emphasis>[MARKEDSBASERT]</emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1861 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2430 msgid "" "Finally, some that are Made with Creative Commons make money by selling use " "of their trademarks. Well known brands that consumers associate with " @@ -2876,23 +5195,35 @@ msgid "" "deriving revenue from something scarce while taking advantage of the " "abundance of CC content." msgstr "" +"Endelig tjener noen som er laget med Creative Commons penger på å selge bruk " +"av varemerker. Kjente merker som forbrukerne forbinder med kvalitet, " +"troverdighet, eller selv en holdning (etos) kan lisensiere varemerket til " +"selskaper som ønsker å dra nytte av dets goodwill. Per definisjon er " +"varemerker knappe fordi de representerer et bestemt opphav for et gode eller " +"en tjeneste. Å ta betalt for muligheten til å bruke det varemerket er en " +"måte å skaffe inntekt fra noe det er knapphet på, og samtidig utnytte " +"fordelen av overfloden av CC-innhold." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1863 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-49\"></span>Reciprocity-based revenue streams" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2442 +msgid "Reciprocity-based revenue streams" +msgstr "Gjensidighetsbaserte inntektsstrømmer" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1868 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2444 msgid "" "Even if we set aside grant funding, we found that the traditional economic " "framework of understanding the market failed to fully capture the ways the " "endeavors we analyzed were making money. It was not simply about monetizing " "scarcity." msgstr "" +"Selv om vi setter til side velgjørenhetsfinansiering, fant vi at " +"tradisjonelle økonomiske rammen for å forstå markedet ikke fullt ut fanger " +"måtene den innsatsen vi analyserte for å tjene penger. Det handlet ikke bare " +"om å tjene penger på knapphet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1878 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2451 msgid "" "Rather than devising a scheme to get people to pay money in exchange for " "some direct value provided to them, many of the revenue streams were more " @@ -2904,9 +5235,18 @@ msgid "" "Like a Commoner, “There is no self-serving calculation of whether the value " "given and received is strictly equal.”" msgstr "" +"I stedet for å utarbeide en plan for å få folk til å betale penger for noe " +"som har en direkte verdi levert til dem, handlet mange av inntektsstrømmene " +"mer om å gi verdi, bygge forhold, og så eventuelt finne noen penger som " +"strømmer tilbake fra en forståelse av gjensidighet. Mens noe ser ut som " +"tradisjonelle veldedige finansieringsmodeller, er de ikke det. Innsatsen " +"utveksler verdier mellom mennesker, ikke nødvendigvis synkront eller på en " +"måte som krever at disse verdiene er like. Som David Bollier skrev i Think " +"Like a Commoner, «Det er ingen iboende kalkyle i om verdien som er gitt og " +"mottatt er helt lik»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1884 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2464 msgid "" "This should be a familiar dynamic—it is the way you deal with your friends " "and family. We give without regard for what and when we will get back. David " @@ -2914,25 +5254,54 @@ msgid "" "identity, community and culture. It is a vital brain function that helps the " "human species survive and evolve.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1889 +"Dette skulle være en kjent dynamikk – det er måten du behandler dine venner " +"og familie. Vi gir uten hensyn til hva vi får, og når vi får tilbake. David " +"Bollier skrev, «Gjensidig sosial utveksling ligger i hjertet av menneskets " +"identitet, samfunn og kultur. Det er en viktig hjernefunksjon som hjelper " +"menneskeheten i sin overlevelse og utvikling»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2474 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2478 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 145." +msgid "Ibid., 134." +msgstr "Ibid., 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2472 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " +#| "that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " +#| "relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange " +#| "of value.41" msgid "" "What is rare is to incorporate this sort of relationship into an endeavor " -"that also engages with the market.40 We almost can’t help but think of " -"relationships in the market as being centered on an even-steven exchange of " -"value.41" +"that also engages with the market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"We almost can’t help but think of relationships in the market as being " +"centered on an even-steven exchange of value.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" +"Det er sjeldent å innlemme slike forhold i en innsats som også favner " +"markedet.40) Vi kan nesten ikke unngå å tenke på markedsrelasjoner som " +"sentrert, uten gjensidig utveksling av verdi.41)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1892 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2483 msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-50\"></span>Memberships and individual donations " -"*\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" +"Memberships and individual donations <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" msgstr "" +"Medlemskap og individuelle donasjoner <emphasis>[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT]</" +"emphasis>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1904 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2486 msgid "" "While memberships and donations are traditional nonprofit funding models, in " "the Made with Creative Commons context, they are directly tied to the " @@ -2945,68 +5314,104 @@ msgid "" "that the content is a public good or that the entire endeavor is furthering " "a social mission, the more likely this strategy is to succeed." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1907 -msgid "" -"<span id=\"anchor-51\"></span>The pay-what-you-want model " -"*\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1917 +"Mens medlemskap og donasjoner er tradisjonelle veldedige " +"finansieringsmodeller, i Made with Creative Commons-sammenheng, er de " +"direkte knyttet til det gjensidige forholdet dyrket med de som nyter godt av " +"arbeidet. Jo større mengde som mottar verdi fra innholdet, jo mer sannsynlig " +"er det at denne strategien vil fungere, gitt at bare en liten prosentandel " +"av brukerne sannsynligvis vil bidra. Siden det å bruke CC-lisenser kan smøre " +"hjulene for at innhold skal nå flere mennesker, kan denne strategien være " +"mer effektiv for innsatser utført med laget med Creative Commons. Jo " +"viktigere argumentet er for at innholdet er et kollektivt gode, eller at " +"hele innsatsen skal fremme en sosial oppgave, jo mer sannsynlig er det at " +"denne strategien lykkes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2502 +msgid "The pay-what-you-want model <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Betal-hva-du-vil-modellen <emphasis>[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2505 msgid "" "In the pay-what-you-want model, the beneficiary of Creative Commons content " "is invited to give—at any amount they can and feel is appropriate, based on " -"the public and personal value they feel is generated by the open " -"content. Critically, these models are not touted as “buying” something " -"free. They are similar to a tip jar. People make financial contributions as " -"an act of gratitude. These models capitalize on the fact that we are " -"naturally inclined to give money for things we value in the marketplace, " -"even in situations where we could find a way to get it for free." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1919 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-52\"></span>Crowdfunding *\\[RECIPROCITY-BASED\\]*" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1934 +"the public and personal value they feel is generated by the open content. " +"Critically, these models are not touted as “buying” something free. They are " +"similar to a tip jar. People make financial contributions as an act of " +"gratitude. These models capitalize on the fact that we are naturally " +"inclined to give money for things we value in the marketplace, even in " +"situations where we could find a way to get it for free." +msgstr "" +"I betal-hva-du-vil-modellen blir mottakere av Creative Commons-innhold " +"invitert til å gi et beløp de synes de kan gi og føler er nødvendig, basert " +"på den offentlige og personlige verdi de føler er frembrakt av det åpne " +"innholdet. Kritisk sett er ikke disse modellene myntet på å «kjøpe» noe " +"gratis. De likner en skål til drikkepenger. Folk gir et økonomiske bidrag " +"som en takk. Disse modellene kapitaliserer det faktum at vi er naturlig " +"tilbøyelige til å gi penger for tingene vi setter pris på i markedet, selv i " +"situasjoner der vi ellers kan finne en måte å få det gratis på ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2518 +msgid "Crowdfunding <emphasis>[RECIPROCITY-BASED]</emphasis>" +msgstr "Folkefinansiering <emphasis>[GJENSIDIGHETSBASERT]</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2521 msgid "" "Crowdfunding models are based on recouping the costs of creating and " "distributing content before the content is created. If the endeavor is Made " "with Creative Commons, anyone who wants the work in question could simply " "wait until it’s created and then access it for free. That means, for this " -"model to work, people have to care about more than just receiving the " -"work. They have to want you to succeed. Amanda Palmer credits the success of " -"her crowdfunding on Kickstarter and Patreon to the years she spent building " -"her community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art " -"of Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " +"model to work, people have to care about more than just receiving the work. " +"They have to want you to succeed. Amanda Palmer credits the success of her " +"crowdfunding on Kickstarter and Patreon to the years she spent building her " +"community and creating a connection with her fans. She wrote in The Art of " +"Asking, “Good art is made, good art is shared, help is offered, ears are " "bent, emotions are exchanged, the compost of real, deep connection is " -"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " +"sprayed all over the fields. Then one day, the artist steps up and asks for " "something. And if the ground has been fertilized enough, the audience says, " "without hesitation: of course.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1941 +"Folkefinansiering er modeller basert på å tjene inn igjen kostnadene til å " +"lage og distribuere innhold når innholdet er opprettet. Hvis arbeidet er " +"laget med Creative Commons, kunne de som ønsker det aktuelle arbeidet bare " +"vente til det er opprettet, og deretter få tilgang til det gratis. Det " +"betyr, for å få denne modellen til å virke, at folk må bry seg mer enn å " +"bare motta arbeidet. De må ønske at du lykkes. Amanda Palmer tillegger " +"suksessen med folkefinansiering av Kickstarter og Patreon til årene hun " +"brukte til bygge opp sitt fellesskap, og utvikle koblingen med tilhengerne " +"sine. Hun skrev i The Art og Asking, «God kunst er laget, god kunst deles, " +"hjelp tilbys, ører spisset, følelser utveksles, kompost av ekte og dyp " +"forbindelse er spredt over åkrene. Så en dag, trapper kunstneren opp og ber " +"om noe. Og hvis bakken er gjødslet nok, sier publikum, uten å nøle: " +"Selvfølgelig»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2539 msgid "" "Other types of crowdfunding rely on a sense of responsibility that a " -"particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major " -"U.S. libraries to subsidize CC-licensed academic work that will be, by " +"particular community may feel. Knowledge Unlatched pools funds from major U." +"S. libraries to subsidize CC-licensed academic work that will be, by " "definition, available to everyone for free. Libraries with bigger budgets " "tend to give more out of a sense of commitment to the library community and " "to the idea of open access generally." msgstr "" +"Andre typer folkefinansiering bygger på en ansvarsfølelse som et bestemt " +"fellesskap kan ha. Knowledge Unlatched samler opp midler fra store " +"amerikanske biblioteker for å støtte CC-lisensiert akademisk arbeid som vil " +"bli, per definisjon, tilgjengelig gratis for alle. Biblioteker med større " +"budsjetter tenderer til å gi mer av en følelse av forpliktelse til " +"biblioteksamfunnet, og ideen om åpen tilgang generelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1943 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-53\"></span>Making Human Connections" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2550 +msgid "Making Human Connections" +msgstr "Å bygge menneskelige forbindelser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2552 msgid "" "Regardless of how they made money, in our interviews, we repeatedly heard " "language like “persuading people to buy” and “inviting people to pay.” We " @@ -3016,53 +5421,83 @@ msgid "" "Lumen Learning showed us the letter they send to those who opt not to pay " "for the services they provide in connection with their CC-licensed " "educational content. It isn’t a cease-and-desist letter; it’s an invitation " -"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward " -"what could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " +"to pay because it’s the right thing to do. This sort of behavior toward what " +"could be considered nonpaying customers is largely unheard of in the " "traditional marketplace. But it seems to be part of the fabric of being Made " "with Creative Commons." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1963 +"Uansett hvordan de tjente penger, i våre intervjuer hørte vi gjentatte " +"ganger ord som «å overtale folk til å kjøpe» og «invitere folk til å " +"betale». Vi hørte det selv i forbindelse med inntektsstrømmer som er helt og " +"holdent i markedet. Cory Doctorow fortalte oss, «Jeg må overbevise mine " +"lesere om at det riktige å gjøre er å betale meg». Grunnleggerne av for-" +"profitt-selskapet Lumen Learning, viste oss brevet de sender til dem som " +"velger å ikke betale for tjenestene de leverer med sitt CC-lisensierte " +"utdanningsinnhold. Det er ikke et stanse- og avslå-brev; det er en " +"invitasjon til å betale fordi det er den riktige tingen å gjøre. Denne typen " +"atferd overfor hva som kan anses som ikke betalende kunder, er hovedsakelig " +"uhørt på den tradisjonelle markedsplassen. Men det synes å være en del av " +"oppbyggingen av å være Made with Creative Commons." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2568 msgid "" "Nearly every endeavor we profiled relied, at least in part, on people being " "invested in what they do. The closer the Creative Commons content is to " -"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather " -"than simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, " -"personal, and creative connections with the people who value what they do." +"being “the product,” the more pronounced this dynamic has to be. Rather than " +"simply selling a product or service, they are making ideological, personal, " +"and creative connections with the people who value what they do." msgstr "" +"Nesten alle forsøk vi undersøkte støtte seg, minst delvis, på at folk " +"investerer i hva de gjør. Jo nærmere Creative Commons-innhold er i å være " +"«produktet», jo mer uttalt må denne dynamikken være. I stedet for bare å " +"selge et produkt eller en service, knytter de ideologiske, personlige og " +"kreative forbindelser med folk som verdsetter det de gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2576 msgid "" "It took me a very long time to see how this avoidance of thinking about what " "they do in pure market terms was deeply tied to being Made with Creative " "Commons." msgstr "" +"Det tok meg lang tid å se hvordan dette å unngå å tenke på hva de gjør i " +"rene markedstermer, var sterkt knyttet til Made with Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2581 msgid "" "I came to the research with preconceived notions about what Creative Commons " "is and what it means to be Made with Creative Commons. It turned out I was " "wrong on so many counts." msgstr "" +"Jeg kom til prosjektet med forhåndsoppfatningen om hva Creative Commons er, " +"og hva det betyr å være laget med Creative Commons. Det viste seg at jeg tok " +"feil på så mange punkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1980 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2586 msgid "" "Obviously, being Made with Creative Commons means using Creative Commons " "licenses. That much I knew. But in our interviews, people spoke of so much " "more than copyright permissions when they explained how sharing fit into " "what they do. I was thinking about sharing too narrowly, and as a result, I " -"was missing vast swaths of the meaning packed within Creative " -"Commons. Rather than parsing the specific and narrow role of the copyright " -"license in the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of " -"what comes with sharing. You have to widen the lens." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1992 +"was missing vast swaths of the meaning packed within Creative Commons. " +"Rather than parsing the specific and narrow role of the copyright license in " +"the equation, it is important not to disaggregate the rest of what comes " +"with sharing. You have to widen the lens." +msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig er Made with Creative Commons å bruke Creative Commons-" +"lisenser. Så mye visste jeg. Men i våre intervjuer snakket folk om så mye " +"mer enn opphavsrettigheter når de forklarte hvordan deling passer inn i hva " +"de gjør. Jeg tenkte for smalt på deling, og resultatet var jeg hadde store " +"sprekker i meningen som er pakket inn i Creative Commons. Snarere enn å " +"analysere den spesifikke og smale rollen til opphavsretten i sammenhengen, " +"er det viktig å ikke skille ut resten av det som følger med deling. Du må " +"utvide synsfeltet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2597 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons is not just about the simple act of " "licensing a copyrighted work under a set of standardized terms, but also " @@ -3075,34 +5510,83 @@ msgid "" "with whom you share—connections with you, with your work, with your values, " "with each other." msgstr "" +"Made with Creative Commons dreier seg ikke bare om den enkle handlingen å " +"lisensiere et åndsprodukt med et sett standardiserte vilkår, men også om " +"fellesskap, sosial nytte, å bidra med ideer, uttrykke et verdisystem, " +"samarbeide. Det er vanskelig å kultivere delingskomponentene hvis du tenker " +"på hva du gjør med ren markedstenkning. Anstendig sosial atferd er ikke like " +"intuitivt når vi gjør noe med en monetær utveksling. Det kreves en bevisst " +"innsats for å fremme en kontekst med ekte deling, ikke bare basert på " +"upersonlig utveksling i markedet, men på forbindelsene med folk som du " +"deler med – forbindelsene til deg, med arbeidet ditt, med dine verdier, med " +"hverandre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1997 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2611 msgid "" "The rest of this section will explore some of the common strategies that " "creators, companies, and organizations use to remind us that there are " -"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " +"humans behind every creative endeavor. To remind us we have obligations to " "each other. To remind us what sharing really looks like." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:1999 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-54\"></span>Be human" +"I resten av denne seksjonen vil vi gjennomgå noen av de vanlige strategiene " +"som innholdsleverandører, selskaper og organisasjoner bruker for å minne oss " +"på at det finnes mennesker bak ethvert kreativt arbeid. For å minne oss om " +"at vi har forpliktelser overfor hverandre. For å minne oss om hvordan " +"deling virkelig ser ut." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2618 +msgid "Be human" +msgstr "Vær menneskelig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2622 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." +msgstr "" +"Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " +"Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2620 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " +#| "each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with " +#| "whom we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " +#| "Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " +#| "knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it " +#| "easy forget we are dealing with another human." +msgid "" +"Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " +"each other well.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But the further " +"removed we are from the person with whom we are interacting, the less caring " +"our behavior will be. While the Internet has democratized cultural " +"production, increased access to knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary " +"ways, it can also make it easy forget we are dealing with another human." msgstr "" +"Mennesker er sosiale dyr, noe som betyr at vi er naturlig tilbøyelig til å " +"behandle hverandre godt.42) Men jo fjernere vi er fra personen som vi " +"samhandler med, jo mindre omsorgsfull vil vår atferd være. Mens Internett " +"har demokratisert kulturell produksjon, har økt tilgangen til kunnskap, og " +"koblet oss sammen på ekstraordinære måter, kan det også gjøre det lett å " +"glemme at vi arbeider med et annet menneske." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2006 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2646 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Humans are social animals, which means we are naturally inclined to treat " -"each other well.42 But the further removed we are from the person with whom " -"we are interacting, the less caring our behavior will be. While the " -"Internet has democratized cultural production, increased access to " -"knowledge, and connected us in extraordinary ways, it can also make it easy " -"forget we are dealing with another human." +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." msgstr "" +"Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " +"Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2018 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2633 msgid "" "To counteract the anonymous and impersonal tendencies of how we operate " "online, individual creators and corporations who use Creative Commons " @@ -3113,88 +5597,223 @@ msgid "" "where things came from, how they were made, and who made them. The stories " "you tell about the work you do have a huge effect on how people feel and " "what they understand about your work, and how people feel and what they " -"understand about your work affects how they value it.”43" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2028 +"understand about your work affects how they value it.”<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For å motvirke anonyme og upersonlige tendenser i hvordan vi opererer på " +"nettet, arbeider individuelle leverandører og selskaper, som bruker Creative " +"Commons-lisenser, med å demonstrere sin menneskelighet. For noen betyr dette " +"å legge ut sine liv på nettsiden. For andre betyr dette å vise sin kreative " +"prosess, gi et innblikk i hvordan de gjør det de gjør. Som forfatter skrev " +"Austin Kleon, «Vårt arbeid snakker ikke for seg selv. Mennesker ønsker å " +"vite hvor ting kom fra, hvordan de ble laget, og hvem som laget dem. " +"Historiene du fortelle om arbeidet du gjør, har stor innvirkning på hvordan " +"folk føler, hva de forstår om arbeidet ditt, hvordan folk føler, og hva de " +"forstår om hvordan arbeidet ditt påvirker hvordan de verdsetter det»." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2652 msgid "" "A critical component to doing this effectively is not worrying about being a " "“brand.” That means not being afraid to be vulnerable. Amanda Palmer says, " -"“When you’re afraid of someone’s judgment, you can’t connect with " -"them. You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone " -"is suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are " -"a lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " -"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the " -"glossy version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful " -"way." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2037 +"“When you’re afraid of someone’s judgment, you can’t connect with them. " +"You’re too preoccupied with the task of impressing them.” Not everyone is " +"suited to live life as an open book like Palmer, and that’s OK. There are a " +"lot of ways to be human. The trick is just avoiding pretense and the " +"temptation to artificially craft an image. People don’t just want the glossy " +"version of you. They can’t relate to it, at least not in a meaningful way." +msgstr "" +"En kritisk komponent for å gjøre dette effektivt er å ikke bekymre seg om å " +"være en «merkevare». Det betyr å ikke å være redd for å være sårbar. Amanda " +"Palmer sier, «når du er redd for noens dom, må du ikke koble deg sammen med " +"dem. Du blir for opptatt med oppgaven å imponere dem». Det passer ikke for " +"alle å leve livet som en åpen bok, som Palmer, og det er OK. Det er mange " +"måter å være menneske på. Trikset er bare unngå å late som, og fristelsen " +"til å lage et kunstig bilde. Folk ønsker ikke bare den skinnende versjonen " +"av deg. De kan ikke forholder seg til det, i hvert fall ikke på en " +"meningsfull måte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2672 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kramer, Shareology, 76." +msgstr "Kramer, Shareology, 76." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2664 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and " +#| "organizations because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman " +#| "(though in the United States, corporations are people!). When " +#| "corporations and organizations make the people behind them more apparent, " +#| "it reminds people that they are dealing with something other than an " +#| "anonymous corporate entity. In business-speak, this is about “humanizing " +#| "your interactions” with the public.44 But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +#| "can’t fake being human." msgid "" "This advice is probably even more important for businesses and organizations " "because we instinctively conceive of them as nonhuman (though in the United " "States, corporations are people!). When corporations and organizations make " "the people behind them more apparent, it reminds people that they are " -"dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In " -"business-speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the " -"public.44 But it can’t be a gimmick. You can’t fake being human." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2039 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-55\"></span>Be open and accountable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2049 +"dealing with something other than an anonymous corporate entity. In business-" +"speak, this is about “humanizing your interactions” with the public." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it can’t be a gimmick. You " +"can’t fake being human." +msgstr "" +"Dette rådet er sannsynligvis enda viktigere for bedrifter og organisasjoner " +"fordi vi instinktivt tenker på dem som ikke menneskelige (men i USA, er " +"selskaper mennesker!). Når bedrifter og organisasjoner gjør menneskene bak " +"dem mer tydelige, minner det folk om at de har å gjøre med noe annet enn en " +"anonym enhet i en bedrift. I forretningsspråket handler dette om å " +"«menneskeliggjøre sine samhandlinger» med offentligheten.44) Men det kan " +"ikke være en gimmick. Du kan ikke forfalske det å være menneske." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2678 +msgid "Be open and accountable" +msgstr "Vær åpen og ansvarlig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2687 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 252." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2692 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." +msgstr "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2680 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you " +#| "do, but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told " +#| "us, “One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just " +#| "be honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As " +#| "Amanda Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " +#| "communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " +#| "sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your " +#| "rationale and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" msgid "" "Transparency helps people understand who you are and why you do what you do, " "but it also inspires trust. Max Temkin of Cards Against Humanity told us, " "“One of the most surprising things you can do in capitalism is just be " "honest with people.” That means sharing the good and the bad. As Amanda " "Palmer wrote, “You can fix almost anything by authentically " -"communicating.”45 It isn’t about trying to satisfy everyone or trying to " -"sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but instead about explaining your rationale " -"and then being prepared to defend it when people are critical.46" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2053 -msgid "" -"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " -"Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to " -"lowest-common-denominator solutions and" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2063 -msgid "" -"avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that cultivates healthy " -"collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then " -"giving context and explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting " -"feedback and inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through " -"the effort to actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse " -"than not inviting input in the first place.48 But when you get it right, it " -"can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that helps endeavors " -"excel. And it is another way to get people involved and invested in what you " -"do." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2065 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-56\"></span>Design for the good actors" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2078 +"communicating.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It isn’t about " +"trying to satisfy everyone or trying to sugarcoat mistakes or bad news, but " +"instead about explaining your rationale and then being prepared to defend it " +"when people are critical.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Åpenhet hjelper folk å forstå hvem du er og hvorfor du gjør det du gjør, men " +"det inspirerer også til tillit. Som Max Temkin i Cards Against Humanity " +"fortalte oss, «En av de mest overraskende tingene du kan gjøre i " +"kapitalismen, er bare å være ærlig med folk». Det betyr at du deler det gode " +"og dårlige. Som Amanda Palmer skrev, «Du kan fikse nesten alt med ekte og " +"pålitelig kommunikasjon».45) Det handler ikke om å prøve å tilfredsstille " +"alle, eller prøver å glatte over feil eller dårlige nyheter, men i stedet " +"forklare om din begrunnelse, og så være forberedt på å forsvare den når folk " +"er kritiske.46)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2701 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." +msgstr "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2708 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." +msgstr "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2696 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to " +#| "James Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" +#| "denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " +#| "cultivates healthy collaboration.47 Instead, it can be as simple as " +#| "asking for input and then giving context and explanation about decisions " +#| "you make, even if soliciting feedback and inviting discourse is time-" +#| "consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to actually respond to the " +#| "input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting input in the first " +#| "place.48 But when you get it right, it can guarantee the type of " +#| "diversity of thought that helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to " +#| "get people involved and invested in what you do." +msgid "" +"Being accountable does not mean operating on consensus. According to James " +"Surowiecki, consensus-driven groups tend to resort to lowest-common-" +"denominator solutions and avoid the sort of candid exchange of ideas that " +"cultivates healthy collaboration.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, it can be as simple as asking for input and then giving context and " +"explanation about decisions you make, even if soliciting feedback and " +"inviting discourse is time-consuming. If you don’t go through the effort to " +"actually respond to the input you receive, it can be worse than not inviting " +"input in the first place.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But when " +"you get it right, it can guarantee the type of diversity of thought that " +"helps endeavors excel. And it is another way to get people involved and " +"invested in what you do." +msgstr "" +"Å være ansvarlig betyr ikke å operere med konsensus. Ifølge James " +"Surowiecki, tenderer konsensusdrevne grupper til å ty til løsninger basert " +"på laveste fellesnevner, og unngår oppriktig utveksling av ideer i " +"fremmingen av sunt samarbeid.47) Isteden kan det være så enkelt som å be om " +"innspill, og deretter tilby bindeleddsinformasjon og forklaringer på " +"beslutninger du tar, selv om det å be om tilbakemeldinger og innby til " +"meningsutveksling er tidkrevende. Hvis du ikke tar deg bryderiet med å svare " +"på innspillene du får, kan det være verre enn å ikke invitere dem i første " +"omgang.4) Når du dog får det godt til, kan det garantere den typen mangfold " +"i tenkingen som hjelper til å utmerke innsatsen. Samtidig er det en annen " +"måte å få folk involvert og investert i det du gjør." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2716 +msgid "Design for the good actors" +msgstr "Design for de gode aktører" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2720 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2725 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 31." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2718 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " +#| "own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows " +#| "this is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range " +#| "of needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work " +#| "together and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires " +#| "an assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " +#| "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. " +#| "As Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who " +#| "try to scare you about free riding. That fear is based on a very shallow " +#| "view of what motivates human behavior.” There will always be people who " +#| "will act in purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with " +#| "Creative Commons design for the good actors." msgid "" "Traditional economics assumes people make decisions based solely on their " -"own economic self-interest.49 Any relatively introspective human knows this " -"is a fiction—we are much more complicated beings with a whole range of " -"needs, emotions, and motivations. In fact, we are hardwired to work together " -"and ensure fairness.50 Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " +"own economic self-interest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Any " +"relatively introspective human knows this is a fiction—we are much more " +"complicated beings with a whole range of needs, emotions, and motivations. " +"In fact, we are hardwired to work together and ensure fairness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Being Made with Creative Commons requires an " "assumption that people will largely act on those social motivations, " "motivations that would be considered “irrational” in an economic sense. As " "Knowledge Unlatched’s Pinter told us, “It is best to ignore people who try " @@ -3203,22 +5822,75 @@ msgid "" "purely selfish ways, but endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons " "design for the good actors." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2087 -msgid "" -"The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a " -"self-fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " -"assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " +"Tradisjonell økonomi forutsetter at folk tar avgjørelser basert utelukkende " +"ut fra sin økonomiske egeninteresse.49) Ethvert relativt selvanalyserende " +"menneske vet at dette er en fiksjon – vi er mye mer kompliserte vesener med " +"en hel rekke behov, følelser og motivasjoner. Faktisk er vi bundet til å " +"samarbeide og sikre rettferdighet.50) Made with Creative Commons " +"forutsetter en oppfatning om at folk i stor grad vil handle ut fra disse " +"sosiale motivasjonene, motivasjoner som ville bli betraktet som " +"«irrasjonelle» i økonomisk forstand. Som Pinter i Knowlegde Unlatched " +"fortalte oss, er «det best å ignorere mennesker som prøver å skremme deg med " +"gratisturer. Den frykten er basert på et svært grunt syn på hva som " +"motiverer menneskelig atferd». Det vil alltid være folk som vil handle på " +"rent egoistiske måter, men oppgaver som er laget med Creative Commons-design " +"er for de gode aktørene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2743 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2737 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" +#| "fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that " +#| "assume people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give " +#| "them opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together " +#| "better than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge " +#| "that people are often motivated by something other than financial self-" +#| "interest, we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate " +#| "our social instincts." +msgid "" +"The assumption that people will largely do the right thing can be a self-" +"fulfilling prophecy. Shirky wrote in Cognitive Surplus, “Systems that assume " +"people will act in ways that create public goods, and that give them " "opportunities and rewards for doing so, often let them work together better " -"than neoclassical economics would predict.”51 When we acknowledge that " -"people are often motivated by something other than financial self-interest, " -"we design our endeavors in ways that encourage and accentuate our social " -"instincts." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2097 +"than neoclassical economics would predict.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> When we acknowledge that people are often motivated by something " +"other than financial self-interest, we design our endeavors in ways that " +"encourage and accentuate our social instincts." +msgstr "" +"Antagelsen om at folk i stor grad vil gjøre det rette, kan være en " +"selvoppfyllende profeti. Shirky skrev i Cognitive Surplus: «Systemer som " +"antar at folk vil opptre på måter som skaper offentlige goder, og som gir " +"dem muligheter og belønninger for å gjøre det, lar dem ofte arbeide sammen " +"bedre enn neoklassisk økonomi ville forutse». 51) Når vi erkjenner at folk " +"ofte er motivert av noe annet enn finansiell egeninteresse, designer vi våre " +"bestrebelser på måter som stimulerer og fremhever våre sosiale instinkter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2760 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." +msgstr "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2750 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " +#| "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " +#| "our daily lives are already built on trust. As Surowiecki wrote in The " +#| "Wisdom of Crowds, “It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone to " +#| "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for " +#| "any organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its " +#| "managers and workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely " +#| "trust that people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to " +#| "do.52 And most often, they do." msgid "" "Rather than trying to exert control over people’s behavior, this mode of " "operating requires a certain level of trust. We might not realize it, but " @@ -3226,59 +5898,140 @@ msgid "" "Wisdom of Crowds, “It’s impossible for a society to rely on law alone to " "make sure citizens act honestly and responsibly. And it’s impossible for any " "organization to rely on contracts alone to make sure that its managers and " -"workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that " -"people—mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.52 And most " -"often, they do." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2099 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-57\"></span>Treat humans like, well, humans" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2108 -msgid "" -"For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " -"fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 Even " -"if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of fame, you " -"are better off remembering that the people who follow your work are human, " -"too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email someone sends " -"him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going online to " -"communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as much as she " -"talks.54" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2113 +"workers live up to their obligation.” Instead, we largely trust that people—" +"mostly strangers—will do what they are supposed to do.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And most often, they do." +msgstr "" +"Snarere enn å prøve å utøve kontroll over menneskers atferd, krever denne " +"arbeidsmåten en viss grad av tillit. Vi innser det kanskje, men våre daglige " +"liv er allerede bygget på tillit. Som Surowiecki skrev i The visdom of " +"Crowds; «Det er umulig for et samfunn å stole på loven alene for å sikre at " +"borgere opptrer ærlig og ansvarlig. Det er også umulig for noen organisasjon " +"å stole på kontrakter alene for å sørge for at dens ledere og arbeidere " +"lever opp til sine forpliktelser». I stedet stoler vi i stor grad på at folk " +"– for det meste fremmede – vil gjøre hva som forventes av dem.52) Som " +"oftest gjør de det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2765 +msgid "Treat humans like, well, humans" +msgstr "Å behandle mennesker som, vel, mennesker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2770 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." +msgstr "Kleon, Show Your Work, 127." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2778 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 121." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2767 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like " +#| "fans. As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”53 " +#| "Even if you happen to be one of the few to reach celebrity levels of " +#| "fame, you are better off remembering that the people who follow your work " +#| "are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to answer every single email " +#| "someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast quantities of time going " +#| "online to communicate with her public, making a point to listen just as " +#| "much as she talks.54" +msgid "" +"For creators, treating people as humans means not treating them like fans. " +"As Kleon says, “If you want fans, you have to be a fan first.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Even if you happen to be one of the few to " +"reach celebrity levels of fame, you are better off remembering that the " +"people who follow your work are human, too. Cory Doctorow makes a point to " +"answer every single email someone sends him. Amanda Palmer spends vast " +"quantities of time going online to communicate with her public, making a " +"point to listen just as much as she talks.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For innholdsleverandører betyr å behandle folk som mennesker ikke å behandle " +"dem som fans. Som Kleon sier, «Hvis du vil ha fans, må du først være en " +"fan«.53) Selv om du tilfeldigvis blir en av de få som når en " +"kjendisberømmelse, er det bedre om du husker at folk som følger arbeidet " +"ditt, også er menneskelige. Cory Doctorow gjør et poeng av å svare på hver " +"enkelt e-post noen sender ham. Amanda Palmer bruker store deler av tiden på " +"nettet til å kommunisere med sitt publikum, og gjør et poeng av å lytte like " +"mye som hun snakker.54)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2782 msgid "" "The same idea goes for businesses and organizations. Rather than automating " "its customer service, the music platform Tribe of Noise makes a point to " "ensure its employees have personal, one-on-one interaction with users." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2125 -msgid "" -"When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in " -"kind. It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " -"easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " -"customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from contributors " -"are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. It is important " -"to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that contributors " -"generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by simply paying " -"contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we introduce money " -"into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of paying monetary value " -"in exchange for other value—it can dramatically change the dynamic.56" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2127 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-58\"></span>State your principles and stick to them" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2137 +"Den samme ideen gjelder for bedrifter og organisasjoner. I stedet for å " +"automatisere sin kundeservice, gjør musikkplattformen Tribe of Noise et " +"poeng av å sikre at deres ansatte har en personlig, en-til-en-interaksjon " +"med brukere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2793 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." +msgstr "Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2803 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 105." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2788 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " +#| "It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too " +#| "easy to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as " +#| "anonymous customers or free labor.55 Platforms that rely on content from " +#| "contributors are especially at risk of creating an exploitative dynamic. " +#| "It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay back the value that " +#| "contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve this problem by " +#| "simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. As soon as we " +#| "introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a form of " +#| "paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can dramatically " +#| "change the dynamic.56" +msgid "" +"When we treat people like humans, they typically return the gift in kind. " +"It’s called karma. But social relationships are fragile. It is all too easy " +"to destroy them if you make the mistake of treating people as anonymous " +"customers or free labor.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Platforms " +"that rely on content from contributors are especially at risk of creating an " +"exploitative dynamic. It is important to find ways to acknowledge and pay " +"back the value that contributors generate. That does not mean you can solve " +"this problem by simply paying contributors for their time or contributions. " +"As soon as we introduce money into a relationship—at least when it takes a " +"form of paying monetary value in exchange for other value—it can " +"dramatically change the dynamic.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Når vi behandler folk som mennesker, vil de vanligvis behandle oss på samme " +"måte. Det kalles karma. Men sosiale relasjoner er skjøre. Det er altfor lett " +"å ødelegge dem hvis du gjør den feilen å behandle folk som anonyme kunder " +"eller gratisarbeidere.55) Plattformer som bruker innhold fra bidragsytere " +"er spesielt i fare for å skape en dynamikk som utnytter. Det er viktig å " +"finne måter å anerkjenne og betale tilbake verdien bidragsytere genererer. " +"Det betyr ikke at du kan løse dette problemet bare ved å, i enkelhet, betale " +"bidragsytere for deres tid eller bidrag. Så snart vi introduserer penger inn " +"i et forhold – i det minste når det tar form av å betale en pengeverdi i " +"bytte for en annen verdi - kan det dramatisk endre dynamikken.56)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2808 +msgid "State your principles and stick to them" +msgstr "Legg frem dine prinsipper og hold deg til dem" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2810 msgid "" "Being Made with Creative Commons makes a statement about who you are and " "what you do. The symbolism is powerful. Using Creative Commons licenses " @@ -3289,101 +6042,251 @@ msgid "" "akin to a political statement. Other times people will identify and feel " "connected with an endeavor’s separate social mission. Often both." msgstr "" +"Når du bruker Made with Creative Commons, fastslår du hvem du er og hva du " +"gjør. Symbolikken er kraftig. Med Creative Commons-lisenser demonstrerer du " +"tilslutning til en bestemt trossystem, som genererer goodwill og knytter " +"likesinnede til arbeidet ditt. Noen ganger trekkes folk til innhold som er " +"Made with Creative Commons som en måte å demonstrere sin egen forpliktelse " +"overfor verdisystemet til Creative Commons, som en politisk erklæring. Andre " +"ganger vil folk vil identifisere seg med, og føle seg knyttet til innholdets " +"separate sosiale oppgave. Ofte begge." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2822 msgid "" "The expression of your values doesn’t have to be implicit. In fact, many of " "the people we interviewed talked about how important it is to state your " -"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " +"guiding principles up front. Lumen Learning attributes a lot of their " "success to having been outspoken about the fundamental values that guide " "what they do. As a for-profit company, they think their expressed commitment " "to low-income students and open licensing has been critical to their " "credibility in the OER (open educational resources) community in which they " "operate." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2152 +"Uttrykket for dine verdier trenger ikke å være implisitt. Faktisk snakket " +"mange av menneskene vi intervjuet om hvor viktig det er å angi dine førende " +"prinsipper på forhånd. Lumen Learning tillegger mye av sin suksess på at de " +"har vært frittalende om de grunnleggende verdiene som styrer hva de gjør. " +"Som et for-fortjeneste-selskap, mener de at deres uttrykte forpliktelse " +"overfor lavinntekt-studenter og åpen lisensiering har vært avgjørende for " +"deres troverdighet i OER-samfunnet (åpne pedagogiske ressurser) der de " +"arbeider." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2837 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 36." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2833 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " +#| "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " +#| "you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " +#| "attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgid "" "When your end goal is not about making a profit, people trust that you " "aren’t just trying to extract value for your own gain. People notice when " -"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest.57 It " -"attracts committed employees, motivates contributors, and builds trust." +"you have a sense of purpose that transcends your own self-interest." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It attracts committed employees, " +"motivates contributors, and builds trust." msgstr "" +"Når målet ditt ikke handler om å gjøre fortjeneste , stoler folk på at du " +"ikke bare prøver å bruke verdien til din egen vinning. Folk merker når du " +"har en hensikt som overskrider din egeninteresse.57) Det tiltrekker " +"engasjerte ansatte, motiverte bidragsytere, og bygger tillit." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2154 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-59\"></span>Build a community" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2843 +msgid "Build a community" +msgstr "Å bygge et fellesskap" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2851 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." msgstr "" +"Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " +"2012), 36." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2163 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2845 msgid "" "Endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons thrive when community is built " "around what they do. This may mean a community collaborating together to " "create something new, or it may simply be a collection of like-minded people " -"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs.58 " -"To a certain extent, simply being Made with Creative Commons automatically " -"brings with it some element of community, by helping connect you to " -"like-minded others who recognize and are drawn to the values symbolized by" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2165 -msgid "using CC." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2176 +"who get to know each other and rally around common interests or beliefs." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> To a certain extent, simply being " +"Made with Creative Commons automatically brings with it some element of " +"community, by helping connect you to like-minded others who recognize and " +"are drawn to the values symbolized by using CC." +msgstr "" +"Innhold laget med Made with Creative Commons blomstrer når allmenneier er " +"bygget rundt det de gjør. Dette kan bety at et fellesskap samarbeider om å " +"skape noe nytt, eller det kan være en samling av likesinnede som blir kjent " +"med hverandre, og samles rundt felles interesser eller oppfatninger." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Til en viss grad bringer Made with " +"Creative Commons automatisk med seg elementer av fellesskap, med hjelp til å " +"koble deg til likesinnede som gjenkjenner og trekkes til verdiene som " +"symboliseres ved å bruke CC." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2867 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 98." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2874 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." +msgstr "Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2859 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " +#| "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " +#| "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " +#| "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " +#| "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " +#| "environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 " +#| "For organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common " +#| "beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open " +#| "Organization, “Tapping into passion is especially important in building " +#| "the kinds of participative communities that drive open organizations.”60" msgid "" "To be sustainable, though, you have to work to nurture community. People " "have to care—about you and each other. One critical piece to this is " "fostering a sense of belonging. As Jono Bacon writes in The Art of " "Community, “If there is no belonging, there is no community.” For Amanda " "Palmer and her band, that meant creating an accepting and inclusive " -"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little family.”59 For " -"organizations like Red Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or " -"goals. As the CEO Jim Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping " -"into passion is especially important in building the kinds of participative " -"communities that drive open" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2178 -msgid "organizations.”60" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2190 -msgid "" -"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " -"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " -"ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their " -"own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group " -"(which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), " -"considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona " -"fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people within the " -"community the power to create or influence the rules that govern the " -"community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-down manner, " -"people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn leads to " -"disengagement." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2194 +"environment where people felt a part of their “weird little " +"family.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For organizations like Red " +"Hat, that means connecting around common beliefs or goals. As the CEO Jim " +"Whitehurst wrote in The Open Organization, “Tapping into passion is " +"especially important in building the kinds of participative communities that " +"drive open organizations.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For å være bærekraftig må du jobbe hardt for å livnære allmenneiet. Folk må " +"bry seg – om deg og hverandre. Én kritisk brikke i dette er å få frem " +"følelsen av tilhørighet. Som Jono Bacon skriver i The Art of Community: " +"«Hvis det ikke er tilhørighet, er det ikke noe fellesskap». For Amanda " +"Palmer og hennes band betydde dette å lage og godta et inkluderende miljø " +"der folk følte seg som del av deres «lille rare familie.»59) For " +"organisasjoner som Red Hat, betyr det å samle seg rundt felles oppfatninger " +"eller mål. Som administrerende direktør Jim Whitehurst skrev i The Open " +"Organization: «Å etablere følelsesmessig tilknytning er spesielt viktig for " +"bygging av de typer deltakende fellesskap som driver åpne organisasjoner».60)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2886 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." +msgstr "Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2890 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." +msgstr "Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2878 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. " +#| "Surowiecki wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. " +#| "It’s difficult to ensure that people are working in the group’s interest " +#| "and not in their own. And when there’s a lack of trust between the " +#| "members of the group (which isn’t surprising given that they don’t really " +#| "know each other), considerable energy is wasted trying to determine each " +#| "other’s bona fides.”61 Building true community requires giving people " +#| "within the community the power to create or influence the rules that " +#| "govern the community.62 If the rules are created and imposed in a top-" +#| "down manner, people feel like they don’t have a voice, which in turn " +#| "leads to disengagement." +msgid "" +"Communities that collaborate together take deliberate planning. Surowiecki " +"wrote, “It takes a lot of work to put the group together. It’s difficult to " +"ensure that people are working in the group’s interest and not in their own. " +"And when there’s a lack of trust between the members of the group (which " +"isn’t surprising given that they don’t really know each other), considerable " +"energy is wasted trying to determine each other’s bona fides.”<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Building true community requires giving people " +"within the community the power to create or influence the rules that govern " +"the community.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> If the rules are " +"created and imposed in a top-down manner, people feel like they don’t have a " +"voice, which in turn leads to disengagement." +msgstr "" +"Allmenneier som samarbeider planlegger bevisst. Surowiecki skrev: «Det " +"krever mye arbeid å få satt sammen gruppen. Det er vanskelig å sikre at folk " +"jobber i gruppens interesse, og ikke i sin egen. Og når det er mangel på " +"tillit mellom medlemmer av gruppen (som ikke overraskende gitt at de ikke " +"egentlig kjenner hverandre), er en betraktelig del av energien bortkastet " +"ved å prøve å avklare hverandres ærlige interesser». 61) Å bygge ekte " +"fellesskap forutsetter å gi folk i fellesskapet makt til å lage eller " +"påvirke reglene som styrer fellesskapet.62) Hvis reglene lages og innføres " +"ovenfra og ned, føler folk at de ikke har noe å si, som igjen fører til " +"tilbaketrekning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2896 msgid "" "Community takes work, but working together, or even simply being connected " "around common interests or values, is in many ways what sharing is about." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2196 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-60\"></span>Give more to the commons than you take" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2207 +"Fellesskap krever arbeid, men å arbeide sammen, eller ganske enkelt å være " +"knyttet sammen rundt felles interesser eller verdier, er på mange måter hva " +"deling betyr." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2902 +msgid "Give more to the commons than you take" +msgstr "Gi mer til fellesskapet enn du tar" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2913 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " +"at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28, 2015, <ulink url=" +"\"http://hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2921 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." +msgstr "" +"Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing, reprint with " +"new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2904 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " +#| "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially " +#| "what defines so much of the so-called sharing economy. In an article on " +#| "the Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t " +#| "about Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained " +#| "how the anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy " +#| "businesses are purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in " +#| "her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell " +#| "the same product multiple times, by selling access rather than " +#| "ownership.64 That is not sharing." msgid "" "Conventional wisdom in the marketplace dictates that people should try to " "extract as much money as possible from resources. This is essentially what " @@ -3391,30 +6294,75 @@ msgid "" "Harvard Business Review website called “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about " "Sharing at All,” authors Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi explained how the " "anonymous market-driven trans-actions in most sharing-economy businesses are " -"purely about monetizing access.63 As Lisa Gansky put it in her book The " -"Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing economy is to sell the same " -"product multiple times, by selling access rather than ownership.64 That is " -"not sharing." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2219 +"purely about monetizing access.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As " +"Lisa Gansky put it in her book The Mesh, the primary strategy of the sharing " +"economy is to sell the same product multiple times, by selling access rather " +"than ownership.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That is not sharing." +msgstr "" +"Tradisjonell markedsvisdom tilsier at folk bør prøve å trekke ut så mye " +"penger som mulig fra ressursene. Dette er egentlig hva som definerer mye av " +"den såkalte delingsøkonomien. I en artikkel på nettsiden til Harvard " +"Business Review, kalt «The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing at All», " +"forklarte forfatterne Giana Eckhardt og Fleura Bardhi hvordan anonyme " +"markedsdrevne transaksjoner i de fleste delingsøkonomibedrifter bare er " +"myntet på å tjene penger.63) Som Lisa Gansky førte det i pennen i sin bok " +"The Mesh, er delingsøkonomiens primære strategi å selge det samme produktet " +"flere ganger ved å selge adgang i stedet for eie.64) Det er ikke deling." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2937 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." +msgstr "" +"David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet,” " +"BBC News, March 3, 2016, <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2927 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " +#| "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources " +#| "from which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is " +#| "contributing content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t " +#| "have to just be about creating content; it can be about adding value in " +#| "other ways. The social blogging platform Medium provides value to its " +#| "community by incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online " +#| "space with remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited " +#| "trolling.65 Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help " +#| "its designers make money, in part by actively curating and displaying " +#| "their work on its platform effectively." msgid "" "Sharing requires adding as much or more value to the ecosystem than you " "take. You can’t simply treat open content as a free pool of resources from " "which to extract value. Part of giving back to the ecosystem is contributing " "content back to the public under CC licenses. But it doesn’t have to just be " -"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " +"about creating content; it can be about adding value in other ways. The " "social blogging platform Medium provides value to its community by " "incentivizing good behavior, and the result is an online space with " -"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling.65 " -"Opendesk contributes to its community by committing to help its designers " -"make money, in part by actively curating and displaying their work on its " -"platform effectively." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2227 +"remarkably high-quality user-generated content and limited trolling." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opendesk contributes to its " +"community by committing to help its designers make money, in part by " +"actively curating and displaying their work on its platform effectively." +msgstr "" +"Deling krever å legge til lik mengde verdi eller mer i økosystemet enn du " +"tar ut. Du kan ikke bare behandle åpent innhold som en gratis ansamling " +"ressurser å nyttegjøre deg av verdien av. En del av det å gi tilbake til " +"økosystemet er å bidra med innhold tilbake til offentligheten med CC-" +"lisenser. Det trenger ikke å være skaping av innhold; det kan være å øke " +"verdien på andre måter. Den sosiale bloggingsplattformen Medium utgjør verdi " +"for sitt fellesskap ved å fremme god oppførsel, resultatet er et nettsted " +"med bemerkelsesverdig brukergenerert innhold av høy kvalitet, og begrenset " +"forsøpling.65) Opendesk bidrar til sine fellesskap ved å hjelpe sine " +"designere å tjene penger, delvis ved å organisere og effektivt vise arbeidet " +"deres på sin plattform." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2946 msgid "" "In all cases, it is important to openly acknowledge the amount of value you " "add versus that which you draw on that was created by others. Being " @@ -3424,33 +6372,90 @@ msgid "" "contributed by others, providing more to contributors when the value they " "add outweighs the value provided by you." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2229 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-61\"></span>Involve people in what you do" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2240 +"I alle tilfeller er det viktig å åpent erkjenne hvor stor verdi du legger " +"til, sett opp mot det du trekker veksel på som er laget av andre. Å være " +"åpen om dette bygger troverdighet og viser du er en medvirkende deltaker i " +"allmennseiet. Når din oppgave er å tjene penger, som også betyr å fordele " +"økonomisk kompensasjon på en måte som gjenspeiler verdien andre har bidratt " +"med, og gir mer til bidragsytere når verdien de bidrar med er større verdien " +"du leverer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2957 +msgid "Involve people in what you do" +msgstr "Involver folk i det du gjør" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2962 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 148." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 148." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2966 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2973 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3037 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." +msgstr "Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2959 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of " +#| "people around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of " +#| "talent.66 But to make collaboration work, the group has to be effective " +#| "at what it is doing, and the people within the group have to find " +#| "satisfaction from being involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some " +#| "types of creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online " +#| "collaborate best when people can work independently and asynchronously, " +#| "and particularly for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can " +#| "make simple improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.68" msgid "" "Thanks to the Internet, we can tap into the talents and expertise of people " -"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent.66 But to " -"make collaboration work, the group has to be effective at what it is doing, " -"and the people within the group have to find satisfaction from being " -"involved.67 This is easier to facilitate for some types of creative work " -"than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate best when " -"people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly for " -"larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " -"improvements without a particularly heavy time" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2242 -msgid "commitment.68" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2251 +"around the globe. Chris Anderson calls it the Long Tail of talent." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But to make collaboration work, " +"the group has to be effective at what it is doing, and the people within the " +"group have to find satisfaction from being involved.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> This is easier to facilitate for some types of " +"creative work than it is for others. Groups tied together online collaborate " +"best when people can work independently and asynchronously, and particularly " +"for larger groups with loose ties, when contributors can make simple " +"improvements without a particularly heavy time commitment.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Takket være Internett, kan vi utnytte talentene og ekspertisen til folk over " +"hele verden. Chris Anderson kaller det «en lang hale» av talent.66) Men for " +"å få samarbeid til å virke, må gruppen være effektiv i hva den gjør, og folk " +"i gruppen må finne tilfredshet i å være involvert.67) Dette er enklere å få " +"til for noen typer kreative oppgaver enn andre. Grupper som er knyttet " +"sammen på nettet samarbeider best når folk kan arbeide uavhengig og " +"asynkront, og særlig i større grupper med løselig knyttede bånd, der " +"bidragsytere kan gjøre enkle forbedringer uten å beslaglegge mye tid.68)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2986 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." +msgstr "Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2977 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia " +#| "is exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation " +#| "because small, incremental edits made by a diverse range of people acting " +#| "on their own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of " +#| "small contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative " +#| "work, and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it " +#| "doesn’t appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" msgid "" "As the success of Wikipedia demonstrates, editing an online encyclopedia is " "exactly the sort of activity that is perfect for massive co-creation because " @@ -3458,258 +6463,247 @@ msgid "" "own are immensely valuable in the aggregate. Those same sorts of small " "contributions would be less useful for many other types of creative work, " "and people are inherently less motivated to contribute when it doesn’t " -"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.69" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2268 +"appear that their efforts will make much of a difference.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Suksessen til Wikipedia viser, å redigere et leksikon på nettet er akkurat " +"typen aktivitet som er perfekt for massivt samarbeid fordi små, trinnvise " +"redigeringer laget av en broket forsamling av folk som handler på egen hånd, " +"er svært verdifullt i sum. Samme slags små bidrag vil være mindre nyttig for " +"mange andre typer skapende arbeid, og folk iboende er mindre motivert til å " +"bidra, når det ikke vises at deres innsats utgjør noen særlig forskjell.69)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2998 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Ibid., 15." +msgid "Ibid., 154." +msgstr "Ibid., 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3010 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." +msgstr "Palmer, Art of Asking, 163." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:2990 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " +#| "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " +#| "truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +#| "perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +#| "equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +#| "“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +#| "sharing or a feeling of belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, " +#| "which distributes all of its material for free under CC licensing, is an " +#| "example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping the community to help " +#| "cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a significant amount of " +#| "time and money to develop professional content. For individual creators, " +#| "where the creative work is the basis for what they do, community " +#| "cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician Amanda " +#| "Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +#| "said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, " +#| "the music itself.”71" msgid "" "It is easy to romanticize the opportunities for global cocreation made " "possible by the Internet, and, indeed, the successful examples of it are " -"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—perhaps " -"more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the equation, even " -"within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, “Sometimes the value of " -"professional work trumps the value of amateur sharing or a feeling of " -"belonging.70 The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its " -"material for free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather " -"than tapping the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they " -"invest a significant amount of time and money to develop professional " -"content. For individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for " -"what they do, community cocreation is only rarely a part of the " -"picture. Even musician Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and " -"involvement with her fans, said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to " -"input was the writing, the music itself.”71" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2279 +"truly incredible and inspiring. But in a wide range of circumstances—" +"perhaps more often than not—community cocreation is not part of the " +"equation, even within endeavors built on CC content. Shirky wrote, " +"“Sometimes the value of professional work trumps the value of amateur " +"sharing or a feeling of belonging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"The textbook publisher OpenStax, which distributes all of its material for " +"free under CC licensing, is an example of this dynamic. Rather than tapping " +"the community to help cocreate their college textbooks, they invest a " +"significant amount of time and money to develop professional content. For " +"individual creators, where the creative work is the basis for what they do, " +"community cocreation is only rarely a part of the picture. Even musician " +"Amanda Palmer, who is famous for her openness and involvement with her fans, " +"said, “The only department where I wasn’t open to input was the writing, the " +"music itself.”<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er lett å romantisere mulighetene for en global samlet innsats gjort " +"mulig gjennom Internett, og faktisk, de vellykkede eksemplene på det er " +"virkelig utrolige og inspirerende. Men i en rekke tilfeller, kanskje oftere " +"enn ikke – allmenneier basert på samlet innsats inngår ikke i ligningen, " +"selv med innsats bygget på CC-innhold. Shirky skrev, «Noen ganger trumfer " +"verdien av profesjonelt arbeid amatørdeling eller en følelse av " +"tilhørighet.70) Lærebokutgiveren OpenStax, som distribuerer alt sitt " +"materiale gratis med CC-lisensiering, er et eksempel på denne dynamikken. I " +"stedet for å tappe fellesskapet for samlede bidrag til sine college-" +"lærebøker, investerer de en betydelig mengde tid og penger på å utvikle " +"faglig innhold. For individuelle innholdsleverandører, der det kreative " +"arbeidet er grunnlaget for hva de gjør, er samlede innsatser kun sjeldent " +"sett en del av bildet. Selv musikeren Amanda Palmer, kjent for sin åpenhet " +"og gode forhold til fansen, sa, «Det eneste området der jeg ikke var åpen " +"for innspill var i skrivingen, musikken i seg selv». 71)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3021 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anderson, Makers, 173." +msgstr "Anderson, Makers, 173." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3028 +msgid "" +"Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." +msgstr "" +"Tom Kelley og David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " +"within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3014 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we " +#| "hear the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative " +#| "process in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early " +#| "drafts, and interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get " +#| "feedback. So-called “making in public” opens the door to letting people " +#| "feel more invested in your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial " +#| "approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of " +#| "Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—treating " +#| "ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment where " +#| "collaboration flourishes.73" msgid "" "While we tend to immediately think of cocreation and remixing when we hear " "the word collaboration, you can also involve others in your creative process " "in more informal ways, by sharing half-baked ideas and early drafts, and " "interacting with the public to incubate ideas and get feedback. So-called " "“making in public” opens the door to letting people feel more invested in " -"your creative work.72 And it shows a nonterritorial approach to ideas and " -"information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People fame) " -"calls this the abundance mentality—treating ideas like something " -"plentiful—and it can create an environment where collaboration flourishes.73" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2288 +"your creative work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it shows a " +"nonterritorial approach to ideas and information. Stephen Covey (of The 7 " +"Habits of Highly Effective People fame) calls this the abundance mentality—" +"treating ideas like something plentiful—and it can create an environment " +"where collaboration flourishes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Mens tankene umiddelbart rettes mot samlet innsats og remiksing når vi hører " +"ordet samarbeid, kan du også involvere andre i kreative prosesser på mer " +"uformelle måter, ved å dele halvferdige ideer og tidlige utkast, og " +"samhandling med publikum i det å ruge ut ideer og få tilbakemeldinger. " +"Såkalt «offentlighetslaging» åpner døren for å la folk føle seg mer " +"involvert i ditt kreative arbeid.72) Og det viser en ikke-territoriell " +"tilnærming til ideer og informasjon. Stephen Covey (i The 7 Habits of Highly " +"Effective People fame) kaller dette overflodsmentalitet – å behandle ideer " +"som noe rikelig, og det kan skape et miljø der samarbeid blomstrer.73)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3045 +msgid "" +"Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." +msgstr "" +"Rachel Botsman og Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " +"Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3034 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding " +#| "a way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " +#| "motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " +#| "project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " +#| "Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into " +#| "what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " +#| "thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and " +#| "transition them into active participants.75" msgid "" "There is no one way to involve people in what you do. They key is finding a " "way for people to contribute on their terms, compelled by their own " -"motivations.74 What that looks like varies wildly depending on the " -"project. Not every endeavor that is Made with Creative Commons can be " -"Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to invite the public into what " -"they do. The goal for any form of collaboration is to move away from " -"thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your content and transition " -"them into active participants.75" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "" -"Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "" -"Cory Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " -"Age (San Francisco, CA: McSweeney’s, 2014) 68." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "Ibid., 55." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " -"Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface (New York: Hyperion, 2010), " -"224." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 44." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "" -"Amanda Palmer, The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " -"People Help (New York: Grand Central, 2014), 121." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '7. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "" -"Chris Anderson, Makers: The New Industrial Revolution (New York: Signal, " -"2012), 64." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '8. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -msgid "" -"David Bollier, Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of " -"the Commons (Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014), 70." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2391 -#, no-wrap -msgid "" -"9. Anderson, Makers, 66.\n" -"10. Bryan Kramer, Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy\n" -" (New York: Morgan James, 2016), 10.\n" -"11. Anderson, Free, 62.\n" -"12. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 38.\n" -"13. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 68.\n" -"14. Anderson, Free, 86.\n" -"15. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 144.\n" -"16. Anderson, Free, 123.\n" -"17. Ibid., 132.\n" -"18. Ibid., 70.\n" -"19. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Anchor Books,\n" -" 2005), 124. Surowiecki says, “The measure of success of laws and\n" -" contracts is how rarely they are invoked.”\n" -"20. Anderson, Free, 44.\n" -"21. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 23.\n" -"22. Anderson, Free, 67.\n" -"23. Ibid., 58.\n" -"24. Anderson, Makers, 71.\n" -"25. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into\n" -" Collaborators (London: Penguin Books, 2010), 78.\n" -"26. Ibid., 21.\n" -"27. Doctorow, Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, 43.\n" -"28. William Landes Foster, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen, “Ten\n" -" Nonprofit Funding Models,” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring\n" -" 2009, ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models.\n" -"29. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 111.\n" -"30. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 30.\n" -"31. Jim Whitehurst, The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and\n" -" Performance (Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015), 202.\n" -"32. Anderson, Free, 71.\n" -"33. Ibid., 231.\n" -"34. Ibid., 97.\n" -"35. Anderson, Makers, 107.\n" -"36. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 89.\n" -"37. Ibid., 92.\n" -"38. Anderson, Free, 142.\n" -"39. Osterwalder and Pigneur, Business Model Generation, 32.\n" -"40. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 150.\n" -"41. Ibid., 134.\n" -"42. Dan Ariely, Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our\n" -" Decisions, rev. ed. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2010), 109.\n" -"43. Austin Kleon, Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and\n" -" Get Discovered (New York: Workman, 2014), 93.\n" -"44. Kramer, Shareology, 76.\n" -"45. Palmer, Art of Asking, 252.\n" -"46. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 145.\n" -"47. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 203.\n" -"48. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 80.\n" -"49. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 25.\n" -"50. Ibid., 31.\n" -"51. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 112.\n" -"52. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 124.\n" -"53. Kleon, Show Your Work, 127.\n" -"54. Palmer, Art of Asking, 121.\n" -"55. Ariely, Predictably Irrational, 87.\n" -"56. Ibid., 105.\n" -"57. Ibid., 36.\n" -"58. Jono Bacon, The Art of Community, 2nd ed. (Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly\n" -" Media, 2012), 36.\n" -"59. Palmer, Art of Asking, 98.\n" -"60. Whitehurst, Open Organization, 34.\n" -"61. Surowiecki, Wisdom of Crowds, 200.\n" -"62. Bollier, Think Like a Commoner, 29.\n" -"63. Giana Eckhardt and Fleura Bardhi, “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about\n" -" Sharing at All,” Harvard Business Review (website), January 28,\n" -" 2015, hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all.\n" -"64. Lisa Gansky, The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing,\n" -" reprint with new epilogue (New York: Portfolio, 2012).\n" -"65. David Lee, “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the\n" -" Internet,” BBC News, March 3,\n" -" 2016, www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680.\n" -"66. Anderson, Makers, 148.\n" -"67. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 164.\n" -"68. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"69. Shirky, Cognitive Surplus, 144.\n" -"70. Ibid., 154.\n" -"71. Palmer, Art of Asking, 163.\n" -"72. Anderson, Makers, 173.\n" -"73. Tom Kelley and David Kelley, Creative Confidence: Unleashing the\n" -" Potential within Us All (New York: Crown, 2013), 82.\n" -"74. Whitehurst, foreword to Open Organization.\n" -"75. Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of\n" -" Collaborative Consumption (New York: Harper Business, 2010), 188.\n" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2393 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-62\"></span>The" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2395 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-63\"></span>Creative" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2397 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-64\"></span>Commons" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2399 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-65\"></span>Licenses" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2402 -msgid "" -"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " -"minimum, a CC-" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2413 -msgid "" -"licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form for " -"noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " +"motivations.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> What that looks like " +"varies wildly depending on the project. Not every endeavor that is Made with " +"Creative Commons can be Wikipedia, but every endeavor can find ways to " +"invite the public into what they do. The goal for any form of collaboration " +"is to move away from thinking of consumers as passive recipients of your " +"content and transition them into active participants.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er ikke bare en måte å involvere folk i hva du gjør. Det sentrale er å " +"finne en måte for folk å bidra på deres betingelser, nødet av sin egen " +"motivasjon.74) Hvordan det arter seg, varierer vidt, avhengig av prosjektet. " +"Ikke alle tiltak laget med Creative Commons kan være Wikipedia, men enhver " +"oppgave kan finne måter å invitere publikum med på hva som gjøres. Målet for " +"alle former for samarbeid er å bevege seg bort fra å tenke på forbrukere som " +"passive mottakere av innholdet ditt, og ta imot deres aktive deltagelse.75)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3054 +msgid "The Creative Commons Licenses" +msgstr "Creative Commons-lisensene" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3056 +msgid "" +"All of the Creative Commons licenses grant a basic set of permissions. At a " +"minimum, a CC- licensed work can be copied and shared in its original form " +"for noncommercial purposes so long as attribution is given to the creator. " "There are six licenses in the CC license suite that build on that basic set " "of permissions, ranging from the most restrictive (allowing only those basic " -"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " +"permissions to share unmodified copies for noncommercial purposes) to the " "most permissive (reusers can do anything they want with the work, even for " "commercial purposes, as long as they give the creator credit). The licenses " "are built on copyright and do not cover other types of rights that creators " "might have in their works, like patents or trademarks." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2415 +"Alle Creative Commons-lisenser gir et grunnleggende sett tillatelser. Som " +"minstemål kan et CC-lisensiert arbeid kopieres og deles i opprinnelig form " +"for ikke-kommersielle formål, så lenge henvisning er gitt til den som har " +"levert innholdet. Det er seks lisenser i CC sine lisenspakker som bygger på " +"det grunnleggende settet med tillatelser, alt fra de mest restriktive " +"(tillatelse av kun grunnleggende tilgang til å dele uforandrede kopier for " +"ikke-kommersielle formål) til den mest romslige (gjenbrukere kan gjøre hva " +"de vil med arbeidet, til og med for kommersielle formål, så lenge de " +"krediterer opphavspersonen). Lisensene er bygget på opphavsrett, og dekker " +"ikke andre typer rettigheter bidragsytere kan ha til sine arbeider, som " +"patenter eller varemerker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3070 msgid "Here are the six licenses:" +msgstr "Her er de seks lisensene:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3074 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D83BF99FC0821C489.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2421 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3083 msgid "" "The Attribution license (CC BY) lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the " -"original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses " -"offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed " -"materials." +"original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. " +"Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials." +msgstr "" +"Attribusjonslisensen (CC BY) lar andre distribuere, remikse, justere og " +"bygge videre på ditt arbeid, også kommersielt, så lenge de krediterer deg " +"for det opprinnelige arbeidet. Dette er den mest imøtekommende lisensen som " +"tilbys. Anbefalt for maksimal spredning og bruk av lisensiert materiale." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3091 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DFD3592CB17C4EC38.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3100 msgid "" "The Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA) lets others remix, tweak, and " "build upon your work, even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit " @@ -3718,117 +6712,248 @@ msgid "" "works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will " "also allow commercial use." msgstr "" +"Med Attribution-Share-Alike-lisensen (CC BY-SA) kan andre remikse, " +"finjustere og bygge videre på ditt arbeid, selv til kommersielle formål, så " +"lenge de krediterer deg og lisensierer sine nye bidrag på samme vilkår. " +"Denne lisensen er ofte sammenlignet med «copyleft»-programvarelisenser med " +"gratis og åpen kildekode GNU(GPL). Alle nye arbeider basert på ditt vil ha " +"den samme lisensen, så alle derivater kan også tillate kommersielt bruk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3110 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D254882DE24793FEA.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2432 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3119 msgid "" "The Attribution-NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND) allows for redistribution, " "commercial and noncommercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged with " "credit to you." msgstr "" +"Attribution-NoDerivs-lisensen (CC BY-ND) tillater videre distribusjon, " +"kommersielt og ikke-kommersielt, så lenge arbeidet leveres videre uendret og " +"kreditert deg." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2437 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3125 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DCAF78FB61D1CBDA6.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3134 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC) lets others remix, tweak, " "and build upon your work noncommercially. Although their new works must also " "acknowledge you, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the " "same terms." msgstr "" +"Attribution-NonCommercial-lisensen (CC BY-NC) lar andre remikse, finjustere, " +"og ikke-kommersielt bygge videre på arbeidet. Selv om deres nye arbeider " +"også må anerkjenne deg, trenger de ikke å lisensiere sine avledede arbeider " +"på samme vilkår." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3141 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008D16DA603376395620.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3150 msgid "" -"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " +"The Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA) lets others " "remix, tweak, and build upon your work noncommercially, as long as they " "credit you and license their new creations under the same terms." msgstr "" +"Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike-lisensen (CC BY-NC-SA) lar andre " +"remikse, finjustere og bygge på arbeidet ditt ikke-kommersielt, så lenge de " +"krediterer deg, og lisensierer sine nye arbeider på samme vilkår." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3157 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001930000008DC3FEF92B21310965.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2446 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3166 msgid "" "The Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND) is the most " "restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your " "works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t " "change them or use them commercially." msgstr "" +"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs-lisensen (CC BY-NC-ND) er den mest " +"restriktive av våre seks viktigste lisenser, og tillater bare andre å laste " +"ned dine verk, og dele dem med andre så lenge de krediterer deg, men de kan " +"ikke endre dem eller bruke dem kommersielt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2451 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3173 msgid "" "In addition to these six licenses, Creative Commons has two public-domain " "tools—one for creators and the other for those who manage collections of " "existing works by authors whose terms of copyright have expired:" msgstr "" +"I tillegg til disse seks lisenser, har Creative Commons to offentlige " +"verktøy – en for innholdsleverandører og den andre for dem som håndterer " +"samlinger av eksisterende arbeider der opphavsrettighetene til bidragsyterne " +"har utløpt:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3180 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008DBE3414994CD27786.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2454 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3189 msgid "" "CC0 enables authors and copyright owners to dedicate their works to the " "worldwide public domain (“no rights reserved”)." msgstr "" +"CC0 gjør det mulig for innholdsleverandører og rettighetshavere å tilegne " +"sine arbeider til det verdensomspennende offentlige domenet («ingen " +"rettigheter reservert»)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2458 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><informalfigure><mediaobject> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3194 +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=" +"\"Pictures/10000201000001900000008D36DCD649C5B1411F.png\" width=\"40.0%\"/> " +"</imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3203 msgid "" "The Creative Commons Public Domain Mark facilitates the labeling and " "discovery of works that are already free of known copyright restrictions." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons Public Domain Mark muliggjør merkingen, og å oppdage verk " +"som allerede er fri for kjente opphavsrettsrestriksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2467 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3208 msgid "" "In our case studies, some use just one Creative Commons license, others use " -"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and " -"Attribution-ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with " -"the other licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the " -"public-domain tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both " -"digital content and software: by using open-source-software licenses for the " -"software code and Creative Commons licenses for digital content, they " -"amplify their involvement with and commitment to sharing." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2479 +"several. Attribution (found in thirteen case studies) and Attribution-" +"ShareAlike (found in eight studies) were the most common, with the other " +"licenses coming up in four or so case studies, including the public-domain " +"tool CC0. Some of the organizations we profiled offer both digital content " +"and software: by using open-source-software licenses for the software code " +"and Creative Commons licenses for digital content, they amplify their " +"involvement with and commitment to sharing." +msgstr "" +"I våre referansestudier bruker noen bare én Creative Commons-lisens, andre " +"bruker flere. Attribution (funnet i tretten referansestudier) og Attribution-" +"ShareAlike (funnet i åtte studier) var de vanligste. De andre lisenser " +"forekom i rundt fire referansestudier, inkludert det offentlig-domene-" +"verktøyet CC0. Noen organisasjoner vi undersøkte tilbyr både digitalt " +"innhold og programvare. Ved å bruke åpen-kildekode-lisenser for " +"programvarekoden og Creative Commons-lisenser for digitalt innhold, " +"forsterker de sitt engasjement og forpliktelse til å dele." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3219 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a popular misconception that the three NonCommercial licenses " "offered by CC are the only options for those who want to make money off " "their work. As we hope this book makes clear, there are many ways to make " -"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " +"endeavors that are Made with Creative Commons sustainable. Reserving " "commercial rights is only one of those ways. It is certainly true that a " -"license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC " -"BY-SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you " -"apply an Attribution (CC BY) license to your book, you can’t force a film " -"company to pay you royalties if they turn your book into a feature-length " -"film, or prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2491 +"license that allows others to make commercial use of your work (CC BY, CC BY-" +"SA, and CC BY-ND) forecloses some traditional revenue streams. If you apply " +"an Attribution (CC BY) license to your book, you can’t force a film company " +"to pay you royalties if they turn your book into a feature-length film, or " +"prevent another company from selling physical copies of your work." +msgstr "" +"Det er en vidtfavnende misforståelse at de tre ikke-kommersielle lisensene " +"tilbudt av CC er de eneste alternativene for dem som ønsker å tjene penger " +"på arbeidet sitt. Vi håper denne boka bringer på det rene at det er mange " +"måter å fremme bærekraftigheten i tiltak som er laget med Creative Commons. " +"Å reservere seg kommersielle rettigheter er bare én av de måtene. Det er " +"sannelig sant at en lisens som tillater andre kommersiell bruk av ditt verk " +"(CC BY, CC BY-SA, og CC BY-ND) forkaster noen tradisjonelle inntektsårer. " +"Hvis du legger til en nevnelse (CC BY) -lisens til din bok, kan du ikke " +"tvinge et filmselskap til å betale deg bruksgebyr hvis de gjør din bok til " +"en helaftens film, eller forhindre et annet selskap å selge fysiske kopier " +"av ditt verk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3233 msgid "" "The decision to choose a NonCommercial and/or NoDerivs license comes down to " "how much you need to retain control over the creative work. The " "NonCommercial and NoDerivs licenses are ways of reserving some significant " -"portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to " -"creators. In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you " -"bring in revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs " -"license because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative " -"jackpot. The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial " -"licenses were popular among their users because people still held out the " -"dream of having a major record label discover their work." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2496 +"portion of the exclusive bundle of rights that copyright grants to creators. " +"In some cases, reserving those rights is important to how you bring in " +"revenue. In other cases, creators use a NonCommercial or NoDerivs license " +"because they can’t give up on the dream of hitting the creative jackpot. " +"The music platform Tribe of Noise told us the NonCommercial licenses were " +"popular among their users because people still held out the dream of having " +"a major record label discover their work." +msgstr "" +"Beslutningen om å velge en NonCommercial- (ikke-kommersiell) og/eller " +"NoDerivs-lisens (ikke-derivate lisenser) resulterer i en vurdering av hvor " +"mye du trenger å beholde kontrollen over det kreative arbeidet. " +"NonCommercial- and NoDerivs-lisensene er måter å reservere en vesentlig del " +"av det eksklusive knippet av rettigheter som opphavsrett sikrer " +"innholdsleverandører. I noen tilfeller er å reservere disse rettighetene " +"viktig for hvordan du bringer inn inntekter. I andre tilfeller bruker " +"innholdsleverandørene NonCommercial- og NoDerivs-lisensene fordi de ikke kan " +"gi opp drømmen om å treffe den kreative storgevinsten. Musikkplattformen " +"Tribe of Noise fortalte oss at NonCommercial-lisensene var populære blant " +"brukerne deres fordi de fortsatt holdt på drømmen om at et større " +"plateselskap ville oppdage arbeidet deres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3246 msgid "" "Other times the decision to use a more restrictive license is due to a " "concern about the integrity of the work. For example, the nonprofit " "TeachAIDS uses a NoDerivs license for its educational materials because the " "medical subject matter is particularly important to get right." msgstr "" +"Andre ganger er beslutningen om å bruke en mer restriktiv lisens på grunn av " +"bekymring for arbeidets integritet. For eksempel bruker det ikke-" +"kommersielle TeachAIDS en NoDerivs-lisens for sine læremidler fordi dette " +"medisinske emnet er særlig viktig å få riktig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2506 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3253 msgid "" "There is no one right way. The NonCommercial and NoDerivs restrictions " "reflect the values and preferences of creators about how their creative work " @@ -3840,99 +6965,143 @@ msgid "" "were used. The CC licenses are an attempt to standardize norms across all " "domains." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2508 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-66\"></span>Note" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2512 +"Det er ikke bare én riktig måte. NonCommercial- og NoDerivs-begrensningene " +"gjenspeiler verdiene og preferansene til innholdsleverandørene om hvordan " +"deres kreative arbeid skal gjenbrukes, akkurat som ShareAlike-lisensen " +"gjenspeiler et annet sett med verdier, som er mindre om å kontrollere " +"tilgangen til sitt eget arbeid og mer om å sikre at det som blir laget med " +"deres arbeid, er tilgjengelig for alle på samme vilkår. Siden starten av " +"allmenneier, har folk laget strukturer som hjalp til å regulere måten delte " +"ressurser ble brukt på. CC-lisensene er et forsøk på å standardisere normer " +"på tvers av alle domener." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3265 +msgid "Note" +msgstr "Merk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3268 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your " +#| "work in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called " +#| "“Share Your Work” at" msgid "" "For more about the licenses including examples and tips on sharing your work " "in the digital commons, start with the Creative Commons page called “Share " -"Your Work” at" +"Your Work” at <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/\"/>." msgstr "" +"For mer om lisenser, inkludert eksempler og tips om deling av verkene dine i " +"den digitale allmenningen, start med Creative Commons-siden med tittelen " +"«Del ditt verk» på" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2514 -msgid "creativecommons.org/share-your-work/." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2516 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-67\"></span>Part 2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2518 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-68\"></span>The Case Studies" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3276 +msgid "The Case Studies" +msgstr "Referansestudiene" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2526 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3279 msgid "" "The twenty-four case studies in this section were chosen from hundreds of " "nominations received from Kickstarter backers, Creative Commons staff, and " "the global Creative Commons community. We selected eighty potential " "candidates that represented a mix of industries, content types, revenue " -"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " +"streams, and parts of the world. Twelve of the case studies were selected " "from that group based on votes cast by Kickstarter backers, and the other " "twelve were selected by us." msgstr "" +"De tjuefire referansestudiene i denne seksjonen ble valgt ut blant hundrevis " +"av forslag fra hjelpere i Kickstarter, medarbeidere i Creative Commons og " +"det globale Creative Commons-felleskapet. Vi valgte åtti potensielle " +"kandidater som representerte en blanding av bransjer, innholdstyper, " +"inntektsstrømmer, og deler av verden. Tolv referansestudier ble valgt ut fra " +"den gruppen etter avstemning blant Kickstarters hjelpere, og de andre tolv " +"ble valgt av oss." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2532 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3289 msgid "" "We did background research and conducted interviews for each case study, " -"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " +"based on the same set of basic questions about the endeavor. The idea for " "each case study is to tell the story about the endeavor and the role sharing " "plays within it, largely the way in which it was told to us by those we " "interviewed." msgstr "" +"Vi gjorde bakgrunnsundersøkelser, og gjennomførte intervjuer for hver " +"referansestudie, basert på det samme settet med grunnleggende spørsmål om " +"innsatsen. Fokus for hver referansestudie er å fortelle historien om hvordan " +"oppgaven løses, og hvilken rolle deling spiller i den, i hovedsak som måten " +"det ble fortalt oss på av dem vi intervjuet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2534 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-69\"></span>Arduino" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3297 +msgid "Arduino" +msgstr "Arduino" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2537 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3300 msgid "" "Arduino is a for-profit open-source electronics platform and computer " "hardware and software company. Founded in 2005 in Italy." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2539 -msgid "www.arduino.cc" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2543 -msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (sales of boards, modules, " -"shields, and kits), licensing a trademark (fees paid by those who want to " -"sell Arduino products using their name)" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2545 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3231 -msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2547 -msgid "Interviewees: David Cuartielles and Tom Igoe, cofounders" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2549 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3235 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3591 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3797 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4038 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4276 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4691 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4904 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5131 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5369 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5806 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6051 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6441 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7086 +"Arduino er en inntektsgivende åpen kildekodeplattform, og et selskap for " +"datautstyr og programvare. Grunnlagt i 2005 i Italia." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3305 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3307 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (sales of boards, modules, shields, and kits), licensing a trademark " +"(fees paid by those who want to sell Arduino products using their name)" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier (salg av brett, moduler, skjermer og byggesett), lisensiering av et " +"varemerke (avgifter betalt av dem som ønsker å selge Arduino-produkter med " +"deres navn)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3312 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4153 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 4, 2016" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 4. februar 2016" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3315 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Cuartielles and Tom " +"Igoe, cofounders" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekter</emphasis>: David Cuartielles og " +"Tom Igoe, medgrunnleggere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3319 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4160 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4591 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4832 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5114 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5423 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5933 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6186 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6507 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6858 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7398 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7682 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8146 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8922 msgid "Profile written by Paul Stacey" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Profilen skrevet av Paul Stacey" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2561 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3323 msgid "" "In 2005, at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in northern Italy, " "teachers and students needed an easy way to use electronics and programming " @@ -3946,9 +7115,19 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-Share-Alike license (CC BY-SA), and software with the GNU " "General Public License." msgstr "" +"I 2005, hos Interaction Design Institute Ivrea i Nord-Italia, trengte lærere " +"og elever en enkel måte å bruke elektronikk og programmering på for raskt å " +"lage prototyper for designideer. Musikere, kunstnere og designere trengte en " +"plattform som ikke krevde ingeniørekspertise. En gruppe lærere og studenter, " +"inkludert Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino og " +"David Mellis, bygget en plattform som kombinerte ulike åpne kildekode-" +"teknologier. De kalte det Arduino. Plattformen integrerte programvare, " +"maskinvare, mikrokontroller og elektronikk. Alle aspekter av plattformen ble " +"åpent lisensiert: Maskinvare og dokumentasjon med Attribution-Share-Alike-" +"lisens (CC BY-SA), og programvare med GNU General Public License." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2569 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3337 msgid "" "Arduino boards are able to read inputs—light on a sensor, a finger on a " "button, or a Twitter message—and turn it into outputs—activating a motor, " @@ -3957,47 +7136,67 @@ msgid "" "programming language and Arduino software (based on a piece of open-source " "software called Processing, a programming tool used to make visual art)." msgstr "" +"Kretskort fra Arduino kan lese inndata: Lys på en sensor, en finger på en " +"knapp, eller en Twitter-melding, og snu den til utganger, aktivere en motor, " +"slå på en LED, og publisere noe på nettet. Du sender et sett med " +"instruksjoner til mikrokontrollen på kortet ved hjelp av Arduino " +"programmeringsspråk og Arduino programvare (basert på åpen " +"kildekodeprogramvare kalt Prosessing, et programmeringsverktøy som brukes " +"til å lage kunst)." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2576 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3347 msgid "" -"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " +"“The reasons for making Arduino open source are complicated,” Tom says. " "Partly it was about supporting flexibility. The open-source nature of " "Arduino empowers users to modify it and create a lot of different " -"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this “ended " -"up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " +"variations, adding on top of what the founders build. David says this " +"“ended up strengthening the platform far beyond what we had even thought of " "building.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2584 -msgid "" -"For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design " -"school. He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work " -"and research just disappear. Open-sourcing ensured that Arduino would " -"outlive the Ivrea closure. Persistence is one thing Tom really likes about " -"open source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down, an open-source " -"product lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2586 -msgid "product.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2593 +"«Grunnene for å lage Arduino som åpen kildekode er kompliserte», sier Tom. " +"Delvis handlet det om å støtte fleksibilitet. Opplegget med åpen kildekode " +"hos Arduino gir brukere rett til å endre og lage mange forskjellige " +"varianter, lagt på toppen av det grunnleggende bygget. David sier dette " +"«endte opp med å styrke plattformen langt utover det vi til og med hadde " +"tenkt å bygge»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3355 +msgid "" +"For Tom another factor was the impending closure of the Ivrea design school. " +"He’d seen other organizations close their doors and all their work and " +"research just disappear. Open-sourcing ensured that Arduino would outlive " +"the Ivrea closure. Persistence is one thing Tom really likes about open " +"source. If key people leave, or a company shuts down, an open-source product " +"lives on. In Tom’s view, “Open sourcing makes it easier to trust a product.”" +msgstr "" +"En annen faktor for Tom var den forestående nedleggelsen av Ivrea " +"designskole. Han hadde sett andre organisasjoner lukke dørene, og at alt " +"arbeid og forskning bare forsvant. Åpen kildekode sikret at Arduino ville " +"overleve nedleggelsen av Ivrea. Utholdenhet er den tingen Tom virkelig liker " +"ved åpen kildekode. Hvis nøkkelpersoner drar, eller selskapet avsluttes, " +"lever et åpent kildekode-produkt videre. Etter Toms syn, «Bruk av åpen " +"kildekode gjør det enklere å stole på et produkt»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3364 msgid "" "With the school closing, David and some of the other Arduino founders " "started a consulting firm and multidisciplinary design studio they called " "Tinker, in London. Tinker designed products and services that bridged the " "digital and the physical, and they taught people how to use new technologies " -"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " +"in creative ways. Revenue from Tinker was invested in sustaining and " "enhancing Arduino." msgstr "" +"Da skolen lukket, startet David og noen av de andre Arduino-grunnleggerne et " +"konsulentfirma og et tverrfaglig designstudio de kalte Tinker, i London. " +"Tinker utviklet produkter og tjenester som bygde bro mellom det digitale og " +"fysiske, og de lærte folk hvordan de skulle bruke ny teknologi på kreative " +"måter. Inntekter fra Tinker ble investert i å opprettholde og styrke Arduino." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3373 msgid "" "For Tom, part of Arduino’s success is because the founders made themselves " "the first customer of their product. They made products they themselves " @@ -4005,24 +7204,40 @@ msgid "" "this, we’ll make a lot of money.” Tom notes that being your own first " "customer makes you more confident and convincing at selling your product." msgstr "" +"For Tom er del av Arduinos suksess at grunnleggerne gjorde seg selv til den " +"første kunden til produktet deres. De laget de produktene de selv personlig " +"ønsket. Det var et spørsmål om «Jeg trenger denne tingen», ikke «Hvis vi " +"lager denne, vil vi tjene mye penger». Tom bemerker at å være din egen " +"første kunde, gjør deg mer trygg og overbevisende når produktet ditt skal " +"selges." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3381 msgid "" "Arduino’s business model has evolved over time—and Tom says model is a " "grandiose term for it. Originally, they just wanted to make a few boards and " "get them out into the world. They started out with two hundred boards, sold " "them, and made a little profit. They used that to make another thousand, " -"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " +"which generated enough revenue to make five thousand. In the early days, " "they simply tried to generate enough funding to keep the venture going day " "to day. When they hit the ten thousand mark, they started to think about " "Arduino as a company. By then it was clear you can open-source the design " -"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " +"but still manufacture the physical product. As long as it’s a quality " "product and sold at a reasonable price, people will buy it." msgstr "" +"Arduinos forretningsmodell har utviklet seg over tid – og Tom sier at modell " +"er et stort ord for den. Opprinnelig ville de bare lage noen få kretskort, " +"og få dem ut i verden. De startet med to hundre kort, solgte dem, og fikk et " +"lite overskudd. De brukte det til å lage tusen til, som genererte nok " +"inntekter til å lage fem tusen. I begynnelsen prøvde de bare å generere nok " +"midler for å holde virksomheten gående fra dag til dag. Da de traff titusen-" +"merket, begynte de å tenke på Arduino som selskap. Da var det klart at du " +"kan ha åpen kildekode for designet, men fortsatt produsere det fysiske " +"produktet. Så lenge det er et kvalitetsprodukt, og selges til en rimelig " +"pris, vil folk kjøpe det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3395 msgid "" "Arduino now has a worldwide community of makers—students, hobbyists, " "artists, programmers, and professionals. Arduino provides a wiki called " @@ -4036,30 +7251,52 @@ msgid "" "of makers has contributed an incredible amount of accessible knowledge " "helpful to novices and experts alike." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2632 -msgid "" -"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " -"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " +"Arduino har nå et verdensomspennende fellesskap av produsenter, studenter og " +"amatører, kunstnere, programmerere og fagfolk. Arduino tilbyr en wiki kalt " +"Playground (en wiki er der alle brukere kan redigere og legge til sider, " +"bidra til, og ha nytte av kollektive undersøkelser). Folk deler koden, " +"kretsdiagrammer, veiledninger, gjør det selv-instruksjoner (DIY " +"instructions: Do it yourself instructions) og tips og triks, og viser frem " +"sine prosjekter. I tillegg er det et flerspråklig diskusjonsforum der " +"brukere kan få hjelp til å bruke Arduino, diskutere temaer som robotikk, og " +"komme med forslag til nye Arduino produktdesigner. I januar 2017 hadde 324 " +"928 medlemmer laget 2 989 489 innlegg om 379 044 emner. Det " +"verdensomspennende fellesskapet av bidragsytere har gitt en utrolig mengde " +"tilgjengelig kunnskap til hjelp både for nybegynnere og eksperter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3409 +msgid "" +"Transitioning Arduino from a project to a company was a big step. Other " +"businesses who made boards were charging a lot of money for them. Arduino " "wanted to make theirs available at a low price to people across a wide range " "of industries. As with any business, pricing was key. They wanted prices " "that would get lots of customers but were also high enough to sustain the " "business." msgstr "" +"Arduinos overgang fra et prosjekt til et selskap var et stort skritt. Andre " +"bedrifter som lagde kretskort tok mye penger for dem. Arduino ville gjøre " +"sine tilgjengelig til en lav pris for et bredt spekter av bransjer. Som med " +"all forretning var priser nøkkelen. De ønsket priser som vil gi mange " +"kunder, men som også var høy nok til å opprettholde virksomheten." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2638 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3417 msgid "" "For a business, getting to the end of the year and not being in the red is a " "success. Arduino may have an open-licensing strategy, but they are still a " -"business, and all the things needed to successfully run one still " -"apply. David says, “If you do those other things well, sharing things in an " -"open-source way can only help you.”" +"business, and all the things needed to successfully run one still apply. " +"David says, “If you do those other things well, sharing things in an open-" +"source way can only help you.”" msgstr "" +"For en bedrift er å ikke være i rødt ved slutten av året en suksess. Arduino " +"kan ha en åpen lisensstrategi, men de er fortsatt en bedrift, og alt som er " +"nødvendig for å kunne drive den vellykket, gjelder fortsatt. David sier, " +"«Hvis du gjør disse andre tingene bra, kan å dele ting med åpen kildekode " +"bare hjelpe deg»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2648 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3425 msgid "" "While openly licensing the designs, documentation, and software ensures " "longevity, it does have risks. There’s a possibility that others will create " @@ -4071,9 +7308,18 @@ msgid "" "the new design using the same Creative Commons license to ensure that the " "new version is equally free and open." msgstr "" +"Mens åpen lisensiering av design, dokumentasjon og programvare sikrer lang " +"levetid, innebærer den også risiko. Det er en mulighet for at andre vil lage " +"rimeligere utgaver, kloner og kopier. CC BY-SA lisensen betyr at hvem som " +"helst kan lage kopier av deres kretskort, omforme dem, og til og med selge " +"kretskort som kopierer designet. De trenger ikke å betale en lisensavgift " +"til Arduino, eller be om tillatelse. Men hvis de gir ut kortet igjen med " +"samme design, må de henvise til Arduino. Hvis de endrer utformingen, må de " +"utgi den nye utformingen med samme Creative Commons-lisens for å sikre at " +"den nye versjonen er like fri og åpen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2658 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3437 msgid "" "Tom and David say that a lot of people have built companies off of Arduino, " "with dozens of Arduino derivatives out there. But in contrast to closed " @@ -4084,37 +7330,77 @@ msgid "" "back to the Arduino ecosystem, ideas and designs that Arduino and the " "Arduino community use and incorporate into new products." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2667 +"Tom og David sier at mange mennesker har bygget selskaper ut fra Arduino, " +"med dusinvis av Arduino-derivater der ute. Men i motsetning til lukkede " +"forretningsmodeller som kan vri penger ut av systemet over mange år fordi " +"det ikke er konkurranse, så Arduinos grunnleggere konkurransen som et middel " +"til å holder seg ærlige, og rettet mot et samarbeidsmiljø. En fordel med " +"åpen fremfor lukket, er de mange nye ideer og design andre har bidratt med " +"til Arduinos økosystem, ideer og design som Arduino og Arduinos allmenneie " +"bruker og innlemmer i nye produkter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3457 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3448 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " +#| "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " +#| "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " +#| "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " +#| "creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. " +#| "The full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a " +#| "smaller form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be " +#| "plugged onto a board to give it extra features), and kits.1" msgid "" "Over time, the range of Arduino products has diversified, changing and " "adapting to new needs and challenges. In addition to simple entry level " "boards, new products have been added ranging from enhanced boards that " "provide advanced functionality and faster performance, to boards for " -"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " +"creating Internet of Things applications, wearables, and 3-D printing. The " "full range of official Arduino products includes boards, modules (a smaller " "form-factor of classic boards), shields (elements that can be plugged onto a " -"board to give it extra features), and kits.1" +"board to give it extra features), and kits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Over tid har Arduino-produkter spredt seg, endret og tilpasset seg nye behov " +"og utfordringer. I tillegg til enkle kretskort på inngangsnivå, er nye " +"produkter lagt til – fra forbedrede kort med avansert funksjonalitet og " +"raskere ytelse, til kort for å lage programmer til Internett av ting, " +"iklebare ting og 3D-printing (3D-utskrift). Hele spekteret av offisielle " +"Arduino-produkter inkluderer kort, moduler (en mindre formfaktor av " +"klassiske kort), skjold (shield) (elementer som kan kobles til et kort for å " +"gi den ekstra funksjoner) og byggesett.1)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3460 msgid "" "Arduino’s focus is on high-quality boards, well-designed support materials, " "and the building of community; this focus is one of the keys to their " "success. And being open lets you build a real community. David says " -"Arduino’s community is a big strength and something that really does " -"matter—in his words, “It’s good business.” When they started, the Arduino " -"team had almost entirely no idea how to build a community. They started by " -"conducting numerous workshops, working directly with people using the " -"platform to make sure the hardware and software worked the way it was meant " -"to work and solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from " -"there." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2688 +"Arduino’s community is a big strength and something that really does matter—" +"in his words, “It’s good business.” When they started, the Arduino team had " +"almost entirely no idea how to build a community. They started by conducting " +"numerous workshops, working directly with people using the platform to make " +"sure the hardware and software worked the way it was meant to work and " +"solved people’s problems. The community grew organically from there." +msgstr "" +"Arduinos fokus er på høykvalitetskort, godt designet støttemateriell og " +"bygging av dets fellesskap; Dette fokuset er én av nøklene til suksessen. " +"Det å være åpen lar deg bygge et ekte fellesskap. David sier Arduinos " +"samfunn er en stor styrke, og noe som virkelig gjør noe, som han sier; «det " +"er god forretningsførsel». Da de begynte, hadde Arduino-laget nesten ingen " +"anelse om hvordan man bygger fellesskap. De startet ved å gjennomføre mange " +"arbeidsrettede møter, direkte med personer som bruker plattformen for å " +"kontrollere at maskinvaren og programvaren var formålstjenlig i det å løse " +"folks problemer. Samfunnet vokste organisk derfra." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3473 msgid "" "A key decision for Arduino was trademarking the name. The founders needed a " "way to guarantee to people that they were buying a quality product from a " @@ -4126,21 +7412,36 @@ msgid "" "distribution while at the same time ensuring the Arduino brand isn’t hurt by " "low-quality copies." msgstr "" +"En viktig beslutning for Arduino var å varemerke navnet. Grunnleggerne " +"trengte en måte å garantere folk kjøp av et kvalitetsprodukt fra et selskap " +"forpliktet til friprog-filosofi og kunnskapsdeling. Varemerking av Arduinos " +"navn og logo gir den garantien, og hjelper kundene å enkelt identifisere " +"produktene deres, samt produkter godkjent av dem. Hvis andre ønsker å selge " +"kretskort med Arduino-navn og -logo, må de betale en liten avgift til " +"Arduino. Dette gjør Arduino i stand til å skalere opp produksjon og " +"distribusjon, samtidig som det forsikres at Arduino-merket ikke skades av " +"lavkvalitetskopier." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2696 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3485 msgid "" "Current official manufacturers are Smart Projects in Italy, SparkFun in the " -"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " -"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " +"United States, and Dog Hunter in Taiwan/China. These are the only " +"manufacturers that are allowed to use the Arduino logo on their boards. " "Trademarking their brand provided the founders with a way to protect " -"Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial " -"development. The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s " -"revenue-generating model." +"Arduino, build it out further, and fund software and tutorial development. " +"The trademark-licensing fee for the brand became Arduino’s revenue-" +"generating model." msgstr "" +"Gjeldende offisielle produsenter er Smart-prosjekter i Italia, SparkFun i " +"USA, og Dog Hunter i Taiwan/Kina. Dette er de eneste produsentene som " +"tillates å bruke Arduino-logoen på brettene sine. Varemerkingen av " +"merkevaren deres har gitt grunnleggerne en måte å beskytte Arduino på, bygge " +"ut videre, finansiere utvikling av programvare og opplæring. Gebyret for " +"varemerke-lisensiering ble Arduinos inntektsgenererende modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2703 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3495 msgid "" "How far to open things up wasn’t always something the founders perfectly " "agreed on. David, who was always one to advocate for opening things up more, " @@ -4149,35 +7450,76 @@ msgid "" "project called Freeduino, but overall, trademarking and branding has been a " "critical tool for Arduino." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2716 +"Hvilken utstrekning ting skulle åpnes i var ikke alltid noe grunnleggerne " +"var helt enige om. David, som alltid gikk i bresjen for å åpne ting opp mer, " +"hadde noen betenkeligheter om beskyttelse av Arduino-navnet, idet folk " +"kanskje ville bli sure om de beskyttet deres merkevare. Det var et tidlig " +"tilbakeslag med et prosjekt kalt Freeduino, men samlet, varemerking og " +"merkevarebygging har vært et kritisk verktøy for Arduino." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3516 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3504 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as " +#| "a default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that " +#| "really needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to " +#| "not open up certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is " +#| "certainly the complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where " +#| "nothing is shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are " +#| "based on open sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from " +#| "2013 entitled “Send In the Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, " +#| "does a great job of explaining the full complexities of how trademarking " +#| "their brand has played out, distinguishing between official boards and " +#| "those that are clones, derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" msgid "" "David encourages people and businesses to start by sharing everything as a " "default strategy, and then think about whether there is anything that really " "needs to be protected and why. There are lots of good reasons to not open up " "certain elements. This strategy of sharing everything is certainly the " -"complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where nothing is " -"shared. Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are based on open " -"sharing and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from 2013 entitled “Send " -"In the Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " +"complete opposite of how today’s world operates, where nothing is shared. " +"Tom suggests a business formalize which elements are based on open sharing " +"and which are closed. An Arduino blog post from 2013 entitled “Send In the " +"Clones,” by one of the founders Massimo Banzi, does a great job of " "explaining the full complexities of how trademarking their brand has played " "out, distinguishing between official boards and those that are clones, " -"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.2" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2722 +"derivatives, compatibles, and counterfeits.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"David oppfordrer folk og bedrifter til å starte ved å dele alt som forvalgt " +"strategi, og deretter tenke på om det er noe som virkelig trenger " +"beskyttelse, og hvorfor. Det er mange gode grunner til å ikke åpne bestemte " +"elementer. Denne strategien for å dele alt, er den diametrale motsats til " +"hvordan dagens verden opererer, der ingenting er delt. Tom foreslår at en " +"bedrift formaliserer hvilke elementer som er basert på åpen deling, og " +"hvilke som er lukket. Et Arduino-blogginnlegg fra 2013, med tittelen «Send " +"In the Clones», fra en av grunnleggerne Massimo Banzi, er til stor hjelp for " +"å forklare hele kompleksiteten i hvordan varemerkingen deres ble rullet ut, " +"ved å skille mellom offisielle kort og de som er kloner, derivater, " +"kompatible og forfalskninger.2)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3519 msgid "" "For David, an exciting aspect of Arduino is the way lots of people can use " "it to adapt technology in many different ways. Technology is always making " "more things possible but doesn’t always focus on making it easy to use and " -"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things that " -"help other people make things.”" +"adapt. This is where Arduino steps in. Arduino’s goal is “making things " +"that help other people make things.”" msgstr "" +"For David er en spennende del av Arduino hvordan bruken muliggjør tilpasning " +"av teknologi på mange forskjellige måter for så mange. Teknologi åpner " +"alltid flere muligheter, men ikke alltid med fokus på dens enkelhet i bruk " +"og tilpasningsdyktighet. Det er der Arduino trår til. Arduinos mål er «å " +"lage ting som hjelper andre mennesker å lage ting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2728 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3527 msgid "" "Arduino has been hugely successful in making technology and electronics " "reach a larger audience. For Tom, Arduino has been about “the " @@ -4185,97 +7527,123 @@ msgid "" "helping the world get over the idea that technology has to be protected. Tom " "says, “Technology is a literacy everyone should learn.”" msgstr "" +"Arduino har vært svært vellykket med å få teknologi og elektronikk ut til et " +"større publikum. For Tom har Arduino handlet om «demokratisering av " +"teknologi». Tom ser Arduinos åpne kildekodestrategi som å hjelpe verden å " +"komme over tanken at teknologien må ha beskyttelse. Tom sier, «Teknologi er " +"en ferdighet som alle burde lære»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2732 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3535 msgid "" "Ultimately, for Arduino, going open has been good business—good for product " "development, good for distribution, good for pricing, and good for " "manufacturing." msgstr "" +"Til slutt, for Arduino, å bli åpne har vært bra for forretningen – bra for " +"produktutvikling, bra for distribusjon, bra for prising og bra for " +"produksjon." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2734 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3776 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4017 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4255 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4883 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5108 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5347 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5594 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6029 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6258 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6700 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7268 -msgid "Web links" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737 -msgid "www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Products" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2737 -msgid "blog.arduino.cc/2013/07/10/send-in-the-clones/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2739 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-70\"></span>Ártica" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3541 +msgid "Ártica" +msgstr "Ártica" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2743 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3544 msgid "" "Ártica provides online courses and consulting services focused on how to use " "digital technology to share knowledge and enable collaboration in arts and " "culture. Founded in 2011 in Uruguay." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2745 -msgid "www.articaonline.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2747 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2749 -msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2751 -msgid "Interviewees: Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2753 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2903 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3058 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3402 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4520 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5611 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6282 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6720 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6898 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7287 +"Ártica gir kurs på nettet og konsulenttjenester fokusert på hvordan du " +"bruker digital teknologi til å dele kunnskap og muliggjøre samarbeid i kunst " +"og kultur. Grunnlagt i 2011 i Uruguay." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3549 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.articaonline.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3551 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for tilpassede " +"tjenester" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3554 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 9, 2016" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 9. mars 2016" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3556 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti and " +"Jorge Gemetto, cofounders" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekter</emphasis>: Mariana Fossatti og " +"Jorge Gemetto, medgrunnleggere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3560 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3747 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3939 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4358 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5725 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7169 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7950 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8472 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8693 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9159 msgid "Profile written by Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -msgstr "" +msgstr "Profilen skrevet av Sarah Hinchliff Pearson" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2758 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3564 msgid "" "The story of Mariana Fossatti and Jorge Gemetto’s business, Ártica, is the " "ultimate example of DIY. Not only are they successful entrepreneurs, the " "niche in which their small business operates is essentially one they built " "themselves." msgstr "" +"Historien om Mariana Fossattis og Jorge Gemettos virksomhet, Ártica, er det " +"beste eksempelet på Gjør det selv (DIY: Do it yourself). Ikke bare er de " +"vellykkede gründere, nisjen deres lille virksomhet opererer i, er i hovedsak " +"en de har bygget selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2760 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3570 msgid "Their dream jobs didn’t exist, so they created them." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Drømmejobbene deres eksisterer ikke, så de laget dem." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2770 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3573 msgid "" "In 2011, Mariana was a sociologist working for an international organization " -"to develop research and online education about rural-development " -"issues. Jorge was a psychologist, also working in online education. Both " -"were bloggers and heavy users of social media, and both had a passion for " -"arts and culture. They decided to take their skills in digital technology " -"and online learning and apply them to a topic area they loved. They launched " +"to develop research and online education about rural-development issues. " +"Jorge was a psychologist, also working in online education. Both were " +"bloggers and heavy users of social media, and both had a passion for arts " +"and culture. They decided to take their skills in digital technology and " +"online learning and apply them to a topic area they loved. They launched " "Ártica, an online business that provides education and consulting for people " "and institutions creating artistic and cultural projects on the Internet." msgstr "" +"I 2011 var Mariana en sosiolog som arbeider for en internasjonal " +"organisasjon med å utvikle forskning og utdanning på nettet om " +"jordbruksutviklingsoppgaver. Jorge var psykolog, som også arbeidet med " +"utdanning på nett. Begge var bloggere og tunge brukere av sosiale medier, og " +"begge hadde en lidenskap for kunst og kultur. Med sine ferdigheter i digital " +"teknologi og nettlæring besluttet de å bruke dem på et område de likte. De " +"lanserte Ártica, en bedrift som gir opplæring og rådgivning for folk og " +"institusjoner som utvikler kunstneriske og kulturelle prosjekter på " +"Internettet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2781 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3585 msgid "" "Ártica feels like a uniquely twenty-first century business. The small " "company has a global online presence with no physical offices. Jorge and " @@ -4284,13 +7652,23 @@ msgid "" "by creating a MOOC (massive open online course) about remix culture and " "collaboration in the arts, which gave them a direct way to reach an " "international audience, attracting students from across Latin America and " -"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " +"Spain. In other words, it is the classic Internet story of being able to " "directly tap into an audience without relying upon gatekeepers or " "intermediaries." msgstr "" +"Ártica føles som en unik virksomhet i det tjueførste århundre. Det lille " +"selskapet har en global tilstedeværelse på Internett uten fysiske kontorer. " +"Jorge og Mariana bor i Uruguay, og de andre to fulltids ansatte, som Jorge " +"og Mariana aldri har møtt personlig, bor i Spania. De startet ved å opprette " +"en MOOC (et fleksibelt nettkurs, gratis og tilgjengelig for alle) om remiks-" +"kultur og samarbeid innen kunsten, som ga dem en direkte vei til et " +"internasjonalt publikum, og tiltrekke seg studenter fra hele Latin-Amerika " +"og Spania. Med andre ord, det er den klassiske Internett-historien om å " +"kunne koble seg direkte til publikum uten å være avhengig av portvoktere " +"eller mellommenn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3598 msgid "" "Ártica offers personalized education and consulting services, and helps " "clients implement projects. All of these services are customized. They call " @@ -4300,20 +7678,33 @@ msgid "" "questions,” Mariana said. Rather than sell access to their content, they " "provide it for free and charge for the personalized services." msgstr "" +"Ártica tilbyr tilpasset utdanning og konsulenttjenester, og hjelper kundene " +"å gjennomføre prosjekter. Alle disse tjenestene er tilpasset. De kaller det " +"en «artisan» prosess på grunn av den tid og krefter det tar for å tilpasse " +"sitt arbeid til de spesielle behovene til studenter og kunder. «Hver student " +"eller kunde betaler for en bestemt løsning på hans eller hennes problemer og " +"spørsmål», sier Mariana. I stedet for å selge tilgang til innholdet sitt, " +"gir de det gratis, og tar betalt for tilpasningstjenestene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2797 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3608 msgid "" "When they started, they offered a smaller number of courses designed to " "attract large audiences. “Over the years, we realized that online " "communities are more specific than we thought,” Mariana said. Ártica now " -"provides more options for classes and has lower enrollment in each " -"course. This means they can provide more attention to individual students " -"and offer classes on more specialized topics." +"provides more options for classes and has lower enrollment in each course. " +"This means they can provide more attention to individual students and offer " +"classes on more specialized topics." msgstr "" +"Da de begynte, tilbød de et mindre antall kurs laget for å tiltrekke seg " +"store målgrupper. «Gjennom årene har vi innsett at nettsamfunn er mer " +"spesifikke enn vi trodde», sa Mariana. Ártica leverer nå flere alternative " +"klasser, og har færre påmeldinger på hvert kurs. Dette betyr at de kan gi " +"hver enkelte elev mer oppmerksomhet, og tilby kurs på mer spesialiserte " +"emner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2803 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3617 msgid "" "Online courses are their biggest revenue stream, but they also do more than " "a dozen consulting projects each year, ranging from digitization to event " @@ -4321,19 +7712,29 @@ msgid "" "when they work with cultural institutions, and some are smaller projects " "commissioned by individual artists." msgstr "" +"Kurs på nettet er deres største inntektskilde, men de har også mer enn et " +"dusin konsulentprosjekter hvert år, alt fra digitalisering til " +"arrangementsplanlegging og markedsføringskampanjer. Noen av dem har en viss " +"størrelse, spesielt når de jobber med kulturinstitusjoner, mens andre er " +"mindre prosjekter på oppdrag fra enkeltartister." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2809 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3625 msgid "" -"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " +"Ártica also seeks out public and private funding for specific projects. " "Sometimes, even if they are unsuccessful in subsidizing a project like a new " -"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " +"course or e-book, they will go ahead because they believe in it. They take " "the stance that every new project leads them to something new, every new " "resource they create opens new doors." msgstr "" +"Ártica søker også etter offentlig og privat finansiering til bestemte " +"prosjekter. Noen ganger, selv om de ikke lykkes i å få støtte til et " +"prosjekt som et nytt kurs eller en nettbok, går de videre fordi de tror på " +"det. De har det standpunktet at hvert nytt prosjekt fører dem til noe nytt, " +"hver ny ressurs de lager åpner nye dører." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2823 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3633 msgid "" "Ártica relies heavily on their free Creative Commons–licensed content to " "attract new students and clients. Everything they create—online education, " @@ -4343,14 +7744,26 @@ msgid "" "viral,” Jorge said. For them, giving others the right to reuse and remix " "their content is a fundamental value. “How can you offer an online " "educational service without giving permission to download, make and keep " -"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " +"copies, or print the educational resources?” Jorge said. “If we want to do " "the best for our students—those who trust in us to the point that they are " "willing to pay online without face-to-face contact—we have to offer them a " "fair and ethical agreement.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2829 +"Ártica lener seg tungt på at deres gratis Creative Commons-lisensierte " +"innhold vil trekke til seg nye studenter og kunder. Alt de lager, nettbasert " +"utdanning, blogg-innlegg, videoer, utgis med en Attribution-ShareAlike-" +"lisens (CC BY-SA). «Vi bruker en ShareAlike-lisens fordi vi vil gi størst " +"mulig frihet til våre studenter og lesere, og vi ønsker også at friheten " +"skal være viral», sa Jorge. For dem er å gi andre rett til å gjenbruke og " +"remikse innholdet en grunnleggende verdi. «Hvordan kan du tilby en " +"nettbasert pedagogisk tjeneste uten å gi tillatelse til å laste ned, lage og " +"beholde kopier, eller skrive ut de pedagogiske ressursene?» Jorge sier: " +"«Hvis vi ønsker å gjøre det best for våre studenter - de som stoler på oss " +"til det punktet at de er villige til å betale på nettet uten ansikt til " +"ansikt kontakt - har vi bare å tilby dem en hederlig og etisk avtale»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3649 msgid "" "They also believe sharing their ideas and expertise openly helps them build " "their reputation and visibility. People often share and cite their work. A " @@ -4358,22 +7771,33 @@ msgid "" "distributed printed copies. Ártica views reuse of their work as a way to " "open up new opportunities for their business." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2838 -msgid "" -"This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another " -"belief—in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, " -"they spoke of all of the spontaneous and organic ways they find " -"inspiration. “Sometimes, the collaborative process starts with a " -"conversation between us, or with friends from other projects,” Jorge " -"said. “That can be the first step for a new blog post or another simple " -"piece of content, which can evolve to a more complex product in the future, " -"like a course or a book.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2846 +"De tror også at å dele sine ideer og sin ekspertise åpent hjelper dem å " +"bygge omdømmet og synligheten sin. Folk deler og siterer deres arbeid ofte. " +"For noen år siden plukket en utgiver selv opp en av nettbøkene deres, og " +"distribuerte trykte kopier. Ártica ser gjenbruk av arbeidet deres som en vei " +"til å åpne opp nye muligheter for sin virksomhet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3657 +msgid "" +"This belief that openness creates new opportunities reflects another belief—" +"in serendipity. When describing their process for creating content, they " +"spoke of all of the spontaneous and organic ways they find inspiration. " +"“Sometimes, the collaborative process starts with a conversation between us, " +"or with friends from other projects,” Jorge said. “That can be the first " +"step for a new blog post or another simple piece of content, which can " +"evolve to a more complex product in the future, like a course or a book.”" +msgstr "" +"Troen på at åpenhet skaper nye muligheter, reflekterer en annen tro, til alt " +"hell. Når de beskriver sin prosess når de lager innhold, snakker de om alle " +"de spontane og organiske måtene de finne inspirasjon på. «Noen ganger " +"starter samarbeidsprosessen med en samtale mellom oss, eller med venner fra " +"andre prosjekter», sa Jorge. «Det kan være det første skrittet til et nytt " +"blogginnlegg, eller et nytt enkelt innhold, som i fremtiden kan utvikle seg " +"til et mer sammensatt produkt, som et kurs eller en bok»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3667 msgid "" "Rather than planning their work in advance, they let their creative process " "be dynamic. “This doesn’t mean that we don’t need to work hard in order to " @@ -4382,27 +7806,41 @@ msgid "" "learn, always exploring and testing new ideas and ways of operating. In many " "ways, for them, the process is just as important as the final product." msgstr "" +"Heller enn å planlegging arbeidet sitt på forhånd, lar de deres kreative " +"prosess være dynamisk. «Dette betyr ikke at vi ikke trenger å jobbe hardt " +"for å få gode profesjonelle resultater, men utformingsprosessen er mer " +"fleksibel», sa Jorge. De deler tidlig og ofte, og de justerer ut fra det de " +"lærer, og utforsker og tester alltid nye ideer og måter å arbeide på. På " +"mange måter er prosessen for dem like viktig som sluttproduktet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3676 msgid "" "People and relationships are also just as important, sometimes more. “In the " "educational and cultural business, it is more important to pay attention to " "people and process, rather than content or specific formats or materials,” " -"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " +"Mariana said. “Materials and content are fluid. The important thing is the " "relationships.”" msgstr "" +"Folk og relasjoner er også like viktige, noen ganger mer. «I den pedagogiske " +"og kulturelle virksomheten, er det viktigere å ta hensyn til folk og " +"prosesser, snarere enn innhold eller spesielle formater eller materialer», " +"sa Mariana. «Materialer og innhold er flytende. Den viktige tingen er " +"relasjonene»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2856 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3684 msgid "" "Ártica believes in the power of the network. They seek to make connections " "with people and institutions across the globe so they can learn from them " "and share their knowledge." msgstr "" +"Ártica tror på kraften i nettverket. De søker å lage forbindelser mellom " +"mennesker og institusjoner over hele verden, så de kan lære av dem og dele " +"sine kunnskaper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3689 msgid "" "At the core of everything Ártica does is a set of values. “Good content is " "not enough,” Jorge said. “We also think that it is very important to take a " @@ -4415,30 +7853,52 @@ msgid "" "system. Ultimately, what drives their work is a mission to democratize art " "and culture." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2875 -msgid "" -"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. " -"Human resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " +"Kjernen i alt Ártica gjør er et sett verdier. «Godt innhold ikke er nok», sa " +"Jorge. «Vi tror også at det er svært viktig å ta et standpunkt for noe i " +"kultursektoren». Mariana og Jorge er aktivister. De forsvarer fri kultur " +"(bevegelsen som fremmer frihet til å endre og distribuere kreativt arbeid), " +"og arbeider for å vise skjæringspunktet mellom fri kultur og andre " +"bevegelser for sosial rettferdighet. Innsatsen deres for å involvere " +"mennesker i sitt arbeid, og aktivere kunstnere og kulturinstitusjoner til å " +"bedre bruken av teknologi, er tett knyttet til deres holdninger. Til syvende " +"og sist, det som driver deres arbeid er målet om å demokratisere kunst og " +"kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3702 +msgid "" +"Of course, Ártica also has to make enough money to cover its expenses. Human " +"resources are, by far, their biggest expense. They tap a network of " "collaborators on a case-by-case basis and hire contractors for specific " "projects. Whenever possible, they draw from artistic and cultural resources " "in the commons, and they rely on free software. Their operation is small, " "efficient, and sustainable, and because of that, it is a success." msgstr "" +"Ártica må selvfølgelig også tjene nok penger til å dekke sine utgifter. I " +"stor grad er menneskelige ressurser den største utgiftsposten. De trekker " +"veksler på samarbeidspartnere fra sak til sak, og leier inn oppdragstakere " +"til bestemte prosjekter. Når det er mulig, trekker de veksler på " +"kunstneriske og kulturelle ressurser i fellesskapet, og de stoler på fri " +"programvare. Virksomheten deres er liten, effektiv og bærekraftig, og derfor " +"er den en suksess." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2881 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3711 msgid "" -"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " +"“There are lots of people offering online courses,” Jorge said. “But it is " "easy to differentiate us. We have an approach that is very specific and " -"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " +"personal.” Ártica’s model is rooted in the personal at every level. For " "Mariana and Jorge, success means doing what brings them personal meaning and " "purpose, and doing it sustainably and collaboratively." msgstr "" +"«Det er mange mennesker som tilbyr kurs på nettet», sa Jorge. «Men det er " +"lett å skille oss ut. Vi har en tilnærming som er veldig spesifikk og " +"personlig». Árticas modell er forankret i det personlige på alle nivåer. For " +"Mariana og Jorge betyr suksess å gjøre det som gir dem personlig mening og " +"hensikt, og gjøre det bærekraftig og i samarbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3719 msgid "" "In their work with younger artists, Mariana and Jorge try to emphasize that " "this model of success is just as valuable as the picture of success we get " @@ -4446,43 +7906,56 @@ msgid "" "will get frustrated,” Mariana said. “We try to show them another image of " "what it looks like.”" msgstr "" +"I sitt arbeid med yngre artister prøver Mariana og Jorge å understreke at " +"denne modellen for suksess er like verdifull som det bildet av suksess vi " +"får i media. «Hvis de bare søker etter den tradisjonell typen suksess, vil " +"de bli frustrert», sa Mariana. «Vi prøver å vise dem et annet bilde av " +"hvordan det ser ut»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2889 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-71\"></span>Blender Institute" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3727 +msgid "Blender Institute" +msgstr "Blender Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2892 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3730 msgid "" "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgstr "" +"Blender Institute er et animasjonsstudio som lager 3D-filmer med Blender " +"programvare. Grunnlagt i 2006 i Nederland." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2894 -msgid "www.blender.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3735 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.blender.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2897 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3737 msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " -"copies, selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), charging for physical copies, selling merchandise" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Folkefinansiering " +"(abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske kopier, varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2899 -msgid "Interview date: March 8, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3741 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 8, 2016" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 8. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2901 -msgid "Interviewee: Francesco Siddi, production coordinator" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3743 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"production coordinator" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekt</emphasis>: Francesco Siddi, " +"produksjonsleder" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2912 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3751 msgid "" "For Ton Roosendaal, the creator of Blender software and its related " "entities, sharing is practical. Making their 3-D content creation software " @@ -4493,9 +7966,17 @@ msgid "" "content they create in a way that benefits Blender and its community in " "concrete ways." msgstr "" +"For Ton Roosendaal, som skapte Blender programvare og de tilknyttede " +"enhetene, er deling praktisk. Å gjøre deres programvare for å lage 3D-" +"innhold tilgjengelig under fri programvarelisens har vært integrerende for " +"programmets utvikling og popularitet. Å bruke programvaren til å lage filmer " +"lisensiert med Creative Commons, skjøv denne utviklingen ytterligere " +"fremover. Deling gjør det mulig for folk å delta og samhandle med, og å " +"bygge videre på, den teknologien og innholdet de lager på en måte som er til " +"fordel for Blender og Blenders fellesskap helt konkret." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2921 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3762 msgid "" "Each open-movie project Blender runs produces a host of openly licensed " "outputs, not just the final film itself but all of the source material as " @@ -4505,31 +7986,50 @@ msgid "" "easier. And, of course, each project involves a long, rewarding process for " "the creative and technical community working together." msgstr "" +"Hvert åpen-filmprosjekt Blender kjører, produserer en rekke åpne lisensierte " +"resultater, ikke bare den endelige filmen selv, men alt kildematerialet " +"også. Den kreative prosessen forbedrer også utviklingen av Blenders " +"programvare fordi det tekniske teamet responderer direkte på behovene " +"filmens produksjonsteam har, ved å lage verktøy og funksjoner som gjør livet " +"deres enklere. Og, selvfølgelig, hvert prosjekt innebærer en lang, givende " +"prosess der det kreative og tekniske fellesskapet arbeider sammen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2927 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3772 msgid "" "Rather than just talking about the theoretical benefits of sharing and free " -"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " +"culture, Ton is very much about doing and making free culture. Blender’s " "production coordinator Francesco Siddi told us, “Ton believes if you don’t " "make content using your tools, then you’re not doing anything.”" msgstr "" +"Heller enn bare å snakke om de teoretisk fordelene av deling og fri kultur, " +"er Ton veldig for å få til og lage fri kultur. Blenders produksjonsleder " +"Francesco Siddi fortalte oss at, «Ton tror hvis du ikke ikke bruker " +"verktøyet ditt til å lage innhold, så gjør du ikke noenting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2937 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3779 msgid "" "Blender’s history begins in the late 1990s, when Ton created the Blender " "software. Originally, the software was an in-house resource for his " -"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " +"animation studio based in the Netherlands. Investors became interested in " "the software, so he began marketing the software to the public, offering a " "free version in addition to a paid version. Sales were disappointing, and " "his investors gave up on the endeavor in the early 2000s. He made a deal " "with investors—if he could raise enough money, he could then make the " "Blender software available under the GNU General Public License." msgstr "" +"Blenders historie begynner i 1990, da Ton opprettet programvaren Blender. " +"Opprinnelig var programvaren en intern ressurs for hans animasjonsstudio i " +"Nederland. Investorer ble interessert i programvaren, så han begynte å " +"markedsføre programvaren til publikum, og tilbød en gratis versjon i tillegg " +"til en betalt versjon. Salget var skuffende, og hans investorer ga opp " +"forsøket tidlig på 2000-tallet. Han gjorde en avtale med investorer – hvis " +"han kunne skaffe nok penger, kunne han så gjøre Blender-programvaren " +"tilgjengelig under GNU General Public License." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3790 msgid "" "This was long before Kickstarter and other online crowdfunding sites " "existed, but Ton ran his own version of a crowdfunding campaign and quickly " @@ -4541,9 +8041,18 @@ msgid "" "and he put a lot of work into fostering a community of developers so that " "the project could live.”" msgstr "" +"Dette var lenge før Kickstarter og andre nettsteder for folkefinansiering " +"eksisterte, men Ton kjørte sin egen versjon av en folkefinansiering, og " +"skaffet raskt pengene han trengte. Blender-programvaren ble fritt " +"tilgjengelig å bruke for alle. Men bare å bruke General Public License til " +"programvaren, var ikke nok til å få til et blomstrende fellesskap rundt den. " +"Francesco fortalte oss: «Programvare med denne kompleksiteten er avhengig av " +"mennesker og deres visjon om hvordan folk arbeider sammen. Ton er en " +"fantastisk felleskapsbygger og leder, og han har lagt ned mye arbeid i å " +"fremme et fellesskap av utviklere slik at prosjektet kunne leve»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2954 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3802 msgid "" "Like any successful free and open-source software project, Blender developed " "quickly because the community could make fixes and improvements. “Software " @@ -4551,32 +8060,51 @@ msgid "" "doing the same thing in the dark for ten years.” Ton set up the Blender " "Foundation to oversee and steward the software development and maintenance." msgstr "" +"Som ethvert vellykket programvareprosjekt med gratis og åpen kildekode " +"utviklet Blender seg raskt fordi fellesskapet kunne gjøre feilrettinger og " +"forbedringer. «Programvare bør være fritt og åpent for rettelser», sa " +"Francesco. «Ellers gjør alle det samme i mørket i ti år». Ton satt opp " +"Blender Foundation til å overvåke og forvalte programvareutviklingen og " +"vedlikeholdet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2963 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3810 msgid "" "After a few years, Ton began looking for new ways to push development of the " "software. He came up with the idea of creating CC-licensed films using the " "Blender software. Ton put a call online for all interested and skilled " "artists. Francesco said the idea was to get the best artists available, put " "them in a building together with the best developers, and have them work " -"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " +"together. They would not only produce high-quality openly licensed content, " "they would improve the Blender software in the process." msgstr "" +"Etter noen år begynte Ton å lete etter nye måter å fremme utviklingen av " +"programvaren på. Han fikk ideen om å lage CC-lisensierte filmer med Blender-" +"programvare. Ton la ut en forespørsel på nettet til alle interesserte og " +"erfarne kunstnere. Francesco sa ideen var å få de beste artistene som var " +"tilgjengelig, sette dem i en bygning sammen med de beste utviklerne, og få " +"dem til å arbeide sammen. De skulle ikke bare lage åpent lisensiert innhold " +"av høy kvalitet, de skulle forbedre Blenders programvare i prosessen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2970 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3820 msgid "" -"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " +"They turned to crowdfunding to subsidize the costs of the project. They had " "about twenty people working full-time for six to ten months, so the costs " "were significant. Francesco said that when their crowdfunding campaign " "succeeded, people were astounded. “The idea that making money was possible " -"by producing CC-licensed material was mind-blowing to people,” he " -"said. “They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" +"by producing CC-licensed material was mind-blowing to people,” he said. " +"“They were like, ‘I have to see it to believe it.’”" msgstr "" +"De vendte seg til folkefinansiering for å subsidiere prosjektkostnadene. De " +"hadde tyve personer som jobbet fulltid i seks til ti måneder, så kostnadene " +"var betydelige. Francesco sa at når folkefinansieringskampanjen deres " +"lyktes, var folk forbløffet. «Ideen om at å tjene penger var mulig ved å " +"produsere CC-lisensiert materiale, var overveldende for folk», sa han. «De " +"var som, 'jeg må se det for å tro det'»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2976 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3829 msgid "" "The first film, which was released in 2006, was an experiment. It was so " "successful that Ton decided to set up the Blender Institute, an entity " @@ -4584,52 +8112,78 @@ msgid "" "project was an even bigger success. The film, Big Buck Bunny, went viral, " "and its animated characters were picked up by marketers." msgstr "" +"Den første filmen, som ble utgitt i 2006, var et eksperiment. Det var så " +"vellykket at Ton besluttet å sette opp Blender Institute, en enhet øremerket " +"til å huse åpen-filmprosjekter. Blender Institute sitt neste prosjekt var en " +"enda større suksess. Filmen Big Buck Bunny gikk viralt, og de animerte " +"figurene ble plukket opp av markedsførere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2987 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3837 msgid "" "Francesco said that, over time, the Blender Institute projects have gotten " "bigger and more prominent. That means the filmmaking process has become more " -"complex, combining technical experts and artists who focus on " -"storytelling. Francesco says the process is almost on an industrial scale " -"because of the number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized " -"assistance, but the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it " -"needs to help on projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film " -"projects because the talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many " -"people want to work with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget " -"constraints.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:2995 +"complex, combining technical experts and artists who focus on storytelling. " +"Francesco says the process is almost on an industrial scale because of the " +"number of moving parts. This requires a lot of specialized assistance, but " +"the Blender Institute has no problem finding the talent it needs to help on " +"projects. “Blender hardly does any recruiting for film projects because the " +"talent emerges naturally,” Francesco said. “So many people want to work " +"with us, and we can’t always hire them because of budget constraints.”" +msgstr "" +"Francesco sa at over tid har Blender Institute-prosjektene blitt større og " +"mer betydningsfulle. Det betyr at prosessen med å lage film har blitt mer " +"kompleks ved å kombinere tekniske eksperter og kunstnere som har fokus på " +"historiefortelling. Francesco sier prosessen er nesten på industriell skala " +"på grunn av antallet bevegelige deler. Dette krever mye spesialisert hjelp, " +"men Blender Institute har ingen problemer med å finne det talentet som " +"trengs for å bistå prosjekter. «Blender gjør knapt noen rekruttering til " +"filmprosjekter fordi talentet dukker helt naturlig opp», sa Francesco. «Så " +"mange mennesker ønsker å samarbeide med oss, at vi ikke alltid kan ansette " +"dem på grunn av budsjettbegrensninger»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3850 msgid "" "Blender has had a lot of success raising money from its community over the " -"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " +"years. In many ways, the pitch has gotten easier to make. Not only is " "crowdfunding simply more familiar to the public, but people know and trust " "Blender to deliver, and Ton has developed a reputation as an effective " "community leader and visionary for their work. “There is a whole community " "who sees and understands the benefit of these projects,” Francesco said." msgstr "" +"Blender har hatt stor suksess med å skaffe penger fra fellesskapet gjennom " +"årene. På mange måter har det blitt lettere å bane vei. Ikke bare er " +"folkefinansiering blitt bedre kjent i offentligheten, men folk kjenner til, " +"og stoler på at Blender leverer, og Ton har opparbeidet et rykte som en " +"effektiv fellesskapsleder, og visjonær for arbeidet deres. «Det er et helt " +"fellesskap som ser og forstår fordelen med disse prosjektene», sa Francesco." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3002 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3859 msgid "" "While these benefits of each open-movie project make a compelling pitch for " "crowdfunding campaigns, Francesco told us the Blender Institute has found " "some limitations in the standard crowdfunding model where you propose a " -"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone goes " -"home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" +"specific project and ask for funding. “Once a project is over, everyone " +"goes home,” he said. “It is great fun, but then it ends. That is a problem.”" msgstr "" +"Mens disse fordelene fra hvert åpen-filmprosjekt gir et overbevisende " +"grunnlag for folkefinansieringskampanjer, fortalte Francesco oss at Blender " +"Institute har funnet noen begrensninger i den standard " +"folkefinansieringsmodellen der man legger frem et bestemt prosjekt og ber om " +"finansiering. «Når et prosjekt er over, drar alle hjem», sa han. «Det er mye " +"moro, men så slutter det. Det er et problem»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3016 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3867 msgid "" "To make their work more sustainable, they needed a way to receive ongoing " "support rather than on a project-by-project basis. Their solution is Blender " "Cloud, a subscription-style crowdfunding model akin to the online " "crowdfunding platform, Patreon. For about ten euros each month, subscribers " "get access to download everything the Blender Institute produces—software, " -"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " +"art, training, and more. All of the assets are available under an " "Attribution license (CC BY) or placed in the public domain (CC0), but they " "are initially made available only to subscribers. Blender Cloud enables " "subscribers to follow Blender’s movie projects as they develop, sharing " @@ -4637,38 +8191,64 @@ msgid "" "also has extensive training materials and libraries of characters and other " "assets used in various projects." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3021 +"For å gjøre arbeidet mer bærekraftig trengte de en måte for å motta " +"kontinuerlig støtte, og ikke på prosjekt-for-prosjektbasis. Deres løsning er " +"Blender Sky, en abonnementstype folkefinansieringsmodell som likner den " +"nettbaserte folkfinansieringsplattformen Patreon. For ca. 10 euro hver måned " +"får abonnenter tilgang til å laste ned alt det Blender Institute produserer " +"– programvare, kunst, opplæring, og mer. Alle disse ressursene er " +"tilgjengelige med en Attribution-lisens (CC BY), eller plassert i den " +"offentlige sfæren (CC0), men de er opprinnelig gjort tilgjengelige kun for " +"abonnenter. Blender Cloud lar abonnentene følge Blenders filmprosjekter mens " +"de utvikles, og deler detaljert informasjon og innhold til bruk i den " +"kreative prosessen. Blender Cloud har også omfattende opplæringsmateriell, " +"biblioteker med rollemodeller og andre ressurser til bruk i ulike prosjekter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3882 msgid "" "The continuous financial support provided by Blender Cloud subsidizes five " "to six full-time employees at the Blender Institute. Francesco says their " "goal is to grow their subscriber base. “This is our freedom,” he told us, " "“and for artists, freedom is everything.”" msgstr "" +"Kontinuerlig økonomisk støtte fra Blender Cloud finansierer fem til seks " +"heltidsansatte ved Blender Institute. Francesco sier at deres mål er å " +"utvide sin abonnentbase. «Dette er vår frihet», fortalte han oss, «og for " +"kunstnere er frihet alt»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3889 msgid "" -"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " +"Blender Cloud is the primary revenue stream of the Blender Institute. The " "Blender Foundation is funded primarily by donations, and that money goes " "toward software development and maintenance. The revenue streams of the " "Institute and Foundation are deliberately kept separate. Blender also has " "other revenue streams, such as the Blender Store, where people can purchase " "DVDs, T-shirts, and other Blender products." msgstr "" +"Blender Cloud er den primære inntektskilden for Blender Institute. Blender " +"Fundation er finanisert hovedsakelig av donasjoner, og pengene går til " +"programvareutvikling og -vedlikehold. Inntektsstrømmene til Blender " +"Institute og Foundation er bevisst holdt separat. Blender har også andre " +"inntektsstrømmer, som Blender-butikken, hvor folk kan kjøpe DVD-er, T-" +"skjorter og andre Blender-produkter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3033 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3898 msgid "" "Ton has worked on projects relating to his Blender software for nearly " "twenty years. Throughout most of that time, he has been committed to making " -"the software and the content produced with the software free and " -"open. Selling a license has never been part of the business model." +"the software and the content produced with the software free and open. " +"Selling a license has never been part of the business model." msgstr "" +"Ton har jobbet med prosjekter knyttet til Blender-programvare i nesten tjue " +"år. Gjennom det meste av denne tiden, har han vært opptatt av å gjøre " +"programvaren og innholdet som er produsert med programvaren gratis og åpent. " +"Å selge en lisens har aldri vært en del av forretningsmodellen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3041 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3905 msgid "" "Since 2006, he has been making films available along with all of their " "source material. He says he has hardly ever seen people stepping into " @@ -4678,66 +8258,92 @@ msgid "" "sources, it still takes a lot of talent, skills, time, and budget to " "reproduce what you did,” Ton said." msgstr "" +"Siden 2006 har han gjort filmer tilgjengelig sammen med alt tilhørende " +"kildemateriale. Han sier han har knapt sett mennesker som har satt foten i " +"Blenders sko og prøvd å tjene penger på innholdet. Ton mener dette er fordi " +"den sanne verdien av hva de gjør, er i det kreative og i " +"produksjonsprosessen. «Selv om du deler alt, alle din originale kilder, " +"kreves det mye talent, ferdigheter, tid og budsjett å reprodusere hva du " +"gjorde», sa Ton." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3915 msgid "For Ton and Blender, it all comes back to doing." -msgstr "" +msgstr "For Ton og Blender, går alt tilbake til hva du gjør." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3045 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-72\"></span>Cards Against Humanity" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3919 +msgid "Cards Against Humanity" +msgstr "Cards Against Humanity" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3048 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3922 msgid "" "Cards Against Humanity is a private, for-profit company that makes a popular " "party game by the same name. Founded in 2011 in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Cards Against Humanity er et privat, for-fortjeneste selskap som lager et " +"populært fest-spill ved samme navn. Grunnlagt i USA i 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3050 -msgid "www.cardsagainsthumanity.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3927 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.cardsagainsthumanity.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3052 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3929 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3054 -msgid "Interview date: February 3, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3932 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 3, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 3. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3056 -msgid "Interviewee: Max Temkin, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3935 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Max Temkin, cofounder" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Max Temkin, medgrunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3063 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3943 msgid "" "If you ask cofounder Max Temkin, there is nothing particularly interesting " "about the Cards Against Humanity business model. “We make a product. We sell " "it for money. Then we spend less money than we make,” Max said." msgstr "" +"Hvis du spør medgrunnlegger Max Temkin, er det ikke noe spesielt interessant " +"vedrørende forretningsmodellen til Cards Against Humanity. «Vi lager et " +"produkt. Vi selger det og tar betalt. Så bruker vi mindre penger enn vi får " +"inn», sa Max." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3071 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3949 msgid "" "He is right. Cards Against Humanity is a simple party game, modeled after " -"the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or " -"fill-in-the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit " -"their funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards " -"are filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right " -"kind of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " +"the game Apples to Apples. To play, one player asks a question or fill-in-" +"the-blank statement from a black card, and the other players submit their " +"funniest white card in response. The catch is that all of the cards are " +"filled with crude, gruesome, and otherwise awful things. For the right kind " +"of people (“horrible people,” according to Cards Against Humanity " "advertising), this makes for a hilarious and fun game." msgstr "" +"Han har rett. Cards Against Humanity er et enkelt fest-spill, tuftet på " +"spillet Apples to Apples. For å spille stiller en spiller et spørsmål, eller " +"fyller-inn-feltet- påstanden fra et svart kort, og de andre spillerne sender " +"sine morsomste hvite kort som svar. Haken er at alle kortene er fylt med " +"grove, grusomme og ellers forferdelig ting. For den rette typen folk " +"(«fryktelige», ifølge Cards Against Humanitys reklame), blir dette et artig " +"og morsomt spill." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3077 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3959 msgid "" "The revenue model is simple. Physical copies of the game are sold for a " "profit. And it works. At the time of this writing, Cards Against Humanity is " @@ -4745,18 +8351,27 @@ msgid "" "are official expansion packs available, and several official themed packs " "and international editions as well." msgstr "" +"Inntektsmodellen er enkel. Fysiske kopier av spillet blir solgt med " +"fortjeneste, og det fungerer. Når dette blir skrevet, er Cards Against " +"Humanity det bestselgende produktet blant alle leker og spill hos Amazon. " +"Offisielle utvidelsespakker er tilgjengelig, og også flere offisielle " +"temapakker samt internasjonale utgaver." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3082 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3967 msgid "" "But Cards Against Humanity is also available for free. Anyone can download a " "digital version of the game on the Cards Against Humanity website. More than " "one million people have downloaded the game since the company began tracking " "the numbers." msgstr "" +"Men Cards Against Humanity er også tilgjengelig gratis. Alle kan laste ned " +"en digital versjon av spillet fra nettsiden til Cards Against Humanity. Mer " +"enn én million mennesker har lastet ned spillet etter at selskapet begynte å " +"loggføre tallene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3088 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3973 msgid "" "The game is available under an Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-NC-SA). That means, in addition to copying the game, anyone can " @@ -4764,26 +8379,37 @@ msgid "" "same noncommercial terms. The ability to adapt the game is like an entire " "new game unto itself." msgstr "" +"Spillet er tilgjengelig med en Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike-lisens " +"(CC BY-NC-SA). Det betyr, i tillegg til å kopiere spillet, at alle kan lage " +"nye versjoner av spillet så lenge de gjør det tilgjengelig på de samme ikke-" +"kommersielle vilkårene. Muligheten til å tilpasse spillet, er som et helt " +"nytt spill i seg selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3091 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3981 msgid "" "All together, these factors—the crass tone of the game and company, the free " -"download, the" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3093 -msgid "openness to fans remixing the game—give" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3095 -msgid "the game a massive cult following." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3106 +"download, the openness to fans remixing the game—give the game a massive " +"cult following." +msgstr "" +"Til sammen gir disse faktorene – den krasse tonen i spillet og selskapet, " +"gratis nedlasting, åpenhet for fans til å remikse spillet – det som gir " +"spillet solid kultstatus." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3986 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " +#| "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that " +#| "Max Temkin and his friends put together for their own amusement. As Max " +#| "tells the story, they made the game so they could play it themselves on " +#| "New Year’s Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other " +#| "parties. The game was a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a " +#| "free PDF. People started asking if they could pay to have the game " +#| "printed for them, and eventually they decided to run a Kickstarter to " +#| "fund the printing. They set their Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised " +#| "\\$15,000. The game was officially released in May 2011." msgid "" "Their success is not the result of a grand plan. Instead, Cards Against " "Humanity was the last in a long line of games and comedy projects that Max " @@ -4792,148 +8418,251 @@ msgid "" "Eve because they were too nerdy to be invited to other parties. The game was " "a hit, so they decided to put it up online as a free PDF. People started " "asking if they could pay to have the game printed for them, and eventually " -"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " -"Kickstarter goal at \\$4,000—and raised \\$15,000. The game was officially " +"they decided to run a Kickstarter to fund the printing. They set their " +"Kickstarter goal at $4,000—and raised $15,000. The game was officially " "released in May 2011." msgstr "" +"Suksessen deres er ikke et resultat av en storstilt plan. Cards Against " +"Humanity var det siste i en lang rekke spill og komedieprosjekter Max Temkin " +"og vennene hans satte sammen for egen fornøyelse. Som Max forteller " +"historien, laget de spillet så de kunne spille det selv på nyttårsaften " +"fordi de var for nerdete til å bli invitert i andres selskap. Spillet ble en " +"hit, så de bestemte seg for å legge det ut på nettet som en gratis PDF. Folk " +"begynte å spørre om de kunne betale for å få spillet trykket for dem, og til " +"slutt bestemte de seg å kjøre en Kickstarter for å finansiere trykkingen. De " +"satt Kickstarter-målet til \\$4,000 – og fikk inn \\$15,000. Spillet ble " +"utgitt offisielt i mai 2011." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:3999 msgid "" -"The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over " -"time. Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to " -"make it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." +"The game caught on quickly, and it has only grown more popular over time. " +"Max says the eight founders never had a meeting where they decided to make " +"it an ongoing business. “It kind of just happened,” he said." msgstr "" +"Spillet fenget raskt, og populariteten har bare vokst med tiden. Max sier at " +"de åtte grunnleggerne aldri hatt et møte hvor de bestemte seg for å gjøre " +"dette til en kontinuerlig virksomhet. «På en måte hendte det bare», sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4005 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "But this tale of a “happy accident” belies marketing genius. Just like the " -"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " +"game, the Cards Against Humanity brand is irreverent and memorable. It is " "hard to forget a company that calls the FAQ on their website “Your dumb " "questions.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3127 +"Men denne fortellingen om en «lykkelig tilfeldighet» står i motsetning til " +"markedsføringbegavelsen. Akkurat som spillet, er Cards Against Humanity sitt " +"kjennemerke er distanse og minnenedverdighet. Det er vanskelig å glemme en " +"virksomhet som kaller OSS-en på sin hjemmeside: \"Dine dumme spørsmål.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4011 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than " +#| "vulgarity and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black " +#| "Friday illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United " +#| "States, Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving " +#| "holiday, the biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly " +#| "important day for Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. " +#| "retailers. Max said they struggled with what to do on Black Friday " +#| "because they didn’t want to support what he called the “orgy of " +#| "consumerism” the day has become, particularly since it follows a day that " +#| "is about being grateful for what you have. In 2013, after deliberating, " +#| "they decided to have an Everything Costs \\$5 More sale." msgid "" "Like most quality satire, however, there is more to the joke than vulgarity " "and shock value. The company’s marketing efforts around Black Friday " "illustrate this particularly well. For those outside the United States, " "Black Friday is the term for the day after the Thanksgiving holiday, the " "biggest shopping day of the year. It is an incredibly important day for " -"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " +"Cards Against Humanity, like it is for all U.S. retailers. Max said they " "struggled with what to do on Black Friday because they didn’t want to " "support what he called the “orgy of consumerism” the day has become, " "particularly since it follows a day that is about being grateful for what " -"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " -"Costs \\$5 More sale." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3131 +"you have. In 2013, after deliberating, they decided to have an Everything " +"Costs $5 More sale." +msgstr "" +"Som de fleste kvalitetssatirer er det imidlertid mer en vits enn vulgaritet " +"og sjokk. Selskapets markedsføring rundt Black Friday illustrerer dette " +"spesielt godt. For dem utenfor USA er Black Friday begrepet for dagen etter " +"Thanksgiving-helligdagen, den største handledagen i året. Det er en utrolig " +"viktig dag for Cards Against Humanity, som det er for alle deres forhandlere " +"i USA. Max sa at de strevde med hva de skulle gjøre med Black Friday fordi " +"de ikke ønsker å støtte det han kalte «en orgie av forbruk», som dagen er " +"blitt, spesielt siden den følger etter en dag som handler om å være " +"takknemlig for hva du har. I 2013 besluttet de, etter rådslaging, å ha et " +"salg der Everything Costs \\$5 More sale ( Alt koster \\$ 5 Mer salg.)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4025 msgid "" "“We sweated it out the night before Black Friday, wondering if our fans were " -"going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with " -"it. People totally caught the joke.”" +"going to hate us for it,” he said. “But it made us laugh so we went with it. " +"People totally caught the joke.”" msgstr "" +"«Vi svettet natten før Black Friday, og lurte på om våre fans ville hate " +"oss», sa han. «Men det fikk oss til å le, så vi gikk ut med det. Og folk " +"oppfattet helt klart spøken»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4030 msgid "" "This sort of bold transparency delights the media, but more importantly, it " "engages their fans. “One of the most surprising things you can do in " "capitalism is just be honest with people,” Max said. “It shocks people that " "there is transparency about what you are doing.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3143 +"Denne typen modig åpenhet gleder media, men enda viktigere, det engasjerer " +"fansen. «En av de mest overraskende tingene du kan gjøre i kapitalismen er " +"bare å være ærlig med folk», sa Max. «Det sjokkerer folk at det er åpenhet " +"om hva du gjør»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4037 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " +#| "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” " +#| "One year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " +#| "literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " +#| "the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " +#| "day." msgid "" "Max also likened it to a grand improv scene. “If we do something a little " "subversive and unexpected, the public wants to be a part of the joke.” One " -"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5 event, where people " -"literally paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make " -"the joke funnier by making it successful. They made \\$70,000 in a single " -"day." +"year they did a Give Cards Against Humanity $5 event, where people literally " +"paid them five dollars for no reason. Their fans wanted to make the joke " +"funnier by making it successful. They made $70,000 in a single day." msgstr "" +"Max sammenlignet det også med en stor improvisasjonsscene. «Hvis vi gjør noe " +"litt revolusjonært og uventet, vil publikum være med på spøken. Ett år laget " +"de spøken Give Cards Against Humanity \\$5, hvor folk bokstavelig talt " +"betalte dem fem dollar uten grunn. Fansen ville gjøre spøken morsommere ved " +"å gjøre den vellykket. De fikk inn \\$70,000 på én dag." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4045 msgid "" "This remarkable trust they have in their customers is what inspired their " "decision to apply a Creative Commons license to the game. Trusting your " -"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " +"customers to reuse and remix your work requires a leap of faith. Cards " "Against Humanity obviously isn’t afraid of doing the unexpected, but there " "are lines even they do not want to cross. Before applying the license, Max " "said they worried that some fans would adapt the game to include all of the " "jokes they intentionally never made because they crossed that line. “It " -"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost " -"of using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " +"happened, and the world didn’t end,” Max said. “If that is the worst cost of " +"using CC, I’d pay that a hundred times over because there are so many " "benefits.”" msgstr "" +"Denne bemerkelsesverdige tilliten de har hos sine kunder var det som " +"inspirerte beslutningen deres om å bruke en Creative Commons-lisens til " +"spillet. Å tiltro kundene dine gjenbruk og remiksing av arbeidet ditt krever " +"en porsjon tæl. Cards Against Humanity er åpenbart ikke redd for å gjøre det " +"uventede, men det finnes grenser selv ikke de ønsker å krysse. Før de brukte " +"lisensen, sier Max de var bekymret for at noen fans ville tilpasse spillet " +"til å inkludere alle vitser de forsettlig aldri laget fordi de gikk over den " +"linjen. «Det skjedde, og verden gikk ikke under», sa Max. «Hvis det er den " +"verste kostnaden ved å bruke CC, ville jeg betalt dét hundre ganger, fordi " +"det er så mange fordeler»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3161 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4058 msgid "" "Any successful product inspires its biggest fans to create remixes of it, " -"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " +"but unsanctioned adaptations are more likely to fly under the radar. The " "Creative Commons license gives fans of Cards Against Humanity the freedom to " "run with the game and copy, adapt, and promote their creations openly. Today " "there are thousands of fan expansions of the game." msgstr "" +"Et vellykket produkt inspirerer sine største fans til å lage remikser av " +"det, men ikke-sanksjonerte tilpasninger flyr sannsynligvis under radaren. " +"Creative Commons-lisensen gir tilhengere av Cards Against Humanity frihet " +"til å bruke spillet, og kopiere, tilpasse, og åpent reklamere for det de har " +"laget. I dag finnes det tusenvis av utvidelser fra tilhengere av spillet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3166 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4066 msgid "" "Max said, “CC was a no-brainer for us because it gets the most people " "involved. Making the game free and available under a CC license led to the " "unbelievable situation where we are one of the best-marketed games in the " "world, and we have never spent a dime on marketing.”" msgstr "" +"Max sa, «CC var lett for oss fordi det får mest folk involvert. Å gjøre " +"spillet gratis og tilgjengelig med en CC-lisens ledet til den utrolige " +"situasjonen der vi er en av de best markedsført spillene i verden, og vi har " +"aldri brukt en krone på markedsføring»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3177 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4073 msgid "" "Of course, there are limits to what the company allows its customers to do " "with the game. They chose the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license " -"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " +"because it restricts people from using the game to make money. It also " "requires that adaptations of the game be made available under the same " "licensing terms if they are shared publicly. Cards Against Humanity also " "polices its brand. “We feel like we’re the only ones who can use our brand " -"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " +"and our game and make money off of it,” Max said. About 99.9 percent of the " "time, they just send an email to those making commercial use of the game, " "and that is the end of it. There have only been a handful of instances where " "they had to get a lawyer involved." msgstr "" +"Selvfølgelig er det grenser for hva firmaet tillater sine kunder å gjøre med " +"spillet. De valgte Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike-lisensen fordi den " +"begrenser folk fra å bruke spillet til å tjene penger. Det krever også at " +"tilpasninger av spillet gjøres tilgjengelig med de samme lisensvilkårene " +"hvis de deles offentlig. Cards Against Humanity passer også på sin " +"merkevare. «Vi føler at vi er de eneste som kan bruke vår merkevare og vårt " +"spill til å tjene penger», sa Max. Rundt 99,9 prosent av tiden sender de " +"bare en e-post til dem som bruker spillet kommersielt, og det er slutten på " +"det. Det har bare vært en håndfull tilfeller der de har måttet hyre advokat." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4087 msgid "" "Just as there is more than meets the eye to the Cards Against Humanity " -"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " +"business model, the same can be said of the game itself. To be playable, " "every white card has to work syntactically with enough black cards. The " "eight creators invest an incredible amount of work into creating new cards " -"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " +"for the game. “We have daylong arguments about commas,” Max said. “The " "slacker tone of the cards gives people the impression that it is easy to " "write them, but it is actually a lot of work and quibbling.”" msgstr "" +"Akkurat som det er mer for øyet enn det en ser i forretningsmodellen til " +"Cards Against Humanity, kan det samme sies om selve spillet. For å være " +"spillbare må alle hvite kort kunne fungere sammen med nok svarte kort. Åtte " +"bidragsytere legger ned en utrolig mengde arbeid for å skape nye kort for " +"spillet. «Vi har dagelange diskusjoner om kommaer», sa Max. «Slappfisk-" +"tonen i kortene gir folk inntrykk av at det er enkelt å skrive dem, men det " +"er faktisk mye arbeid og ordkløveri»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3194 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4097 msgid "" "That means cocreation with their fans really doesn’t work. The company has a " "submission mechanism on their website, and they get thousands of " -"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " +"suggestions, but it is very rare that a submitted card is adopted. Instead, " "the eight initial creators remain the primary authors of expansion decks and " -"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity " -"of their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " +"other new products released by the company. Interestingly, the creativity of " +"their customer base is really only an asset to the company once their " "original work is created and published when people make their own " "adaptations of the game." msgstr "" +"Det betyr at å lage dem sammen med fansen deres, virkelig ikke virker. " +"Selskapet har en innleveringsmulighet på hjemmesiden sin, og de får inn " +"tusenvis av forslag, men det er sjelden at et innsendt kort kommer med. De " +"åtte første forfatterne er og blir de viktigste bidragsytere til nye grupper " +"tilleggskort, og andre nye produkter utgitt av selskapet. Interessant nok er " +"kreativiteten i kundebasen deres egentlig bare en ressurs for selskapet, " +"først når det opprinnelige arbeidet er ferdig og publisert, og idet folk " +"lager sine egne tilpasninger til spillet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3200 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4108 msgid "" "For all of their success, the creators of Cards Against Humanity are only " "partially motivated by money. Max says they have always been interested in " @@ -4941,20 +8670,38 @@ msgid "" "games to make money—we make money so we can make more jokes and games,” he " "said." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3207 -msgid "" -"In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various charities " -"and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other " -"interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our " -"lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from " -"the rest of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game " -"into it.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3213 +"Med all sin suksess, er de som laget Cards Against Humanity bare delvis " +"motivert av penger. Max sier de alltid har vært interessert i Walt Disney " +"sin filosofi om økonomisk suksess. «Vi lager ikke vitser og spill for å " +"tjene penger – vi tjener penger slik at vi kan lage flere vitser og spill», " +"sa han." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4115 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In fact, the company has given more than \\$4 million to various " +#| "charities and causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all " +#| "have other interests and hobbies. We are passionate about other things " +#| "going on in our lives. A lot of the activism we have done comes out of us " +#| "taking things from the rest of our lives and channeling some of the " +#| "excitement from the game into it.”" +msgid "" +"In fact, the company has given more than $4 million to various charities and " +"causes. “Cards is not our life plan,” Max said. “We all have other interests " +"and hobbies. We are passionate about other things going on in our lives. A " +"lot of the activism we have done comes out of us taking things from the rest " +"of our lives and channeling some of the excitement from the game into it.”" +msgstr "" +"Faktisk har selskapet gitt mer enn \\$4 millioner til forskjellige " +"veldedighetsorganisasjoner og formål. «Kort er ikke vår plan for livet», sa " +"Max. «Vi har andre interesser og hobbyer. Vi er opptatt av andre ting som " +"skjer i våre liv. Mye av vår aktivisme som vi har utført springer ut fra at " +"vi tar ut ting fra resten av våre liv og kanaliserer noe av spenningen i " +"spillet inn i det»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4123 msgid "" "Seeing money as fuel rather than the ultimate goal is what has enabled them " "to embrace Creative Commons licensing without reservation. CC licensing " @@ -4962,60 +8709,85 @@ msgid "" "giving up exclusive control of your work necessarily means giving up some " "opportunities to extract more money from customers." msgstr "" +"Å se penger som drivstoff i stedet for det endelige målet, er det som har " +"gjort dem i stand til, uten reservasjon, å favne om Creative Commons-" +"lisensiering. CC-lisensiering endte opp som et forstandig markedsføringsgrep " +"for selskapet, men likevel, å gi opp den eksklusive kontrollen over sitt " +"arbeid betyr nødvendigvis å gi opp noe av mulighetene til å hente ut mer " +"penger fra kunder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3218 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4131 msgid "" "“It’s not right for everyone to release everything under CC licensing,” Max " "said. “If your only goal is to make a lot of money, then CC is not best " "strategy. This kind of business model, though, speaks to your values, and " "who you are and why you’re making things.”" msgstr "" +"«Det er ikke riktig for alle å legge ut alt under CC-lisensiering», sa Max. " +"«Hvis du har som eneste mål å tjene masse penger, er ikke CC beste strategi. " +"Denne forretningsmodellen snakker imidlertid om dine verdier, og hvem du er " +"og hvorfor du lager ting»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3220 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-73\"></span>The Conversation" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4139 +msgid "The Conversation" +msgstr "The Conversation" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3224 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4142 msgid "" "The Conversation is an independent source of news, sourced from the academic " -"and research community and delivered direct to the public over the " -"Internet. Founded in 2011 in Australia." +"and research community and delivered direct to the public over the Internet. " +"Founded in 2011 in Australia." msgstr "" +"The Conversation er en uavhengig kilde for nyheter, hentet fra akademiske og " +"forskningsamfunnet og levert direkte til publikum over Internett. Grunnlagt " +"2011 i Australia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3226 -msgid "theconversation.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4147 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4149 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators (universities pay membership fees " -"to have their faculties serve as writers), grant funding" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators (universities pay membership fees to have their faculties serve as " +"writers), grant funding" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling fra " +"innholdsleverandørene (universiteter betaler kontingent for å ha sine " +"fakulteter som forfattere), donasjonsfinansiering" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3233 -msgid "Interviewee: Andrew Jaspan, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4156 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, founder" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekt</emphasis>: Andrew Jaspan, " +"grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3243 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4164 msgid "" "Andrew Jaspan spent years as an editor of major newspapers including the " "Observer in London, the Sunday Herald in Glasgow, and the Age in Melbourne, " "Australia. He experienced firsthand the decline of newspapers, including the " -"collapse of revenues, layoffs, and the constant pressure to reduce " -"costs. After he left the Age in 2005, his concern for the future journalism " -"didn’t go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative " -"model." +"collapse of revenues, layoffs, and the constant pressure to reduce costs. " +"After he left the Age in 2005, his concern for the future journalism didn’t " +"go away. Andrew made a commitment to come up with an alternative model." msgstr "" +"Andrew Jaspan tilbrakte flere år som redaktør for store aviser, inkludert " +"The Observer i London, The Sunday Herald i Glasgow og The age i Melbourne, " +"Australia. Han opplevde selv nedgangen for avisene, inkludert fallet i " +"inntekter, og permitteringer, og konstant press for kostnadsreduksjon. Etter " +"at han forlot The Age i 2005, forsvant ikke hans bekymring for fremtidens " +"journalistikk. Andrew forpliktet seg til å koke opp en alternativ modell." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4174 msgid "" "Around the time he left his job as editor of the Melbourne Age, Andrew " "wondered where citizens would get news grounded in fact and evidence rather " @@ -5023,46 +8795,77 @@ msgid "" "journalism with depth and substance but was concerned about the increasing " "focus on the sensational and sexy." msgstr "" +"På det tidspunktet han forlot jobben som redaktør av Melbourne Age, undret " +"Andrew seg på hvor borgerne ville få nyheter forankret i fakta og bevis " +"snarere enn i mening eller ideologi. Han mente det fortsatt var etterspørsel " +"etter journalistikk med dybde og substans, men var bekymret for økende fokus " +"på det spekulative." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3267 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4181 msgid "" "While at the Age, he’d become friends with a vice-chancellor of a university " "in Melbourne who encouraged him to talk to smart people across campus—an " "astrophysicist, a Nobel laureate, earth scientists, economists . . . These " "were the kind of smart people he wished were more involved in informing the " -"world about what is going on and correcting the errors that appear in " -"media. However, they were reluctant to engage with mass media. Often, " -"journalists didn’t understand what they said, or unilaterally chose what " -"aspect of a story to tell, putting out a version that these people felt was " -"wrong or mischaracterized. Newspapers want to attract a mass " -"audience. Scholars want to communicate serious news, findings, and " -"insights. It’s not a perfect match. Universities are massive repositories of " -"knowledge, research, wisdom, and expertise. But a lot of that stays behind a " -"wall of their own making—there are the walled garden and ivory tower " -"metaphors, and in more literal terms, the paywall. Broadly speaking, " -"universities are part of society but disconnected from it. They are an " -"enormous public resource but not that good at presenting their expertise to " -"the wider public." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3278 +"world about what is going on and correcting the errors that appear in media. " +"However, they were reluctant to engage with mass media. Often, journalists " +"didn’t understand what they said, or unilaterally chose what aspect of a " +"story to tell, putting out a version that these people felt was wrong or " +"mischaracterized. Newspapers want to attract a mass audience. Scholars want " +"to communicate serious news, findings, and insights. It’s not a perfect " +"match. Universities are massive repositories of knowledge, research, wisdom, " +"and expertise. But a lot of that stays behind a wall of their own making—" +"there are the walled garden and ivory tower metaphors, and in more literal " +"terms, the paywall. Broadly speaking, universities are part of society but " +"disconnected from it. They are an enormous public resource but not that good " +"at presenting their expertise to the wider public." +msgstr "" +"Mens han var i avisen «The Age», var han blitt venner med en prorektor ved " +"et universitet i Melbourne, som oppmuntret ham til å snakke med gløgge folk " +"på hele lærestedet – en astrofysiker, en nobelprisvinner, forskere fra " +"geovitenskap, økonomer ... Disse var dyktige folk som han ønsket var mer " +"involvert i å informere verden om hva som skjer, og rette feilene som dukker " +"opp i media. De var imidlertid uvillige til å engasjere seg i massemedia. " +"Ofte forsto ikke journalister hva de sa, eller valgte ensidig ut hvilket " +"aspekt av en historie som ble fortalt, og publiserte en versjon som " +"fagfolkene følte var feil eller feilkarakterisert. Aviser ønsker å tiltrekke " +"seg et stort publikum. Forskere vil kommunisere seriøse nyheter, funn og " +"innsikter. Det er ikke en perfekt overensstemmelse (match) . Universiteter " +"er massive lagre med kunnskap, forskning, visdom og ekspertise. Men mye av " +"dette ligger bak en vegg de har laget selv – det er metaforene om en " +"inngjerdet hage og elfenbenstårnet, og i mer bokstavelig forstand, " +"betalingsveggen. Bredt sagt er universiteter en del av samfunnet, men " +"frakoblet det. De er en enorm offentlig ressurs, men ikke så bra på å " +"presentere sin kompetanse til det bredere publlikum." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4202 msgid "" "Andrew believed he could to help connect academics back into the public " "arena, and maybe help society find solutions to big problems. He thought " "about pairing professional editors with university and research experts, " "working one-on-one to refine everything from story structure to headline, " -"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is academic " -"into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " +"captions, and quotes. The editors could help turn something that is " +"academic into something understandable and readable. And this would be a key " "difference from traditional journalism—the subject matter expert would get a " -"chance to check the article and give final approval before it is " -"published. Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes " -"and writing whatever they want." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3289 +"chance to check the article and give final approval before it is published. " +"Compare this with reporters just picking and choosing the quotes and writing " +"whatever they want." +msgstr "" +"Andrew trodde han kunne hjelpe til med å koble akademikere til den " +"offentlige arenaen igjen, og kanskje bidra til at samfunnet finner løsninger " +"på større problemer. Han tenkte på å koble profesjonelle redaktører med " +"universitet og forskere, til å arbeider én-til-én for å forbedre alt fra " +"fortellingsstruktur til overskrift, bildetekster og sitater. Redaktørene kan " +"bidra til å gjøre noe som er akademisk, til noe forståelig og lesbart. Dette " +"ville vært en hovedforskjell fra tradisjonell journalistikk – emneeksperten " +"ville fått en sjanse å se artikkelen, og gi den en endelig godkjenning før " +"den blir publisert. Sammenlign dette med journalister som bare plukker og " +"velger sitater, og skriver hva enn de måtte ønske." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4215 msgid "" "The people he spoke to liked this idea, and Andrew embarked on raising money " "and support with the help of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial " @@ -5074,68 +8877,111 @@ msgid "" "was launched as an independent news site in Australia. Everything published " "in the Conversation is openly licensed with Creative Commons." msgstr "" +"De han snakket med likte denne idéen, og Andrew gikk i gang med å skaffe " +"penger og støtte ved hjelp av Commonwealth Scientific og Industrial Research " +"Organisation (CSIRO), University of Melbourne, Monash University, University " +"of Technology Sydney, og University of Western Australia. Disse " +"grunnleggende samarbeidspartnere så verdien av en uavhengig " +"informasjonskanal som også ville bli et utstillingsvindu for talent og " +"kunnskap i universitets- og forskningssektoren. Med deres hjelp, i 2011, ble " +"Conversation lansert som en uavhengig nyhetsside i Australia. Alt som " +"publiseres i Conversation lisensieres åpent med Creative Commons." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3298 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4228 msgid "" "The Conversation is founded on the belief that underpinning a functioning " -"democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative " -"journalism. The Conversation’s aim is for people to have a better " -"understanding of current affairs and complex issues—and hopefully a better " -"quality of public discourse. The Conversation sees itself as a source of " -"trusted information dedicated to the public good. Their core mission is " -"simple: to provide readers with a reliable source of evidence-based " -"information." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3311 +"democracy is access to independent, high-quality, informative journalism. " +"The Conversation’s aim is for people to have a better understanding of " +"current affairs and complex issues—and hopefully a better quality of public " +"discourse. The Conversation sees itself as a source of trusted information " +"dedicated to the public good. Their core mission is simple: to provide " +"readers with a reliable source of evidence-based information." +msgstr "" +"Conversation er grunnlagt på den oppfatning at forankringen av et fungerende " +"demokrati er tilgang til uavhengig, informativ journalistikk med høy " +"kvalitet. Conversations mål er at folk skal få en bedre forståelse av " +"aktuelle saker og komplekse problemstillinger – og forhåpentligvis også " +"høyne kvaliteten på den offentlige diskusjonen. Conversation ser seg selv " +"som en kilde til pålitelig informasjon til vårt felles beste. Kjerneoppgaven " +"deres er enkel: Å gi leserne en pålitelig kilde til bevisbasert informasjon." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4241 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theconversation.com/us/charter\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4239 msgid "" "Andrew worked hard to reinvent a methodology for creating reliable, credible " "content. He introduced strict new working practices, a charter, and codes of " -"conduct.1 These include fully disclosing who every author is (with their " -"relevant expertise); who is funding their research; and if there are any " -"potential or real conflicts of interest. Also important is where the content " -"originates, and even though it comes from the university and research " -"community, it still needs to be fully disclosed. The Conversation does not " -"sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes access to information is an issue of " -"equality—everyone should have access, like access to clean water. The " -"Conversation is committed to an open and free Internet. Everyone should have " -"free access to their content, and be able to share it or republish it." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3314 +"conduct.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These include fully " +"disclosing who every author is (with their relevant expertise); who is " +"funding their research; and if there are any potential or real conflicts of " +"interest. Also important is where the content originates, and even though it " +"comes from the university and research community, it still needs to be fully " +"disclosed. The Conversation does not sit behind a paywall. Andrew believes " +"access to information is an issue of equality—everyone should have access, " +"like access to clean water. The Conversation is committed to an open and " +"free Internet. Everyone should have free access to their content, and be " +"able to share it or republish it." +msgstr "" +"Andrew jobbet hardt for å gjenoppfinne en metodikk for å lage pålitelig, " +"troverdig innhold. Han innførte strenge nye arbeidsrutiner, prinsipper og " +"koder for utføringen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse " +"inkluderer full åpenhet om hvem hver forfatter er (med sin relevante " +"kompetanse); hvem som finansierer forskningen deres; og om det er noen " +"potensielle eller faktiske interessekonflikter. Viktig er det også hvor " +"innholdet kommer fra, og selv om det kommer fra universitets- og " +"forskningssamfunnet, må det fremdeles være helt åpent. Conversation " +"befinner seg ikke bak betalingsmur. Andrew tror at tilgang til informasjon " +"er et likhetsspørsmål – alle skal ha tilgang, som tilgang til rent vann. " +"Conversation er forpliktet til et åpent og gratis Internett. Alle bør ha " +"gratis tilgang til innholdet deres, kunne dele det, eller publiserere det på " +"nytt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4254 msgid "" "Creative Commons help with these goals; articles are published with the " -"Attribution-" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3323 -msgid "" -"NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for others to " -"republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the content is not " -"edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites have " -"republished their content. The Conversation website gets about 2.9 million " -"unique views per month, but through republication they have thirty-five " -"million readers. This couldn’t have been done without the Creative Commons " -"license, and in Andrew’s view, Creative Commons is central to everything the " -"Conversation does." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3330 +"Attribution- NoDerivs license (CC BY-ND). They’re freely available for " +"others to republish elsewhere as long as attribution is given and the " +"content is not edited. Over five years, more than twenty-two thousand sites " +"have republished their content. The Conversation website gets about 2.9 " +"million unique views per month, but through republication they have thirty-" +"five million readers. This couldn’t have been done without the Creative " +"Commons license, and in Andrew’s view, Creative Commons is central to " +"everything the Conversation does." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons hjelper til med disse målene; artiklene publiseres med " +"Attribution-NoDerivs-lisens (CC BY-ND). Det er fritt tilgjengelig for andre " +"å viderepublisere et annet sted så lenge henvisning er gitt, og innholdet " +"ikke er endret. I fem år har mer enn tjueto tusen nettsteder republisert " +"innholdet. Conversations nettsted får om lag 2,9 millioner unike " +"sidevisninger pr. måned, men gjennom viderepublisering har de trettifem " +"millioner lesere. Dette kunne ikke blitt gjort uten Creative Commons-" +"lisensen, og etter Andrews syn, er Creative Commons sentral i alt " +"Conversation gjør." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4266 msgid "" "When readers come across the Conversation, they seem to like what they find " -"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has grown " -"primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and marketing, " -"they do promote their work through social media (including Twitter and " -"Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." +"and recommend it to their friends, peers, and networks. Readership has " +"grown primarily through word of mouth. While they don’t have sales and " +"marketing, they do promote their work through social media (including " +"Twitter and Facebook), and by being an accredited supplier to Google News." msgstr "" +"Når leserne kommer over Conversation, virker det som om de liker det de " +"finner, og anbefaler det til venner, kolleger, og sine nettverk. Leserskaren " +"har primært vokst gjennom jungeltelegrafen. Selv om de ikke har salg og " +"markedsføring, fremmer de sitt arbeid gjennom sosiale medier (inkludert " +"Twitter og Facebook), og ved å være en akkreditert leverandør til Google " +"News." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3338 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4274 msgid "" "It’s usual for the founders of any company to ask themselves what kind of " "company it should be. It quickly became clear to the founders of the " @@ -5144,9 +8990,16 @@ msgid "" "eyeballs as possible and sell ads. The Conversation founders didn’t want " "this model. It takes no advertising and is a not-for-profit venture." msgstr "" +"Det er vanlig for grunnleggerne av alle selskaper å spørre seg selv hva " +"slags selskap det skal være. Det ble raskt klart for grunnleggerne av " +"Conversation at de ønsket å opprette et offentlig gode i stedet for å tjene " +"penger på informasjonen. De fleste medieselskaper arbeider med å samle så " +"mange øyne som mulig for salg av annonser. Conversation-stifterne ønsket " +"ikke den modellen. De har ingen reklame og er et ikke-for-profitt -" +"foretagende." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4283 msgid "" "There are now different editions of the Conversation for Africa, the United " "Kingdom, France, and the United States, in addition to the one for " @@ -5156,9 +9009,16 @@ msgid "" "hundred universities around the world. The Conversation would like to be " "working with university scholars from even more parts of the world." msgstr "" +"I dag er det ulike utgaver av Conversation for Afrika, Storbritannia, " +"Frankrike og USA, i tillegg til en for Australia. Alle fem versjonene har " +"egne redaksjonelle kolofoner, eget rådgivende styre og eget innhold. " +"Conversations globale virtuelle redaksjon har omtrent nitti ansatte som " +"arbeider med trettifem tusen akademikere fra over seksten hundre " +"universiteter over hele verden. Conversation ønsker å jobbe med " +"universitetsforskere fra enda flere deler av verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3354 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4293 msgid "" "Additionally, each edition has its own set of founding partners, strategic " "partners, and funders. They’ve received funding from foundations, " @@ -5167,9 +9027,16 @@ msgid "" "to sustain operations. This would safeguard the current service and help " "improve coverage and features." msgstr "" +"I tillegg har hver utgave sitt eget sett av finansieringspartnere, " +"strategiske partnere og finansielle bidragsytere. De har mottatt " +"finansiering fra stiftelser, bedrifter, institusjoner og individuelle " +"donasjoner, men Conversation beveger seg mot betalt medlemskap fra " +"universiteter og forskningsinstitusjoner for å videreføre virksomheten. " +"Dette ville sikre den nåværende tjenesten, og hjelpe til med å forbedre " +"dekning og funksjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3360 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4302 msgid "" "When professors from member universities write an article, there is some " "branding of the university associated with the article. On the Conversation " @@ -5177,21 +9044,33 @@ msgid "" "Early participants may be designated as “founding members,” with seats on " "the editorial advisory board." msgstr "" +"Når professorer fra medlemsuniversiteter skriver en artikkel, er det noe " +"merkevarebygging for universitetet tilknyttet artikkelen. På Conversations " +"nettside, er betalende universitetsmedlemmer oppført som \"medlemmer og " +"finansierere .\" Tidlige deltakerne kan angis som \"grunnleggermedlemmer\", " +"med plass i det redaksjonelle rådgivende styre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4309 msgid "" "Academics are not paid for their contributions, but they get free editing " -"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " +"from a professional (four to five hours per piece, on average). They also " "get access to a large audience. Every author and member university has " "access to a special analytics dashboard where they can check the reach of an " "article. The metrics include what people are tweeting, the comments, " "countries the readership represents, where the article is being republished, " "and the number of readers per article." msgstr "" +"Akademikere betales ikke for sine bidrag, men får fri redigeringsbistand fra " +"en profesjonell (fire til fem timer i gjennomsnitt per stykke). De får også " +"tilgang til et stort publikum. Hver forfatter og medlems-universitet har " +"tilgang til en spesiell analyseoversikt der de kan se hvor langt en artikkel " +"rekker ut. Beregningene omfatter hva folk kvitrer, kommentarene, landene " +"lesekretsen representerer, hvor artikkelen er viderepublisert, og antall " +"lesere per artikkel." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3374 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4319 msgid "" "The Conversation plans to expand the dashboard to show not just reach but " "impact. This tracks activities, behaviors, and events that occurred as a " @@ -5199,17 +9078,26 @@ msgid "" "a show to discuss their piece, give a talk at a conference, collaborate, " "submit a journal paper, and consult a company on a topic." msgstr "" +"Conversation planlegger å utvide analyseverktøyet til å vise ikke bare " +"spredning, men innvirkning. Dette sporer aktiviteter, atferd og hendelser " +"som som følge av publikasjonen, inkludert ting som at en fagperson blir bedt " +"om å være med på en forestilling for å diskutere sitt bidrag, holde en tale " +"på en konferanse, samarbeide, sende et bidrag til en journal og konsultere " +"et selskap om et emne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3378 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4327 msgid "" -"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " +"These reach and impact metrics show the benefits of membership. With the " "Conversation, universities can engage with the public and show why they’re " "of value." msgstr "" +"Disse gjennomslags- og rekkeviddeberegningene viser fordelene ved " +"medlemskap. Med Conversation kan universiteter engasjere offentligheten, og " +"vise at de er verdifulle." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3384 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4332 msgid "" "With its tagline, “Academic Rigor, Journalistic Flair,” the Conversation " "represents a new form of journalism that contributes to a more informed " @@ -5217,67 +9105,81 @@ msgid "" "and use of Creative Commons show how it’s possible to generate both a public " "good and operational revenue at the same time." msgstr "" +"Med sitt slagord, «Akademisk standhaftighet, journalistisk finesse», " +"representerer Conversation en ny form for journalistikk som bidrar til en " +"bedre informert borgerstand, og forbedret demokrati rundt om i verden. Dets " +"åpne forretningsmodell og bruk av Creative Commons viser hvordan det er " +"mulig å bygge opp både et offentlig gode, og inndrive operasjonelle " +"inntekter samtidig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3386 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4501 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5785 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7436 -msgid "Web link" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3388 -msgid "theconversation.com/us/charter" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3390 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-74\"></span>Cory Doctorow" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4341 +msgid "Cory Doctorow" +msgstr "Cory Doctorow" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3393 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4344 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and " "journalist. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow er en science fiction-forfatter, aktivist, blogger og " +"journalist med base i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3395 -msgid "craphound.com and boingboing.net" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4347 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://craphound.com\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://boingboing.net" +"\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3398 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4350 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for physical copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, " -"selling translation rights to books" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (book sales), pay-what-you-want, selling translation rights to books" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Betaling for fysiske " +"kopier (boksalg), betal-hva-du-vil, salg av rettigheter til bokoversettelser" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3400 -msgid "Interview date: January 12, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4354 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 12, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 12. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3409 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4362 msgid "" "Cory Doctorow hates the term “business model,” and he is adamant that he is " "not a brand. “To me, branding is the idea that you can take a thing that has " -"certain qualities, remove the qualities, and go on selling it,” he " -"said. “I’m not out there trying to figure out how to be a brand. I’m doing " -"this thing that animates me to work crazy insane hours because it’s the most " +"certain qualities, remove the qualities, and go on selling it,” he said. " +"“I’m not out there trying to figure out how to be a brand. I’m doing this " +"thing that animates me to work crazy insane hours because it’s the most " "important thing I know how to do.”" msgstr "" +"Cory Doctorow hater begrepet «forretningsmodell», og han er ubøyelig på at " +"han ikke er en merkevare. «For meg er merkevarebygging idéen om at du kan ta " +"en ting som har visse kvaliteter, fjerne kvalitetene og så gå i gang med å " +"selge det», sa han. «Jeg er ikke der ute for å prøve å finne ut hvordan man " +"blir en merkevare. Jeg gjør det som egger meg i det å arbeide et sinnssykt " +"antall timer fordi det er det aller viktigste jeg vet hvordan skal gjøres»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3413 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4371 msgid "" "Cory calls himself an entrepreneur. He likes to say his success came from " "making stuff people happened to like and then getting out of the way of them " "sharing it." msgstr "" +"Cory kaller seg entreprenør. Han liker å si at hans suksess kom fra å gjøre " +"ting folk tilfeldigvis liker, for så å ikke være i veien når de deler det." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3422 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4376 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "He is a science fiction writer, activist, blogger, and journalist. " "Beginning with his first novel, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, in 2003, " @@ -5285,20 +9187,30 @@ msgid "" "coeditor of the popular CC-licensed site Boing Boing, where he writes about " "technology, politics, and intellectual property. He has also written several " "nonfiction books, including the most recent Information Doesn’t Want to Be " -"Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet " -"age." +"Free, about the ways in which creators can make a living in the Internet age." msgstr "" +"Han er science fiction-forfatter, aktivist, blogger og journalist. Han " +"begynte med sin første roman, Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom, i 2003, med " +"sitt arbeid publisert med en Creative Commons-lisens. Cory er medredaktør av " +"det populære CC-lisensierte nettstedet Boing Boing, der han skriver om " +"teknologi, politikk, opphavsrett og programvarepatenter. Han har også " +"skrevet flere sakprosa-bøker, inkludert den nyeste \"Information Doesn’t " +"Want to Be Free\", om måtene innholdsprodusenter kan skaffe seg et levebrød " +"i Internett-alderen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3426 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4387 msgid "" "Cory primarily makes money by selling physical books, but he also takes on " "paid speaking gigs and is experimenting with pay-what-you-want models for " "his work." msgstr "" +"Cory tjener primært penger ved å selge fysiske bøker, men han tar også " +"betalt på foredragsarrangementer, og eksperimenterer med betal-hva-du-vil-" +"modeller for sitt arbeid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3441 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4392 msgid "" "While Cory’s extensive body of fiction work has a large following, he is " "just as well known for his activism. He is an outspoken opponent of " @@ -5306,7 +9218,7 @@ msgid "" "lock up content because he thinks both undermine creators and the public " "interest. He is currently a special adviser at the Electronic Frontier " "Foundation, where he is involved in a lawsuit challenging the U.S. law that " -"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " +"protects DRM. Cory says his political work doesn’t directly make him money, " "but if he gave it up, he thinks he would lose credibility and, more " "importantly, lose the drive that propels him to create. “My political work " "is a different expression of the same artistic-political urge,” he said. “I " @@ -5314,24 +9226,48 @@ msgid "" "the genuineness would leach out of what I do, and the quality that causes " "people to like what I do would be gone.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3452 +"Mens Corys omfattende fiksjonsforfatterskap har en stor tilhengerskare, er " +"han like godt kjent for sin aktivisme. Han er en frittalende motstander av " +"at restriktiv opphavsretts- og digital rettighetshåndteringsteknologi (DRM-" +"teknologi ) brukes til å låse innhold, fordi han mener begge undergraver " +"innholdsprodusenters- og offentlighetens interesser. Han er spesialrådgiver " +"for Electronic Frontier Foundation, hvor han er involvert i en rettssak som " +"utfordrer den amerikanske lovens beskyttelse av DRM. Cory sier at hans " +"politiske arbeid ikke er direkte inntektsbringende, men hvis han ga det opp, " +"tror han at han vil miste troverdighet, og enda viktigere, tape pågangsmotet " +"som driver ham til å lage innhold. «Mitt politiske arbeid er et annet " +"uttrykk for den samme kunstnerisk-politiske trangen», sa han. «Jeg har denne " +"mistanken om at hvis jeg ga opp tingene som ikke ga meg penger, ville " +"ektheten forsvinne fra det jeg gjør, og kvaliteten som fører folk til å like " +"det jeg gjør, ville bli borte»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4409 msgid "" "Cory has been financially successful, but money is not his primary " "motivation. At the start of his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, he " "stresses how important it is not to become an artist if your goal is to get " "rich. “Entering the arts because you want to get rich is like buying lottery " "tickets because you want to get rich,” he wrote. “It might work, but it " -"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the lottery.” " -"He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but he says he " -"would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he wrote. “Long " -"before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing to keep " -"myself sane.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3460 +"almost certainly won’t. Though, of course, someone always wins the " +"lottery.” He acknowledges that he is one of the lucky few to “make it,” but " +"he says he would be writing no matter what. “I am compelled to write,” he " +"wrote. “Long before I wrote to keep myself fed and sheltered, I was writing " +"to keep myself sane.”" +msgstr "" +"Cory har blitt økonomisk vellykket, men penger er ikke hans viktigste " +"motivasjon. I begynnelsen i boka «Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free» " +"understreker han hvor viktig det er å ikke bli kunstner, hvis målet ditt er " +"å bli rik. «Å velge kunsten fordi du ønsker å bli rik er som å kjøpe lodd, " +"fordi du vil bli rik», skrev han. «Det kan fungere, men det vil nesten helt " +"sikkert ikke gjøre det. Selvfølgelig vinner noen selv alltid lotteriet». Han " +"erkjenner at han er en av de heldige få som «får det til», men han sier han " +"vil skrive samme hva. «Jeg er nødt til å skrive», skrev han. «Lenge før jeg " +"skrev for å få mat på bordet og tak over hodet, skrev jeg for å holde meg " +"selv frisk»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4422 msgid "" "Just as money is not his primary motivation to create, money is not his " "primary motivation to share. For Cory, sharing his work with Creative " @@ -5341,9 +9277,16 @@ msgid "" "created to try to stop copying.” In other words, using CC licenses " "symbolizes his worldview." msgstr "" +"Akkurat som penger ikke er hans primære motivasjon for å skape, er penger " +"ikke hans primære motivasjon for å dele. For Cory er å dele sitt arbeid med " +"Creative Commons et moralsk imperativ. «Det føltes moralsk riktig», sa han " +"om sin beslutning om å ta i bruk (vedta) Creative Commons-lisenser. «Jeg " +"følte at jeg ikke var bidragsyter til overvåkningskultur og sensur, som er " +"opprettet for å prøve å stoppe kopieringen». Med andre ord symboliserer " +"bruken av CC-lisenser hans verdensbilde." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3468 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4432 msgid "" "He also feels like there is a solid commercial basis for licensing his work " "with Creative Commons. While he acknowledges he hasn’t been able to do a " @@ -5353,13 +9296,21 @@ msgid "" "people they should pay him for his work. “I started by not calling them " "thieves,” he said." msgstr "" +"Han føler også at det finnes en solid kommersiell basis for lisensiering av " +"sitt arbeid med Creative Commons. Mens han erkjenner at han ikke har vært i " +"stand til å gjøre et kontrollert eksperiment for å sammenligne de " +"kommersielle fordelene ved lisensiering med CC opp mot å reservere alle " +"rettigheter, mener han at han har solgt flere bøker ved å bruke en CC-lisens " +"enn han ville ha gjort uten. Cory sier at hans mål er å overbevise folk om " +"at de skal betale ham for sitt arbeid». Jeg startet med å ikke kalle dem " +"tyver», sa han." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3479 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4442 msgid "" -"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " +"Cory started using CC licenses soon after they were first created. At the " "time his first novel came out, he says the science fiction genre was overrun " -"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " +"with people scanning and downloading books without permission. When he and " "his publisher took a closer look at who was doing that sort of thing online, " "they realized it looked a lot like book promotion. “I knew there was a " "relationship between having enthusiastic readers and having a successful " @@ -5367,9 +9318,19 @@ msgid "" "book, which is a big effort. I decided to spare them the time and energy, " "and give them the book for free in a format destined to spread.”" msgstr "" +"Cory startet bruken av CC-lisenser like etter at de var laget ferdige. Da " +"hans første novelle kom ut, sa han at science fiction-sjangeren var misbrukt " +"av folk som lastet ned og delte bøker uten lov. Da han i samråd med sin " +"forlegger tok dem som gjorde dette på nett i nærmere øyesyn, skjønte de at " +"det så mer ut som bokpromotering. «Jeg visste at det var en symbiose mellom " +"en entusiastisk leserskare og suksess som skribent», sa han. «På den tiden " +"tok det åtti timer å tegnlese (OCR) en bok (OCR – optical character " +"recognition), noe som krever mye innsats. Jeg besluttet å spare dem tiden og " +"energien, og gi ut boken min gratis i et format som var beregnet for " +"spredning»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3485 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4455 msgid "" "Cory admits the stakes were pretty low for him when he first adopted " "Creative Commons licenses. He only had to sell two thousand copies of his " @@ -5377,19 +9338,30 @@ msgid "" "successfully at that time because he was just starting out. Now they say he " "can only do it because he is an established author." msgstr "" +"Cory innrømmer at satsingen hans var ganske liten da han først tok i bruk " +"Creative Commons-lisenser. Han måtte bare selge to tusen eksemplarer av boka " +"si for å gå i null. Folk sa ofte at han kun var i stand til å nytte CC-" +"lisensiering med hell på dette tidspunktet fordi han var i startfasen. Nå " +"sier de at det er som følge av hans etablerte forfatterskap." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3492 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4463 msgid "" "The bottom line, Cory says, is that no one has found a way to prevent people " "from copying the stuff they like. Rather than fighting the tide, Cory makes " -"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " +"his work intrinsically shareable. “Getting the hell out of the way for " "people who want to share their love of you with other people sounds obvious, " "but it’s remarkable how many people don’t do it,” he said." msgstr "" +"I konklusjonen, sier Cory at ingen har funnet en måte å forhindre folk fra å " +"kopiere ting de liker. Snarere enn å opptre naturstridig, gjør han sitt " +"arbeid egentlig (iboende) delbart. «Å i god fart komme seg vekk fra å være i " +"veien for folk som vil dele sin kjærlighet til deg med andre, høres opplagt " +"ut, men det er oppsiktsvekkende hvor mange som ikke synes det»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3505 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4471 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Making his work available under Creative Commons licenses enables him to " "view his biggest fans as his ambassadors. “Being open to fan activity makes " @@ -5397,18 +9369,30 @@ msgid "" "interact with it,” he said. Cory’s own website routinely highlights cool " "things his audience has done with his work. Unlike corporations like Disney " "that tend to have a hands-off relationship with their fan activity, he has a " -"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience " -"can’t guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being " -"able to remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the " -"creative industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is " -"pretty slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3518 +"symbiotic relationship with his audience. “Engaging with your audience can’t " +"guarantee you success,” he said. “And Disney is an example of being able to " +"remain aloof and still being the most successful company in the creative " +"industry in history. But I figure my likelihood of being Disney is pretty " +"slim, so I should take all the help I can get.”" +msgstr "" +"Ved å gjøre sitt arbeid tilgjengelig med CC-lisenser lar har se sine mest " +"ihuga tilhengere som sine ambassadører. \"Å være åpen for fan-aktivitet gjør " +"deg til en del av samtalen om hva tilhengere gjør med ditt arbeide, og " +"hvordan de kommuniserer med det. sa han. Corys egen nettside framhever " +"regelmessig kule ting hans publikum har gjort med hans arbeide. Ulikt " +"selskaper som Disney, som tenderer til å ha et hendene vekk-forhold til sin " +"fanskare, har han en nær sameksistens med sitt publikum. \"Å engasjerer ditt " +"publikum kan ikke garantere suksess\", sa han. \"Og Disney er et eksempel å " +"merke seg, i det at de tross alt er det mest vellykkede selskapet i den " +"kreative industrien. Dog ser jeg min sannsynlighet for å bli Disney heller " +"usannsynlig, så jeg bør ta all den hjelp jeg kan få." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4486 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "His first book was published under the most restrictive Creative Commons " -"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " +"license, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). It allows only " "verbatim copying for noncommercial purposes. His later work is published " "under the Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), which " "gives people the right to adapt his work for noncommercial purposes but only " @@ -5419,9 +9403,21 @@ msgid "" "thinks it is more difficult to get people to pay for translations if there " "are fan translations already available for free." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3530 +"Hans første bok ble publisert med den mest restriktive Creative Commons-" +"lisensen, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (CC BY-NC-ND). Den tillater kun " +"helhetlig kopiering for ikke-kommersielle formål. Hans senere arbeider kom " +"ut under Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA), som gir " +"folk retten til å endre hans arbeider for ikke-kommersielle formål, men bare " +"hvis de deler på like lisensvilkår. Før han utgav sitt arbeid under en CC-" +"lisens som tillater bearbeidelser, selger han alltid retten til å oversette " +"boka til andre språk til en forlagsmann først. Han ønsker å nå nye " +"potensielle kjøpere i andre deler av verden, og tror det er vanskeligere å " +"få folk til å betale for oversettelser hvis det allerede finnes " +"uprofesjonelle oversettelser tilgjengelig gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4501 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "In his book Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free, Cory likens his philosophy " "to thinking like a dandelion. Dandelions produce thousands of seeds each " @@ -5431,39 +9427,66 @@ msgid "" "there who may want to buy creative work or compensate authors for it in some " "other way. “The more places your work can find itself, the greater the " "likelihood that it will find one of those would-be customers in some " -"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " +"unsuspected crack in the metaphorical pavement,” he wrote. “The copies that " "others make of my work cost me nothing, and present the possibility that " "I’ll get something.”" msgstr "" +"I hans bok \"Information Doesn't Want to Be Free\", holder Cory løvetannen " +"opp mot lyset av sin filosofi. De produserer tusener av frø hver vår, og de " +"blåses for alle vinder i alle retninger. Strategien er å maksimalisere " +"antall tilfeldigheter som må på plass for at den skal kunne videreføre sin " +"hærkomst. Likeledes, sier han at det finnes mange der ute som ønsker å kjøe " +"kreative arbeider eller kompensere forfattere for dem, på en eller annen " +"måte. \"Desto flere plasser ditt arbeide kan finne sitt publikum, desto " +"større er sjansen for at en potensiell kunde skal springe ut av asfalten.\" " +"skrev han. Kopiene andre gjør av arbeidet koster meg ingenting, og " +"presenterer muligheten for at jeg får noe tilbake.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3539 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4515 msgid "" "Applying a CC license to his work increases the chances it will be shared " -"more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the " -"practice—for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a " -"particular platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of " -"control over their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He " -"calls it Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that " -"belongs to you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your " -"benefit.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3548 +"more widely around the Web. He avoids DRM—and openly opposes the practice—" +"for similar reasons. DRM has the effect of tying a work to a particular " +"platform. This digital lock, in turn, strips the authors of control over " +"their own work and hands that control over to the platform. He calls it " +"Cory’s First Law: “Anytime someone puts a lock on something that belongs to " +"you and won’t give you the key, that lock isn’t there for your benefit.”" +msgstr "" +"Bruk av en CC-lisens i sitt arbeid øker sjansen for at det skal deles viden " +"rundt på nettet. Han unngår DRM (Digital rights management) – og nytter " +"åpent høvet til å ville avskaffe slikt – av lignende grunner. DRM har " +"effekten av å prøve å binde et verk til en spesiell plattform. Denne " +"digitale låsen vil i tur medføre at forfatterne mister kontroll over eget " +"arbeide, og overleverer kontrollen til plattformen. Han kaller det Corys " +"første lov: «Hver gang noen putter en lås på noe som tilhører deg, og ikke " +"ønsker å gi deg nøkkelen, er den ikke der i hensikt å gavne deg»." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4525 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Cory operates under the premise that artists benefit when there are more, " "rather than fewer, places where people can access their work. The Internet " -"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " +"has opened up those avenues, but DRM is designed to limit them. “On the one " "hand, we can credibly make our work available to a widely dispersed " "audience,” he said. “On the other hand, the intermediaries we historically " "sold to are making it harder to go around them.” Cory continually looks for " "ways to reach his audience without relying upon major platforms that will " "try to take control over his work." msgstr "" +"Cory opererer under premisset om at artister nyter godt av flere, snarere " +"enn færre plasser tilgjengelig for deres arbeide. Internett har åpnet opp de " +"krokene, men DRM er designet for å begrense dem. \"På den ene siden kan vi i " +"god tro gjøre vårt arbeide tilgjengelig for et vidt publikum,\" sa han. \"På " +"den andre siden, gjør forlagsholderne vi tradisjonelt har gått til det " +"vanskeligere å komme unna dem.\" Cory ser kontinuerlig etter måter å nå sitt " +"publikum uten å måtte ha med store plattformer som ønsker å ta kontrollen " +"over hans arbeide å gjøre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3557 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4536 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Cory says his e-book sales have been lower than those of his competitors, " "and he attributes some of that to the CC license making the work available " @@ -5474,22 +9497,40 @@ msgid "" "creator’s work. He is planning to try his own pay-what-you-want experiment " "soon." msgstr "" +"Cory sier at hans nettbaserte boksalg har vært lavere enn sine konkurrenter, " +"og han mener noe av det skriver seg til bruken av CC-lisensiering i det at " +"det gjør arbeidene tilgjengelige gratis. Han tror dog at folk er villige til " +"å betale for innhold de liker, selv når det er tilgjengelig gratis, så lenge " +"det er enkelt å gjøre. Han traff helt blink i bruken av Humble Bundle, en " +"plattform som tillater folk å betale det de vil, for DRM-frie versjoner av " +"et knippe arbeider. Han planlegger å sette sitt eget betal-hva-du-vil -" +"eksperiment ut i livet snart." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3566 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4547 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Fans are particularly willing to pay when they feel personally connected to " "the artist. Cory works hard to create that personal connection. One way he " -"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " -"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " +"does this is by personally answering every single email he gets. “If you " +"look at the history of artists, most die in penury,” he said. “That reality " "means that for artists, we have to find ways to support ourselves when " -"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " +"public tastes shift, when copyright stops producing. Future-proofing your " "artistic career in many ways means figuring out how to stay connected to " "those people who have been touched by your work.”" msgstr "" +"Tilhengere er i særdeleshet villig til å betale når de føler seg personlig " +"tilknyttet artisten. Cory arbeider hardt for å knytte de personlige båndene. " +"Én måte han gjør dette på er å svare personlig på hver eneste e-post han " +"får. \"Hvis du ser på artisters historikk, vil du se at de fleste dør i " +"elendighet,\" \"Det betyr at for artister, må vi finne måter å støtte oss " +"selv, trass i at den gemene hops drifter tar annen retning, når kopiretten " +"slutter å produsere. Å sikre sin artistiske karriére for fremtiden er på " +"mange måter noe som handler om å holde kontakten med dem som har blitt rørt " +"av ditt arbeide.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3572 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4558 msgid "" "Cory’s realism about the difficulty of making a living in the arts does not " "reflect pessimism about the Internet age. Instead, he says the fact that it " @@ -5497,68 +9538,94 @@ msgid "" "in his book, “is how many ways there are to make things, and to get them " "into other people’s hands and minds.”" msgstr "" +"Corys realisme om vanskeligheten rundt det å leve av kunsten gjør seg ikke " +"gjeldende som pessimisme rundt internettalderen. Isteden sier han at det " +"faktum at det er vanskelig å livnære seg som artist, ikke er noe nytt. Det " +"som er nytt, skriver han i sin bok, «er hvor mange måter det går an å lage " +"ting på, og hvordan man får dem inn i andre folks sinn og hender»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3574 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4566 msgid "It has never been easier to think like a dandelion." -msgstr "" +msgstr "Det har aldri vært lettere å rette tankene i løvetannens baner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3576 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-75\"></span>Figshare" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4570 +msgid "Figshare" +msgstr "Figshare" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3581 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4573 msgid "" "Figshare is a for-profit company offering an online repository where " "researchers can preserve and share the output of their research, including " -"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." +"figures, data sets, images, and videos. Founded in 2011 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Figshare er et selskap som er basert på fortjeneste, og tilbyr et online " +"oppbevaringssted der forskere kan bevare og dele resultatet av sin " +"forskning, inkludert tall, datasett, bilder og videoer. Grunnlagt i 2011 i " +"Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3583 -msgid "figshare.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4579 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3585 -msgid "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4581 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Plattform som tilbyr " +"betalte tjenester til innholdsleverandører" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3587 -msgid "Interview date: January 28, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4584 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 28, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 28. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3589 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Hahnel, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4587 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, founder" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuobjekt</emphasis>: Mark Hahnel, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3600 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4595 msgid "" "Figshare’s mission is to change the face of academic publishing through " "improved dissemination, discoverability, and reusability of scholarly " "research. Figshare is a repository where users can make all the output of " -"their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and " -"code—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " -"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " +"their research available—from posters and presentations to data sets and code" +"—in a way that’s easy to discover, cite, and share. Users can upload any " +"file format, which can then be previewed in a Web browser. Research output " "is disseminated in a way that the current scholarly-publishing model does " "not allow." msgstr "" +"Figshares mål er å endre den vitenskapelige publiseringens fremside gjennom " +"forbedret formidling, gjenkjenning og gjenbruk av akademisk forskning. " +"Figshare er et oppbevaringssted hvor brukere kan gjøre alle resultatene av " +"sin forskning tilgjengelig – fra plakater og presentasjoner til datasett og " +"kode – på en måte som er lett å oppdage, sitere og dele. Brukerne kan laste " +"opp alle filformater, som deretter kan forhåndsvises i en nettleser. " +"Forskningsresultater formidles på en måte som den gjeldende modellen for " +"vitenskapelig disiplinpublisering ikke tillater." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3604 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4606 msgid "" "Figshare founder Mark Hahnel often gets asked: How do you make money? How do " "we know you’ll be here in five years? Can you, as a for-profit venture, be " "trusted? Answers have evolved over time." msgstr "" +"Figshares grunnlegger, Mark Hahnel, får ofte spørsmål om hvordan han tjener " +"penger? Hvordan vet vi at du er her om fem år? Kan du, som er for " +"fortjeneste, være å stole på? Svarene har utviklet seg over tid." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3612 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4611 msgid "" "Mark traces the origins of Figshare back to when he was a graduate student " "getting his PhD in stem cell biology. His research involved working with " @@ -5567,26 +9634,40 @@ msgid "" "graphs, and data sets. This was frustrating. Mark believed publishing his " "complete research would lead to more citations and be better for his career." msgstr "" +"Mark sporer opprinnelsen til Figshare tilbake til da han som student skulle " +"ta sin Ph.D.-eksamen i stamcellebiologi. Hans forskning involverte å arbeide " +"med videoer av stamceller i bevegelse. Men da han skulle publisere sin " +"forskning, var det umulig for ham å også publisere videoer, figurer, " +"diagrammer og datasett. Dette var frustrerende. Mark trodde at å publisere " +"sin forskning fullstendig, ville føre til flere sitater, og være bedre for " +"hans karriere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3618 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4620 msgid "" "Mark does not consider himself an advanced software programmer. " "Fortunately, things like cloud-based computing and wikis had become " "mainstream, and he believed it ought to be possible to put all his research " "online and share it with anyone. So he began working on a solution." msgstr "" +"Mark anser seg ikke som noen avansert programmerer. Beleilig nok hadde ting " +"som skybasert regnekraft (databehandling) og wikier blitt allemannseie, og " +"han trodde det ville vært mulig å putte sitt forskningsarbeid på nett, og " +"dele det med alle. Dernest begynte han å arbeide med en løsning." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3622 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4627 msgid "" "There were two key needs: licenses to make the data citable, and persistent " "identifiers— URL links that always point back to the original object " "ensuring the research is citable for the long term." msgstr "" +"Det var to nøkkelbehov: Lisensene måtte gjøre dataene mulig å sitere, samt å " +"gi dem varige identifikatorer – nettadresser som alltid peker tilbake til " +"originalobjektet for å sikre at forskningen kan siteres på lang sikt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3629 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4633 msgid "" "Mark chose Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) to meet the need for a " "persistent identifier. In the DOI system, an object’s metadata is stored as " @@ -5595,47 +9676,77 @@ msgid "" "object (the web page or URL) can often change. Mark partnered with DataCite " "for the provision of DOIs for research data." msgstr "" +"Mark valgte digitale objektidentifikatorer (DOI-er) for å møte behovet for " +"vedvarende identifikatorer. I DOI-systemet blir et objekts metadata lagret " +"som en serie nummer i DOI-navnet. Å referere til et objekt ved sitt DOI er " +"mer stabilt enn å bruke nettadressen, fordi plasseringen av et objekt " +"(nettsiden eller -adressen) ofte kan endre seg. Mark gikk i partnerskap med " +"DataCite for å tilby DOI-er for forskningsdata." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3635 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4642 msgid "" -"As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and " -"open-science communities were already using and recommending Creative " -"Commons. Based on what was happening in those communities and Mark’s " -"dialogue with peers, he went with CC0 (in the public domain) for data sets " -"and CC BY (Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." +"As for licenses, Mark chose Creative Commons. The open-access and open-" +"science communities were already using and recommending Creative Commons. " +"Based on what was happening in those communities and Mark’s dialogue with " +"peers, he went with CC0 (in the public domain) for data sets and CC BY " +"(Attribution) for figures, videos, and data sets." msgstr "" +"Når det gjelder lisenser, valgte Mark Creative Commons. Miljøene for åpen " +"tilgang og tilsvarende forskning brukte allerede, og anbefalte Creative " +"Commons. Basert på hva som skjedde i de kretsene, og Marks samtaler med sine " +"fagfeller, gikk han for CC0 (tilsvarende offentlig eie) for datasett og CC " +"BY (Attribution) for figurer, videoer og datasett." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4650 msgid "" -"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " -"had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data " -"open. People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the " -"same. So he opened it up for them to use, too." +"So Mark began using DOIs and Creative Commons for his own research work. He " +"had a science blog where he wrote about it and made all his data open. " +"People started commenting on his blog that they wanted to do the same. So he " +"opened it up for them to use, too." msgstr "" +"Mark begynte å bruke DOI-er og Creative Commons for egen forskning. Han " +"hadde en vitenskapsblogg der han skrev om det, og gjorde all dataen åpen. " +"Folk startet å kommentere på bloggen hans at de ønsket å gjøre det samme. Så " +"han åpnet det opp for dem også." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3647 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4656 msgid "" "People liked the interface and simple upload process. People started asking " -"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " +"if they could also share theses, grant proposals, and code. Inclusion of " "code raised new licensing issues, as Creative Commons licenses are not used " "for software. To allow the sharing of software code, Mark chose the MIT " "license, but GNU and Apache licenses can also be used." msgstr "" +"Folk likte grensesnittet og den enkle opplastingsprosessen. Spørsmålene om " +"hvorvidt teser, legatforespørsler og kode kunne deles kom . Innlemming av " +"kode bød på nye spørsmål vedrørende lisensiering, siden Creative Commons-" +"lisensene ikke brukes for programvare. For å tillate deling av " +"programvarekode, brukte Mark MIT-lisensen, men GNU og Apache-lisenser kan " +"også brukes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3653 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4664 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Mark sought investment to make this into a scalable product. After a few " "unsuccessful funding pitches, UK-based Digital Science expressed interest " -"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " +"but insisted on a more viable business model. They made an initial " "investment, and together they came up with a freemium-like business model." msgstr "" +"Mark trengte investeringer for å gjøre dette til et skalerbart produkt. " +"Etter noen mislykkede finansieringinitiativ, uttrykte UK-baserte Digital " +"Science interesse, men insisterte på en mer levedyktig forretningsmodell. De " +"gjorde en innledende investering, og sammen de kom opp med en freemium som " +"forretningsmodell. (Ifølge Wikipedia er Freemium en forretningsmodell hvor " +"vanligvis en digital tjeneste eller anvendelse som programvare, media, spill " +"eller internett-tjeneste, er tilgjengelig gratis, men at man må betale for " +"premiumfordeler, funksjonalitet eller virituelle eiendeler.)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3663 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4671 msgid "" "Under the freemium model, academics upload their research to Figshare for " "storage and sharing for free. Each research object is licensed with Creative " @@ -5646,9 +9757,18 @@ msgid "" "its value proposition to researchers as “You retain ownership. You license " "it. You get credit. We just make sure it persists.”" msgstr "" +"Under freemium-modellen laster akademikere gratis opp forskningen sin til " +"Figshare for lagring og deling. Hvert forskningsobjekt er lisensiert med " +"Creative Commons, og mottar en DOI-lenke (DOI: Digital object identifier). I " +"premium-alternativet blir forskere krevet en avgift for gigabyte med privat " +"lagringsplass, og for private nettsteder designet for et bestemt antall " +"partnere i et forskningssamarbeid, som er ideelt for større grupper og " +"geografisk spredte forskningsgrupper. Figshare oppsummerer sine verdimål for " +"forskere som «Du beholder eierskap. Du lisensierer det. Du krediteres. Vi " +"sikrer bare at det varer»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4682 msgid "" "In January 2012, Figshare was launched. (The fig in Figshare stands for " "figures.) Using investment funds, Mark made significant improvements to " @@ -5658,68 +9778,104 @@ msgid "" "static noninteractive PDFs became interested in having Figshare provide that " "functionality for them." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3680 -msgid "" -"Figshare diversified its business model to include services for " -"journals. Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ " -"online articles. This additional data improved the quality of the " -"articles. Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having " -"to develop this functionality as part of their own " -"infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data also provides a link back to the " -"article, generating additional click-through and readership—a benefit to " -"both journal publishers and researchers. Figshare now provides" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3684 -msgid "" -"research-data infrastructure for a wide variety of publishers including " -"Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and Francis, to name a few, and has " -"convinced them to use Creative Commons licenses for the data." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3692 +"Figshare ble lansert i januar 2012. (Fig i Figshare står for tall.) Ved å " +"bruke investeringsfond fikk Mark til betydelige forbedringer i Figshare. For " +"eksempel kan forskere raskt forhåndsvise forskningsfilene i en nettleser " +"uten å laste dem ned først, eller forutsette en tredjeparts programvare. " +"Journaler (tidsskrifter) som fortsatt i stor grad publiserte artikler som " +"statiske ikke-interaktive PDF-filer, ble interessert i å få Figshare til å " +"gi dem denne funksjonaliteten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4692 +msgid "" +"Figshare diversified its business model to include services for journals. " +"Figshare began hosting large amounts of data for the journals’ online " +"articles. This additional data improved the quality of the articles. " +"Outsourcing this service to Figshare freed publishers from having to develop " +"this functionality as part of their own infrastructure. Figshare-hosted data " +"also provides a link back to the article, generating additional click-" +"through and readership—a benefit to both journal publishers and " +"researchers. Figshare now provides research-data infrastructure for a wide " +"variety of publishers including Wiley, Springer Nature, PLOS, and Taylor and " +"Francis, to name a few, and has convinced them to use Creative Commons " +"licenses for the data." +msgstr "" +"Figshare utvidet sin forretningmodell til å omfatte tjenester for " +"tidsskrifter. Figshare begynte å leie ut plass til store datamengder til " +"tidsskriftenes artikler på nettet. Disse tilleggsdataene forbedret " +"kvaliteten på artiklene. Utkontrakting (outsourcing) av denne tjenesten til " +"Figshare frigjorde tidsskrifsutgiverne fra å utvikle denne oppgaven som en " +"del av sin egen infrastruktur. Data som Figshare huser har også en link " +"tilbake til artikkelen, noe som gir flere videreklikk og lesertall – en " +"fordel både for tidsskriftsutgivere og forskere. Figshare gir nå " +"infrastruktur til forskningsdata for en rekke utgivere medregnet Wiley, " +"Springer Nature, PLOS, og Taylor og Francis, for å nevne noen, og har " +"overbevist dem om å bruke Creative Commons-lisenser for dataene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4706 msgid "" "Governments allocate significant public funds to research. In parallel with " "the launch of Figshare, governments around the world began requesting the " -"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " +"research they fund be open and accessible. They mandated that researchers " "and academic institutions better manage and disseminate their research " "outputs. Institutions looking to comply with this new mandate became " "interested in Figshare. Figshare once again diversified its business model, " "adding services for institutions." msgstr "" +"Regjeringer tildeler betydelige offentlige midler til forskning. Parallelt " +"med lanseringen av Figshare begynte regjeringer over hele verden å be om at " +"forskning de finansierer, er åpen og tilgjengelig. De påla forskere og " +"akademiske institusjoner å administrere og spre sine forskningsresultater " +"bedre. Institusjoner som vil overholde dette nye mandatet ble interessert i " +"Figshare. Figshare har igjen diversifisert (spredt) sin forretningsmodell, " +"og lagt til tjenester for institusjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3700 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4716 msgid "" "Figshare now offers a range of fee-based services to institutions, including " "their own minibranded Figshare space (called Figshare for Institutions) that " "securely hosts research data of institutions in the cloud. Services include " "not just hosting but data metrics, data dissemination, and user-group " -"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " +"administration. Figshare’s workflow, and the services they offer for " "institutions, take into account the needs of librarians and administrators, " "as well as of the researchers." msgstr "" +"Figshare tilbyr nå en rekke avgiftsbaserte tjenester til institusjoner, " +"inkludert sin egen miniutgave av Figshare for institusjoner (kalt Figshare " +"for Institutions) som gir et sikkert rom for insitutsjonenes forskningsdata " +"i skyen. Tjenestene inkluderer ikke utleie av plass, men databeregninger, " +"dataformidling og administrasjon av brukergrupper. Figshares arbeidsflyt og " +"tjenestene de tilbyr for institusjoner, tar hensyn til behovene til " +"bibliotekarer og administratorer, samt av forskerne." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3711 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4726 msgid "" "As with researchers and publishers, Fig-share encouraged institutions to " "share their research with CC BY (Attribution) and their data with CC0 (into " "the public domain). Funders who require researchers and institutions to use " "open licensing believe in the social responsibilities and benefits of making " -"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come " -"to be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some " -"institutions want to offer their researchers a choice, including less " -"permissive licenses like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " -"(Attribution-ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3719 +"research accessible to all. Publishing research in this open way has come to " +"be called open access. But not all funders specify CC BY; some institutions " +"want to offer their researchers a choice, including less permissive licenses " +"like CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA (Attribution-" +"ShareAlike), or CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." +msgstr "" +"Som med forskere og utgivere, oppmuntret Figshare-institusjoner om å dele " +"sin forskning med CC BY (Attribution) og data med CC0 (for offentligheten). " +"Bidagsytere som forutsetter at forskere og institusjoner bruker åpen " +"lisensiering, tror på sosialt ansvar og fordelene ved å gjøre forskning " +"tilgjengelig for alle. Å publisere forskning på denne åpne måten er kommet " +"til å bli kalt «open access», åpen adgang. Men ikke alle bidragsytere " +"spesifiserer CC BY; noen institusjoner vil tilby forskere et valg, inkludert " +"mindre liberale lisenser som CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial), CC BY-SA " +"(Attribution-ShareAlike) eller CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivs)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4739 msgid "" "For Mark this created a conflict. On the one hand, the principles and " "benefits of open science are at the heart of Figshare, and Mark believes CC " @@ -5729,9 +9885,16 @@ msgid "" "an open-source CERN project offer all Creative Commons licenses without any " "negative repercussions, he decided to follow suit." msgstr "" +"For Mark skapte dette en konflikt. På den ene siden er prinsippene og " +"fordelene av åpen vitenskap i hjertet av Figshare, og Mark mener CC BY er " +"den beste lisensen for dette. På den annen side sa institusjoner at de ikke " +"ville bruke Figshare med mindre det tilbys et utvalg av lisenser. Han nektet " +"i utgangspunktet å tilby noe utover CC0 og CC BY, men etter å ha sett et " +"CERN-prosjekt med åpen kildekode tilby alle Creative Commons-lisensene uten " +"noen negative konsekvenser, bestemte han seg å følge etter." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4749 msgid "" "Mark is thinking of doing a Figshare study that tracks research " "dissemination according to Creative Commons license, and gathering metrics " @@ -5740,48 +9903,123 @@ msgid "" "believes more and more researchers and institutions will make it their " "license of choice." msgstr "" +"Mark tenker på å lage en Figshare-studie, som sporer forskningsformidling " +"med Creative Commons-lisens, og samle beregninger av visninger, referanser, " +"og nedlastinger. Da kan du se hvilken lisens som genererer den største " +"effekten. Hvis data viste at CC BY er mer slagkraftig, tror Mark at flere og " +"flere forskere og institusjoner vil gjøre den til sin valgte lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3735 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4762 msgid "" -"Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " -"possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " -"applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " -"journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " -"Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data to " -"be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher that " -"converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any viewer can " -"alter by changing any of the variables.2" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/articles/" +"Journal_subscription_costs_FOIs_to_UK_universities/1186832\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4765 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://retr0.shinyapps.io/journal_costs/?year=2014&" +"inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3745 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4757 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +#| "possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other " +#| "applications. As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the " +#| "journal subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United " +#| "Kingdom paid to ten major publishers.1 Figshare’s API enables that data " +#| "to be pulled into an app developed by a completely different researcher " +#| "that converts the data into a visually interesting graph, which any " +#| "viewer can alter by changing any of the variables.2" +msgid "" +"Figshare has an Application Programming Interface (API) that makes it " +"possible for data to be pulled from Figshare and used in other applications. " +"As an example, Mark shared a Figshare data set showing the journal " +"subscriptions that higher-education institutions in the United Kingdom paid " +"to ten major publishers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Figshare’s " +"API enables that data to be pulled into an app developed by a completely " +"different researcher that converts the data into a visually interesting " +"graph, which any viewer can alter by changing any of the variables." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Figshare har et programmeringsgrensesnitt (API - Application Programming " +"Interface) som gjør det mulig å hente data fra Figshare, og bruke det i " +"andre programmer. Som eksempel delte Mark et Figshare-datasett som viste " +"publiseringsabonnementskostnader betalt av høyere utdanningsinstitusjoner i " +"Storbritannia til ti store publiseringsforlag.1) Figshare sitt API " +"muliggjør bruk av den dataen i et program av en helt annen forsker, som " +"konverterer dataen til en visuelt interessant graf, hvilket enhver seer kan " +"endre ved å endre variablene.2)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4768 msgid "" "The free version of Figshare has built a community of academics, who through " "word of mouth and presentations have promoted and spread awareness of " "Figshare. To amplify and reward the community, Figshare established an " -"Advisor program, providing those who promoted Figshare with hoodies and " -"T-shirts, early access to new features, and travel expenses when they gave " +"Advisor program, providing those who promoted Figshare with hoodies and T-" +"shirts, early access to new features, and travel expenses when they gave " "presentations outside of their area. These Advisors also helped Mark on what " "license to use for software code and whether to offer universities an option " "of using Creative Commons licenses." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3755 +"Gratisversjonen av Figshare har medført et fellesskap av akademikere, som " +"ved jungeltelegrafen og presentasjoner har formidlet og spredt forståelse " +"for Figshare. For å forsterke og belønne fellesskapet etablerte Figshare et " +"Advisor-program (rådgiverprogram), gir dem som spredte Figshare med " +"hettegensere og T-skjorter, tidlig tilgang til nye funksjoner, og " +"reiseutgifter, når de innledet om programmet utenfor sitt område. Disse " +"rådgiverne hjalp også Mark med hvilken lisens som var aktuell til " +"programvarekoder, og om universiteter skulle tilbys muligheten til å bruke " +"Creative Commons-lisenser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4783 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figshare.com/features\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4779 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the " +#| "right time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model " +#| "over time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive " +#| "set of services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had " +#| "relied solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare " +#| "would have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were " +#| "early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders " +#| "mandated open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." msgid "" "Mark says his success is partly about being in the right place at the right " "time. He also believes that the diversification of Figshare’s model over " "time has been key to success. Figshare now offers a comprehensive set of " -"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.3 If he had relied " -"solely on revenue from premium subscriptions, he believes Figshare would " -"have struggled. In Figshare’s early days, their primary users were " -"early-career and late-career academics. It has only been because funders " -"mandated open licensing that Figshare is now being used by the mainstream." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3762 +"services to researchers, publishers, and institutions.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If he had relied solely on revenue from premium " +"subscriptions, he believes Figshare would have struggled. In Figshare’s " +"early days, their primary users were early-career and late-career academics. " +"It has only been because funders mandated open licensing that Figshare is " +"now being used by the mainstream." +msgstr "" +"Mark sier at suksessen handler delvis om å være på rett sted til rett tid. " +"Han tror også at oppdelingen av Figshare sin modell over tid har vært " +"nøkkelen til suksess. Figshare tilbyr nå et helhetlig tjenestetilbud til " +"forskere, forleggere, og institusjoner.3) Hvis han hadde begrenset seg til " +"inntjening fra «premium»-abonnementer, tror han det ville blitt vanskelig " +"for Figshare.Til å begynne med var deres hovedbrukere akademikere i starten " +"og slutten av karrieren. Det har kun vært fordi kronerullerne krevde åpen " +"lisensiering at Figshare nå brukes av allmenningen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4790 msgid "" "Today Figshare has 26 million–plus page views, 7.5 million–plus downloads, " "800,000–plus user uploads, 2 million–plus articles, 500,000-plus " @@ -5789,84 +10027,97 @@ msgid "" "from Google. A sister company called Altmetric tracks the use of Figshare by " "others, including Wikipedia and news sources." msgstr "" +"I dag har Figshare over 26 millioner sidevisninger, over 7.5 millioner " +"nedlastninger, over 800 000 opplastninger fra brukere, over 2 millioner " +"artikler, over 500 000 samlinger, og over 5000 prosjekter. 60 prosent av " +"trafikken deres kommer fra Google. Et søsterselskap kalt Altmetric sporer " +"bruken av Figshare av andre, inkludert Wikipedia og nyhetskilder." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3774 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4798 msgid "" "Figshare uses the revenue it generates from the premium subscribers, journal " "publishers, and institutions to fund and expand what it can offer to " "researchers for free. Figshare has publicly stuck to its principles—keeping " -"the free service free and requiring the use of CC BY and CC0 from the " -"start—and from Mark’s perspective, this is why people trust Figshare. Mark " -"sees new competitors coming forward who are just in it for money. If " -"Figshare was only in it for the money, they wouldn’t care about offering a " -"free version. Figshare’s principles and advocacy for openness are a key " -"differentiator. Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting " -"open access to research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new " -"discoveries." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 -msgid "figshare.com/articles/Journal\\_subscription\\_costs\\_FOIs\\_to\\_UK\\_universities/1186832" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 -msgid "retr0.shinyapps.io/journal\\_costs/?year=2014&inst=19,22,38,42,59,64,80,95,136" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3780 -msgid "figshare.com/features" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3782 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-76\"></span>Figure.NZ" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3786 +"the free service free and requiring the use of CC BY and CC0 from the start—" +"and from Mark’s perspective, this is why people trust Figshare. Mark sees " +"new competitors coming forward who are just in it for money. If Figshare was " +"only in it for the money, they wouldn’t care about offering a free version. " +"Figshare’s principles and advocacy for openness are a key differentiator. " +"Going forward, Mark sees Figshare not only as supporting open access to " +"research but also enabling people to collaborate and make new discoveries." +msgstr "" +"Figshare bruker inntektene de genererer fra sine premium-abonnenter, " +"tidsskriftsutgivere og institusjoner til å finansiere og utvide det de kan " +"tilby til forskere gratis. Figshare har offentlig holdt seg til sine " +"prinsipper, ved å holde den gratis tjenesten gratis, og kreve bruk av CC BY " +"og CC0 fra begynnelsen. Fra Marks perspektiv er det derfor folk stoler på " +"Figshare. Mark ser nye konkurrenter som vokser frem, og bare er der for " +"pengenes skyld. Hvis Figshare bare var der for pengene, ville de ikke bry " +"seg om å tilby en gratis versjon. Figshares prinsipper, og forsvar for " +"åpenhet, er en viktig faktor. Ser en fremover, mener Mark at Figshare ikke " +"bare er en støtte for åpen tilgang til forskning, men at den gjør folk i " +"stand til å samarbeide og gjøre nye funn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4813 +msgid "Figure.NZ" +msgstr "Figure.NZ" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4816 msgid "" "Figure.NZ is a nonprofit charity that makes an online data platform designed " -"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " +"to make data reusable and easy to understand. Founded in 2012 in New " "Zealand." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ er en veldedig bistandsorganisasjon som lager en nettbasert " +"dataplattform myntet på å gjøre data gjenbrukbar og enkel å forstå seg på." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3788 -msgid "figure.nz" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4821 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3791 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4823 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " +#| "sponsorships" msgid "" -"Revenue model: platform providing paid services to creators, donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: platform providing paid " +"services to creators, donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" +"Inntektsmodell: Plattform som tilbyr betalte tjenester til skapere, " +"bidragsytere, legatmidler" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3793 -msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4826 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: May 3, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: May 3, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 3. mai 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3795 -msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4828 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lillian Grace, founder" +msgstr "Intervjuet: Lillian Grace, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3814 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4836 msgid "" "In the paper Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data presented at " "the New Zealand Data Futures Forum in 2014,1 Figure.NZ founder Lillian Grace " "said there are thousands of valuable and relevant data sets freely available " -"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " +"to us right now, but most people don’t use them. She used to think this " "meant people didn’t care about being informed, but she’s come to see that " -"she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that " -"matter—not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, " -"their businesses, and their country. But there’s a big difference between " +"she was wrong. Almost everyone wants to be informed about issues that matter—" +"not only to them, but also to their families, their communities, their " +"businesses, and their country. But there’s a big difference between " "availability and accessibility of information. Data is spread across " "thousands of sites and is held within databases and spreadsheets that " "require both time and skill to engage with. To use data when making a " @@ -5875,9 +10126,25 @@ msgid "" "visualize the information within the data set. Lillian established Figure.NZ " "to make data truly accessible to all, with a specific focus on New Zealand." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3823 +"I forskningsartikkelen «Harnessing the Economic and Social Power of Data», " +"presentert på New Zealand Data Futures Forum i 2014,1 sa Figure.NZ sin " +"grunnlegger Lillian Grace at det er tusenvis av verdifulle og relevante " +"datasett fritt tilgjengelige for oss akkurat nå, men de fleste bruker dem " +"ikke. Hun tenkte gjerne at dette betydde at folk ikke bryr seg om å være " +"informert, men etter hvert har hun kommet til at hun tok feil. Nesten alle " +"ønsker å bli informert om saker som betyr noe – ikke bare for dem, men også " +"for deres familier, deres lokalsamfunn, deres virksomheter og landet deres. " +"Men det er stor forskjell mellom tilgangen og tilgjengeligheten på " +"informasjon. Data er spredt over tusenvis av nettsteder, og ligger i " +"databaser og regneark som det krever både tid og dyktighet å sette seg inn " +"i. For å bruke data når det skal tas en beslutning, må du vite hvilket " +"spesifikt spørsmål du skal stille, identifisere en kilde som har samlet inn " +"dataene, og håndtere komplekse verktøy for å trekke ut og vise frem " +"informasjonen i datasettet. Lillian etablerte Figure.NZ for å gjøre data " +"virkelig tilgjengelig for alle, med spesielt fokus på New Zealand." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4856 msgid "" "Lillian had the idea for Figure.NZ in February 2012 while working for the " "New Zealand Institute, a think tank concerned with improving economic " @@ -5888,14 +10155,22 @@ msgid "" "basic facts.” But understanding the basic facts sometimes requires data and " "research that you often have to pay for." msgstr "" +"Lillian fikk ideen til Figure.NZ i februar 2012 mens hun jobbet for New " +"Zealand Institute, en tenketank som var opptatt av bedret økonomisk " +"velstand, sosial velferd, miljøkvaliteten og produktivitet for New Zealand " +"og for nyzealendere. Når hun holdt foredrag i lokalsamfunn og for " +"næringsdrivende, innså Lillian «hvert eneste problem vi behandlet ville vært " +"lettere å håndtere hvis flere hadde forstått de grunnleggende fakta». Men " +"for å kunne forstå grunnleggende fakta kreves noen ganger data og forskning " +"du ofte må betale for." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3835 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4867 msgid "" "Lillian began to imagine a website that lifted data up to a visual form that " -"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " +"could be easily understood and freely accessed. Initially launched as Wiki " "New Zealand, the original idea was that people could contribute their data " -"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " +"and visuals via a wiki. However, few people had graphs that could be used " "and shared, and there were no standards or consistency around the data and " "the visuals. Realizing the wiki model wasn’t working, Lillian brought the " "process of data aggregation, curation, and visual presentation in-house, and " @@ -5903,9 +10178,20 @@ msgid "" "became Figure.NZ, and efforts were reoriented toward providing services to " "those wanting to open their data and present it visually." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3850 +"Lillian begynte å forestille seg et nettsted som løftet frem data til " +"visuell form som kunne lett forstås, og som var fritt tilgjengelig. Det ble " +"innledningvis lansert som Wiki New Zealand, da den opprinnelige ideen var at " +"folk kunne bidra med sine data og bilder via en wiki. Men få personer hadde " +"grafer som kunne brukes og deles, og det var ingen standarder eller " +"sammenheng mellom dataene og det visuelle. Da Lillian innså at wiki-modellen " +"ikke fungerte, tok hun prosessen med data aggregering, konservering og " +"visuell presentasjon hjem, og investerte i teknologien for å automatisere " +"noe av det. Wiki New Zealand ble Figure.NZ, og innsatsen ble reorientert mot " +"å gi tjenester til dem som ønsker å åpne sine data, og presentere dem " +"visuelt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4881 msgid "" "Here’s how it works. Figure.NZ sources data from other organizations, " "including corporations, public repositories, government departments, and " @@ -5916,75 +10202,155 @@ msgid "" "and data types. Figure.NZ has a chart-designing tool that makes simple bar, " "line, and area graphs from any data source. The graphs are posted to the " "Figure.NZ website, and they can also be exported in a variety of formats for " -"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using the " -"Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " +"print or online use. Figure.NZ makes its data and graphs available using " +"the Attribution (CC BY) license. This allows others to reuse, revise, remix, " "and redistribute Figure.NZ data and graphs as long as they give attribution " "to the original source and to Figure.NZ." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3864 +"Hvordan fungerer det? Figure.NZ datakilder fra andre organisasjoner, " +"inkludert bedrifter, offentlige dataarkiv, etater og akademikere. Figure.NZ " +"importerer og ekstraherer data, og deretter validerer og standardiserer det " +"– med et klart øye for hva som vil være best for brukere. Deretter gjør de " +"data tilgjengelige med en rekke standardiserte skjemaer, lesbare både for " +"mennesker og maskiner, og med innholdsinformasjon om kildene, lisensene og " +"typer data. Figure.NZ har et diagramdesignverktøy som lager enkel strek-, " +"linje-, og område-grafikk fra en hvilken som helst datakilde. Grafene " +"posteres til Figure.NZ sitt nettområde, og de kan også eksporteres i en " +"rekke formater for utskrift eller til Internett-bruk. Figure.NZ gjør sine " +"data og grafer tilgjengelige med Attribution (CC BY) lisenser. Dette gjør at " +"andre kan bruke, endre, remikse og distribuere Figure.NZ-data og -grafer så " +"lenge de henviser til den opprinnelige kilden og Figure.NZ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4907 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/" +"new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4898 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " +#| "naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. " +#| "Lillian spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought " +#| "it looked good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and " +#| "easy for others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how " +#| "fortunate and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s " +#| "government has an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, " +#| "which provides guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and " +#| "noncopyrighted work and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing " +#| "of works with government copyright and how they can be reused, and it " +#| "does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all " +#| "government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, fitting in nicely " +#| "with Figure.NZ’s decision." msgid "" "Lillian characterizes the initial decision to use Creative Commons as " -"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " +"naively fortunate. It was first recommended to her by a colleague. Lillian " "spent time looking at what Creative Commons offered and thought it looked " "good, was clear, and made common sense. It was easy to use and easy for " "others to understand. Over time, she’s come to realize just how fortunate " "and important that decision turned out to be. New Zealand’s government has " "an open-access and licensing framework called NZGOAL, which provides " "guidance for agencies when they release copyrighted and noncopyrighted work " -"and material.2 It aims to standardize the licensing of works with government " -"copyright and how they can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons " -"licenses. As a result, 98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative " -"Commons licensed, fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3875 +"and material.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It aims to " +"standardize the licensing of works with government copyright and how they " +"can be reused, and it does this with Creative Commons licenses. As a result, " +"98 percent of all government-agency data is Creative Commons licensed, " +"fitting in nicely with Figure.NZ’s decision." +msgstr "" +"Lillian karakteriserer avgjørelsen om å bruke Creative Commons som et naivt " +"hell. Det ble først anbefalt henne av en kollega. Lillian brukte tid til å " +"se på hva Creative Commons tilbyr, og syntes det så bra ut, var klart, og " +"appellerte til sunn fornuft. Det var lett å bruke, og enkelt for andre å " +"forstå. Over tid har hun innsett hvor heldig og viktig denne beslutningen " +"viste seg å bli. New Zealands regjeringen har en åpen tilgang og et " +"lisensieringsrammeverk kalt NZGOAL, som gir veiledning for etater og organer " +"når de legger ut opphavsrettsbeskyttet og ikke-opphavsrettsbeskyttet arbeid " +"og materiale.2) Målet er å standardisere lisensiering av arbeid regjeringen " +"har opphavsrett til, og hvordan det kan gjenbrukes igjen, og det gjør den " +"med Creative Commons-lisenser. Som et resultat er 98 prosent av alle " +"forvaltningsorganers data Creative Commons-lisensiert, noe som passer fint " +"til Figure.NZs beslutning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4914 msgid "" "Lillian thinks current ideas of what a business is are relatively new, only " "a hundred years old or so. She’s convinced that twenty years from now, we " -"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " +"will see new and different models for business. Figure.NZ is set up as a " "nonprofit charity. It is purpose-driven but also strives to pay people well " -"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " +"and thinks like a business. Lillian sees the charity-nonprofit status as an " "essential element for the mission and purpose of Figure.NZ. She believes " "Wikipedia would not work if it were for profit, and similarly, Figure.NZ’s " "nonprofit status assures people who have data and people who want to use it " "that they can rely on Figure.NZ’s motives. People see them as a trusted " "wrangler and source." msgstr "" +"Lillian mener gjeldende ideer om hva som er en bedrift er relativt nye, bare " +"hundre år eller så. Hun er overbevist om at 20 år fra nå, vil vi se nye og " +"ulike modeller for forretningsforetak. Figure.NZ er definert som en veldedig " +"stiftelse. Den er formålsdrevet, men bestreber seg også å betale folk godt, " +"og tenke som en bedrift. Lillian ser veldedig status som grunnleggende " +"forutsetning for hensikten og formålet med Figure.NZ. Hun tror Wikipedia " +"ikke ville fungert hvis det skulle drives for fortjenesten, og tilsvarende, " +"Figure.NZs ideelle status sikrer at folk som har data, og folk som ønsker å " +"bruke dem, at de kan stole på motivene til Figure.NZ. Folk ser dem som " +"vokter og pålitelig kilde." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3892 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4927 msgid "" "Although Figure.NZ is a social enterprise that openly licenses their data " "and graphs for everyone to use for free, they have taken care not to be " "perceived as a free service all around the table. Lillian believes hundreds " "of millions of dollars are spent by the government and organizations to " "collect data. However, very little money is spent on taking that data and " -"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision " -"making. Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes " -"that it is underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ " -"is focused on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money " -"allocated to collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful " -"and generates value. If the government wants citizens to understand why " -"certain decisions are being made and to be more aware about what the " -"government is doing, why not transform the data it collects into easily " -"understood visuals? It could even become a way for a government or any " -"organization to differentiate, market, and brand itself." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3897 +"making it accessible, understandable, and useful for decision making. " +"Government uses some of the data for policy, but Lillian believes that it is " +"underutilized and the potential value is much larger. Figure.NZ is focused " +"on solving that problem. They believe a portion of money allocated to " +"collecting data should go into making sure that data is useful and generates " +"value. If the government wants citizens to understand why certain decisions " +"are being made and to be more aware about what the government is doing, why " +"not transform the data it collects into easily understood visuals? It could " +"even become a way for a government or any organization to differentiate, " +"market, and brand itself." +msgstr "" +"Selv om Figure.NZ er en sosial geskjeft hvis data og diagrammer er " +"lisensiert gratis i allmennhetens tjeneste, har de gjort seg flid i å ikke " +"bli ansett som en gratistjeneste viden rundt. Lillian tror hundrevis av " +"millioner dollar brukes av myndigheter og organisasjoner for å samle data. " +"Imidlertid blir veldig lite penger brukt på å gjøre den tilgjengelig, " +"forståelig og nyttig i beslutningsøyemed. Myndigheter bruker noe av dataen " +"for å forme praksis, Lillian tror dog om dette at det er nyttet i for liten " +"grad, og at den potensielle verdien er mye høyere. Figure.NZ fokuserer på å " +"løse dette problemet. De tror at en andel av pengene avsatt til innsamling " +"av data, bør gå til det formål å gjøre den nyttig og verdiskapende. Hvis " +"myndighetene ønsker borgernes forståelse for hvorfor gitte beslutninger tas, " +"og bli mer oppmerksomme på hva de driver med, hvorfor ikke forvandle " +"innsamlet data til forståelig grafikk? Det kan sågar være en måte for " +"myndighetene, eller enhver organisasjon, å finne sin posisjon i markedet, " +"gjøre seg forskjellig, og knytte sin merkevare til det hele." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4946 msgid "" "Figure.NZ spends a lot of time seeking to understand the motivations of data " -"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " +"collectors and to identify the channels where it can provide value. Every " "part of their business model has been focused on who is going to get value " "from the data and visuals." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ bruker mye tid på å forsøke å forstå motivasjonen til de som " +"samler inn data, og for å identifisere kanalene der de kan gi verdi. Hver " +"eneste del av forretningsmodellen har vært fokusert på hvem som kommer til å " +"få verdi fra dataene og de visuelle fremstillingene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3910 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4952 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has multiple lines of business. They provide commercial services " "to organizations that want their data publicly available and want to use " @@ -5993,15 +10359,27 @@ msgid "" "they can. Customers are encouraged to help their users find, use, and make " "things from the data they make available on Figure.NZ’s website. Customers " "control what is released and the license terms (although Figure.NZ " -"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " +"encourages Creative Commons licensing). Figure.NZ also serves customers who " "want a specific collection of charts created—for example, for their website " "or annual report. Charging the organizations that want to make their data " "available enables Figure.NZ to provide their site free to all users, to " "truly democratize data." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3921 +"Økonomisk sett arbeider Figure.NZ flere veier. De gir kommersielle tjenester " +"til organisasjoner som vil gjøre sine data tilgjengelige offentlig, ved bruk " +"av Figure.NZ som publiseringsplattform. Folk som ønsker å publisere åpent, " +"setter pris på Figure.NZs evne til å gjøre det raskere, enklere, og bedre " +"enn de kan selv. Kunder oppfordres til å hjelpe sine brukere med å finne, " +"bruke og gjøre ting med dataene some tilgjengeliggjøres på Figure.NZs " +"nettsted. Kundene kontrollerer hva som blir lagt ut, og lisensbetingelsene " +"(selv om Figure.NZ anbefaler Creative Commons-lisensen). Figure.NZ betjener " +"også brukere som ønsker at en bestemt ansamling diagrammer, for eksempel til " +"deres hjemmeside eller årsrapport. Å ta betaling av organisasjoner som vil " +"gjøre sine data tilgjengelige, gjør det mulig for Figure.NZ å gjøre sitt " +"nettsted gratis for alle brukere, og virkelig demokratisere data." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4968 msgid "" "Lillian notes that the current state of most data is terrible and often not " "well understood by the people who have it. This sometimes makes it difficult " @@ -6014,36 +10392,81 @@ msgid "" "transparency about the level of effort associated with doing work that has " "never been done before." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3927 +"Lillian gjør seg den merknaden at tilstanden på det meste av data er lite å " +"se til, og ikke godt forstått av dem som har dem. Dette gjør det noen ganger " +"vanskelig for kunder og Figure.NZ å skjønne hva det koster å importere, " +"standardisere og vise dataen på en formålstjenlig måte. For å hanskes med " +"dette bruker Figure.NZ «høytillitskontrakter», der kunder avser en viss del " +"av budsjettet sitt til oppgaven som Figure.NZ så fritt disponerer, så lenge " +"de rapporterer flittig om hva de har produsert, slik at kunden ser " +"nytteverdien. Strategien har hjulpet til med å bygge tillit og åpenhet om " +"hvilke ressurser som må til for å gjennomføre arbeid som aldri har blitt " +"gjort før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4986 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/business/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4981 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " +#| "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " +#| "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " +#| "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having " +#| "to know what questions to ask.3" msgid "" "A second line of business is what Figure.NZ calls partners. ASB Bank and " "Statistics New Zealand are partners who back Figure.NZ’s efforts. As one " "example, with their support Figure.NZ has been able to create Business " "Figures, a special way for businesses to find useful data without having to " -"know what questions to ask.3" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3931 -msgid "" -"Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care about, " -"directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out those " -"areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3936 +"know what questions to ask.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"En annen forretningsvei er det Figure.NZ kaller «partnere». ASB BANK og " +"Statistics New Zealand er partnere som støtter Figure.NZ i sitt foretagende. " +"Som ett eksempel kan det nevnes at deres støtte har gjort Figure.NZ i stand " +"til å opprette Business Figures, en spesiell måte for forretninger å finne " +"nyttig data uten å måtte vite hvilke spørsmål de skal stille.3)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4989 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://figure.nz/patrons/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4989 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Figure.NZ also has patrons.4 Patrons donate to topic areas they care " +#| "about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get data together to flesh out " +#| "those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is included or excluded." +msgid "" +"Figure.NZ also has patrons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Patrons " +"donate to topic areas they care about, directly enabling Figure.NZ to get " +"data together to flesh out those areas. Patrons do not direct what data is " +"included or excluded." +msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ har også faste bidragsytere.4) De donerer til formål de bryr seg " +"om, noe som gjør Figure.NZ direkte i stand til å samle data på akkurat disse " +"områdene. Givere har ikke innvirkning på hva som tas med eller ekskluderes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:4995 msgid "" "Figure.NZ also accepts philanthropic donations, which are used to provide " "more content, extend technology, and improve services, or are targeted to " -"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " +"fund a specific effort or provide in-kind support. As a charity, donations " "are tax deductible." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ godtar også filantropiske donasjoner, som brukes til å tilby mer " +"innhold, gjøre mer bruk av teknologi, forbedre tjenester, eller hvis mål er " +"å byttehandle støttefunksjoner. Som en veldedig operasjon, er donasjoner " +"skattefritatt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3946 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5001 msgid "" "Figure.NZ has morphed and grown over time. With data aggregation, curation, " "and visualizing services all in-house, Figure.NZ has developed a deep " @@ -6055,21 +10478,37 @@ msgid "" "efficient. Rather than in-house growth, they are growing and building " "external relationships." msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ har fått ny form og størrelse med tiden. Med datainnsamling og " +"utrenskning av data, i visuell tjeneste, alt innomhus, har man utviklet " +"dyptgående ekspertise i å standardisere tilfeldige datastiler, for å gjøre " +"dem nyttige. Lillian skjønte at Figure.NZ enkelt kunne bli et varehus for " +"sytti mennesker som gjør data. Hun synes vekst ikke nødvendigvis er bra. " +"Størrelse går ofte ut over effektivitet. Lillian setter kunstige " +"begrensninger for vekst, tvinger organisasjonen til å tenke annerledes, og " +"bli mer effektiv. Snarere enn vekst innomhus, vokser de og bygger opp " +"eksterne tilknytninger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5013 msgid "" "Figure.NZ’s website displays visuals and data associated with a wide range " "of categories including crime, economy, education, employment, energy, " "environment, health, information and communications technology, industry, " "tourism, and many others. A search function helps users find tables and " "graphs. Figure.NZ does not provide analysis or interpretation of the data or " -"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for " -"them. Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." +"visuals. Their goal is to teach people how to think, not think for them. " +"Figure.NZ wants to create intuitive experiences, not user manuals." msgstr "" +"Nettsiden til Figure.NZ viser grafikk og data fra en rekke kategorier, " +"inkludert kriminalitet, økonomi, utdanning, sysselsetting, energi, miljø, " +"helse, informasjon og kommunikasjonsteknologi, industri, turisme og mange " +"andre. En søkefunksjon hjelper brukere å finne tabeller og grafer. Figure.NZ " +"utøver ikke analyse eller tolkning av data eller bilder. Deres mål er å lære " +"folk å tenke, ikke å tenke for dem. Figure.NZ ønsker å skape intuitive " +"opplevelser, ikke brukermanualer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3967 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5023 msgid "" "Figure.NZ believes data and visuals should be useful. They provide their " "customers with a data collection template and teach them why it’s important " @@ -6078,14 +10517,23 @@ msgid "" "through email for them to share data for a specific topic—for example, can " "you share data for water quality? If they have the data, they respond " "quickly; if they don’t, they try and identify the organizations that would " -"have that data and forge a relationship so they can be included on " -"Figure.NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for " -"people to be curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are " -"interested in." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3975 +"have that data and forge a relationship so they can be included on Figure." +"NZ’s site. Overall, Figure.NZ is seeking to provide a place for people to be " +"curious about, access, and interpret data on topics they are interested in." +msgstr "" +"Figure.NZ mener at data og bilder skal være nyttige. De gir sine kunder en " +"mal for samling av data, og lærer dem hvorfor det er viktig, og hvordan den " +"brukes. De har begynt å legge mer vekt på å spore hva brukerne av deres " +"nettsted vil. De får også forespørsler fra sosiale medier og via e-post om å " +"dele data om et bestemt emne, for eksempel «kan du dele dataene for " +"vannkvalitet»? Hvis de har data, reagerer de raskt; hvis ikke, prøver de å " +"identifisere organisasjonene som kan ha dem, og bygger en bro slik at " +"dataene kan legges inn på Figure.NZ sitt nettsted. Samlet sett søker Figure." +"NZ å være et sted for folk der de kan være nysgjerrige, og ha tilgang til å " +"tolke data om emnene de er interessert i." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5037 msgid "" "Lillian has a deep and profound vision for Figure.NZ that goes well beyond " "simply providing open-data services. She says things are different now. “We " @@ -6094,218 +10542,284 @@ msgid "" "leaders who essentially had access to the information and made decisions on " "behalf of others, whether it was on behalf of a country or companies." msgstr "" +"Lillian har en dyp og kløktig visjon for Figure.NZ som langt overgår bare " +"det å sørge for åpne datatjenester. Hun sier ting er annerledes nå. «Vi " +"pleide å leve i en verden hvor det var veldig vanskelig å dele informasjon " +"vidt. I den verdenen lå de beste framtidsutsiktene i å ha store ledere som " +"ved å ha tilgang til informasjon kunne treffe beslutninger på vegne av " +"andre, om det så var på vegne av et land eller selskaper." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3979 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5046 msgid "" "“But now we live in a world where it’s really easy to share information " "widely and also to communicate widely. In the world we live in now, the best " "future is the one where everyone can make well-informed decisions." msgstr "" +"«Men nå lever vi i en verden der det er enkelt å dele informasjon og " +"kommunisere viden rundt. Fremtiden vi går i møte i den verdenen vi er i nå, " +"er best tjent med at alle kan ta godt informerte beslutninger»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3983 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5052 msgid "" "“The use of numbers and data as a way of making well-informed decisions is " "one of the areas where there is the biggest gaps. We don’t really use " "numbers as a part of our thinking and part of our understanding yet." msgstr "" +"«Bruk av tall og data til å fatte godt informerte beslutninger er et av " +"områdene der manglene er størst. Vi bruker virkelig ikke tall som en del av " +"vår tenkning og forståelse ennå»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3993 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5058 msgid "" -"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " +"“Part of the reason is the way data is spread across hundreds of sites. In " "addition, for the most part, deep thinking based on data is constrained to " -"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " +"experts because most people don’t have data literacy. There once was a time " "when many citizens in society couldn’t read or write. However, as a society, " "we’ve now come to believe that reading and writing skills should be " "something all citizens have. We haven’t yet adopted a similar belief around " "numbers and data literacy. We largely still believe that only a few " "specially trained people can analyze and think with numbers." msgstr "" +"«En del av årsaken er at dataene er spredt på hundrevis av steder. I " +"tillegg, for det meste, er dyp tenkning basert på data forbeholdt eksperter, " +"fordi folk flest ikke har dataferdigheter. Det var en gang en tid da mange " +"innbyggere i samfunnet ikke kunne lese eller skrive. Men som samfunn, er vi " +"nå kommet dit hen at lese- og skriveferdigheter bør være allemannseie. Vi " +"har ennå ikke adoptert en lignende forutsetning for tall og ferdigheter " +"vedrørende data. Vi tror fortsatt at kun noen få spesialutdannede mennesker " +"kan analysere og tenke med tall»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:3999 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5069 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ may be the first organization to assert that everyone can use " "numbers in their thinking, and it’s built a technological platform along " "with trust and a network of relationships to make that possible. What you " "can see on Figure.NZ are tens of thousands of graphs, maps, and data." msgstr "" +"«Figure.NZ er muligens den første organisasjonen som hevder at alle kan " +"bruke tall i sin tenkning, og har bygget en teknologisk plattform på tillit " +"og et nettverk av relasjoner for muliggjøring av dette. Det som er å se på " +"Figure.NZ er titusenvis av grafer, kart og data»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4007 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5076 msgid "" "“Figure.NZ sees this as a new kind of alphabet that can help people analyze " "what they see around them. A way to be thoughtful and informed about " "society. A means of engaging in conversation and shaping decision making " -"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " +"that transcends personal experience. The long-term value and impact is " "almost impossible to measure, but the goal is to help citizens gain " "understanding and work together in more informed ways to shape the future.”" msgstr "" +"«Figure.NZ ser dette som et slags nytt alfabet som kan hjelpe folk å " +"analysere det de ser rundt seg. En måte å reflektere omkring " +"samfunnsinformasjon. En innfartsåre i det å delta i samtaler som former " +"beslutningsprosesser, der langt overskrider den personlige erfaringen. Den " +"langsiktige verdien og effekten lar sage vanskelig tallvist måle, men målet " +"er å hjelpe borgeres forståelse og samarbeid på mer opplyste måter for å " +"forme fremtiden»." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4011 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5085 msgid "" "Lillian sees Figure.NZ’s model as having global potential. But for now, " "their focus is completely on making Figure.NZ work in New Zealand and to get " -"the “network effect”—" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4015 -msgid "" -"users dramatically increasing value for themselves and for others through " -"use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making the network effect " -"possible." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "www.nzdatafutures.org.nz/sites/default/files/NZDFF\\_harness-the-power.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "www.ict.govt.nz/guidance-and-resources/open-government/new-zealand-government-open-access-and-licensing-nzgoal-framework/" +"the “network effect”— users dramatically increasing value for themselves and " +"for others through use of their service. Creative Commons is core to making " +"the network effect possible." msgstr "" +"Lillian ser Figure.NZs modell i lys av å ha et globalt potensiale. Uansett " +"er deres fokus nå fullt ut utførelsen av Figure.NZs arbeid i New Zealand, og " +"realiseringen av «nettverkseffekten» – at brukere dramatisk øker egen og " +"andres nytteverdi ved bruk av tjenesten. Creative Commons er kjernen som " +"gjør denne nettverkeseffekten mulig." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "figure.nz/business/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4022 -msgid "figure.nz/patrons/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4024 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-77\"></span>Knowledge Unlatched" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5094 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Knowledge Unlatched" +msgstr "## Knowledge Unlatched" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5097 msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is a not-for-profit community interest company that " -"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " +"brings libraries together to pool funds to publish open-access books. " "Founded in 2012 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched er et veldedig samfunnsinteresse-selskap som bringer " +"biblioteker sammen for å finansiere utgivelser av bøker med åpen tilgang. " +"Grunnlagt 2012 i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4030 -msgid "knowledgeunlatched.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5102 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4032 -msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5104 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: crowdfunding (specialized)" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(specialized)" +msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (spesialisert)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4034 -msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5107 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 26, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 26, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 26. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4036 -msgid "Interviewee: Frances Pinter, founder" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5110 +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Frances Pinter, founder" +msgstr "Intervjuobjekt: Frances Pinter, grunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4043 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5118 msgid "" "The serial entrepreneur Dr. Frances Pinter has been at the forefront of " "innovation in the publishing industry for nearly forty years. She founded " "the UK-based Knowledge Unlatched with a mission to enable open access to " -"scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly-" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4053 -msgid "" -"book-publishing system is not working for anyone, and especially not for " -"monographs in the humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is " -"committed to changing this and has been working with libraries to create a " -"sustainable alternative model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the " -"cost of making monographs (released under a Creative Commons license) and " -"savings costs over the long term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has " -"received several awards, including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 " -"and a Curtin University Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in " -"Education in 2015." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4058 -msgid "" -"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " +"scholarly books. For Frances, the current scholarly- book-publishing system " +"is not working for anyone, and especially not for monographs in the " +"humanities and social sciences. Knowledge Unlatched is committed to changing " +"this and has been working with libraries to create a sustainable alternative " +"model for publishing scholarly books, sharing the cost of making monographs " +"(released under a Creative Commons license) and savings costs over the long " +"term. Since its launch, Knowledge Unlatched has received several awards, " +"including the IFLA/Brill Open Access award in 2014 and a Curtin University " +"Commercial Innovation Award for Innovation in Education in 2015." +msgstr "" +"Seriegrunnlegger dr. Frances Pinter har vært i forkant av innovasjon i " +"forlagsbransjen i nesten førti år. Hun grunnla det UK-baserte Knowledge " +"Unlatched med oppgaven å gi åpen tilgang til vitenskapelige bøker. For " +"Frances fungerer ikke dagens systemet for vitenskapelige " +"bokpubliseringsystem for alle, og spesielt ikke for monografier i humaniora " +"og samfunnsvitenskap. Knowledge Unlatched er har forpliktet seg til å endre " +"dette og har arbeidet sammen med biblioteker for å skape en bærekraftig " +"alternativ modell for publisering vitenskapelige bøker, deling av kostnadene " +"for monografier (utgitt under en Creative Commons-lisens) og, på lang sikt, " +"spare kostnader. Siden lanseringen, har Knowledge Unlatched mottatt flere " +"priser, inkludert IFLA/Brill Open Access-prisen for 2014 og en Curtin " +"University Commersial Innovation Award-pris for innovasjon i utdanning i " +"2015." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5134 +msgid "" +"Dr. Pinter has been in academic publishing most of her career. About ten " "years ago, she became acquainted with the Creative Commons founder Lawrence " "Lessig and got interested in Creative Commons as a tool for both protecting " "content online and distributing it free to users." msgstr "" +"Dr. Pinter har vært i akademiske publisering mestedelen av sin karriere. " +"Omtrent for ti år siden, ble hun kjent med Creative Commons grunnleggeren " +"Lawrence Lessig og ble interessert i Creative Commons som et verktøy for " +"både beskytte innhold på nettet og fordele det gratis for brukere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4063 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5141 msgid "" "Not long after, she ran a project in Africa convincing publishers in Uganda " "and South Africa to put some of their content online for free using a " "Creative Commons license and to see what happened to print sales. Sales went " "up, not down." msgstr "" +"Ikke lenge etter, drev hun et prosjekt i Afrika som overbeviste utgivere i " +"Uganda og Sør-Afrika til å legge noe av innholdet sitt på nettet gratis med " +"en Creative Commons-lisens, for å se hva skjedde. Salget gikk opp, ikke ned." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4077 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5147 msgid "" "In 2008, Bloomsbury Academic, a new imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing in the " "United Kingdom, appointed her its founding publisher in London. As part of " "the launch, Frances convinced Bloomsbury to differentiate themselves by " -"putting out monographs for free online under a Creative Commons license " -"(BY-NC or BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial or " -"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest " -"cost for publishers is getting a book to the stage where it can be " -"printed. If everyone read the online book for free, there would be no " -"print-book sales at all, and the costs associated with getting the book to " -"print would be lost. Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print " -"versions of these books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances " -"found it intriguing that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts " -"as a marketing vehicle for the print format." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4084 +"putting out monographs for free online under a Creative Commons license (BY-" +"NC or BY-NC-ND, i.e., Attribution-NonCommercial or Attribution-NonCommercial-" +"NoDerivs). This was seen as risky, as the biggest cost for publishers is " +"getting a book to the stage where it can be printed. If everyone read the " +"online book for free, there would be no print-book sales at all, and the " +"costs associated with getting the book to print would be lost. " +"Surprisingly, Bloomsbury found that sales of the print versions of these " +"books were 10 to 20 percent higher than normal. Frances found it intriguing " +"that the Creative Commons–licensed free online book acts as a marketing " +"vehicle for the print format." +msgstr "" +"I 2008 valgte Bloomsbury Academic, et nytt forlag under Bloomsbury " +"Publishing i Storbritannia, henne til å tå for oppstarten av dette forlaget " +"i London. Som en del av lanseringen, overbeviste Frances Bloomsbury om " +"differensiere ved å legge ut monografier gratis på nettet med en Creative " +"Commons-lisens (BY-NC eller BY-NC-ND, dvs. Attribution-NonCommercial eller " +"Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs)). Dette ble sett på som risikabelt, " +"ettersom den største kostnaden for utgivere til trykningsstadiet. Hvis alle " +"kunne lese den elektroniske boken gratis, ville det ikke være salg av tykte " +"bøker i det hele, og kostnadene forbundet med å få boken skrevet går tapt. " +"Overraskende nok, fant Bloomsbury at salg av trykte versjoner av disse " +"bøkene var 10 til 20 prosent høyere enn normalt. Frances fant det " +"interessant at den gratis Creative Commons-lisensierte boken på nettet " +"fungerer som et markedsføringsredskap for det trykte formatet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5164 msgid "" "Frances began to look at customer interest in the three forms of the book: " -"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " +"1) the Creative Commons–licensed free online book in PDF form, 2) the " "printed book, and 3) a digital version of the book on an aggregator platform " "with enhanced features. She thought of this as the “ice cream model”: the " "free PDF was vanilla ice cream, the printed book was an ice cream cone, and " "the enhanced e-book was an ice cream sundae." msgstr "" +"Frances begynte å se på kundens interesse i tre former for boken: 1) " +"Creative Commons-lisensierte gratis online bok i PDF-skjemaet, 2) den trykte " +"boken og 3) en digital versjon av boken på en aggregator plattform med " +"forbedrede funksjoner. Hun tenkte på dette som \"iskrem model\": gratis PDF " +"var vaniljeis, den trykte boken var en iskrem, og forbedret e-boken var en " +"iskrem sundae." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4091 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5173 msgid "" "After a while, Frances had an epiphany—what if there was a way to get " "libraries to underwrite the costs of making these books up until they’re " "ready be printed, in other words, cover the fixed costs of getting to the " "first digital copy? Then you could either bring down the cost of the printed " -"book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and " -"e-book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." +"book, or do a whole bunch of interesting things with the printed book and e-" +"book—the ice cream cone or sundae part of the model." msgstr "" +"Etter en stund, hadde Frances en åpenbaring: Hva hvis det var en måte å få " +"biblioteker til å garantere for kostnadene ved å gjøre disse bøkene " +"trykningsklare, altså dekke faste kostnader for å få frem den første " +"digitale kopien? Så kan man enten få ned kostnadene for den trykte boken, " +"eller gjøre en hel haug med interessante ting med den trykte boken og e-" +"boken - kjeksisen eller iskuler med pynt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4098 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5182 msgid "" "This idea is similar to the article-processing charge some open-access " -"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " -"imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a " -"“book-processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an " -"open-access version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." +"journals charge researchers to cover publishing costs. Frances began to " +"imagine a coalition of libraries paying for the prepress costs—a “book-" +"processing charge”—and providing everyone in the world with an open-access " +"version of the books released under a Creative Commons license." msgstr "" +"Denne ideen likner betalingen for artikkelbehandlingen som tidsskifter med " +"åpen tilgang, krever av forskere for å dekke publiseringskostnadene. Frances " +"begynte å tenke på en koalisjon av biblioteker som betalte kostnadene frem " +"til trykking - en \"bok-prosessavgift\" - og gi alle i verden en åpen " +"tilgangs-versjon av bøker utgitt med en Creative Commons-lisens." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4107 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5190 msgid "" "This idea really took hold in her mind. She didn’t really have a name for it " "but began talking about it and making presentations to see if there was " @@ -6316,125 +10830,215 @@ msgid "" "launch a community interest company (a UK term for not-for-profit social " "enterprises) in 2012." msgstr "" +"Denne ideen tok virkelig tak i henne. Hun hadde egentlig ikke et navn for " +"det men begynte å snakke om det og lage presentasjoner for å se om det var " +"interesse. Jo mer hun snakket om det, jo mer folk avtalt det hadde appell. " +"Hun tilbød en flaske champagne for alle som kunne komme opp med et godt navn " +"for ideen. Hennes mann kom opp med Knowledge Unlatched, og etter to år for å " +"opparbeide interesse, besluttet hun å gå videre og starte et \"community " +"interest company\" (et engelsk begrep for non-profit samfunnsforetak) i 2012." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5201 msgid "" "She describes the business model in a paper called Knowledge Unlatched: " "Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" msgstr "" +"Hun beskriver forretningsmodellen i en artikkel med tittel Knowledge " +"Unlatched: Toward an Open and Networked Future for Academic Publishing:" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5208 msgid "" "Publishers offer titles for sale reflecting origination costs only via " "Knowledge Unlatched." msgstr "" +"Utgivere tilbyr utgivelser for salg som avspeiler opprinnelige kostnader " +"bare via Knowlegde Unlatched." -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5214 msgid "" "Individual libraries select titles either as individual titles or as " "collections (as they do from library suppliers now)." msgstr "" +"Frittstående bibliotek velger titler enten som individuelle titler eller som " +"samlinger (slik de gjør fra bibliotekleverandører i dag)." -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5220 msgid "" "Their selections are sent to Knowledge Unlatched specifying the titles to be " "purchased at the stated price(s)." msgstr "" +"Utvalgene deres blir sendt til Knowledge Unlatched der de titlene som kan " +"kjøpes spesifiseres og prisene angis." -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5226 msgid "" "The price, called a Title Fee (set by publishers and negotiated by Knowledge " "Unlatched), is paid to publishers to cover the fixed costs of publishing " "each of the titles that were selected by a minimum number of libraries to " "cover the Title Fee." msgstr "" +"Prisen, kalt Title Fee (satt av utgivere og forhandlet frem av Knowlegde " +"Unlatched), betales til utgivere for å dekke faste kostnader for å publisere " +"hver av titlene som ble valgt av et minimumsantall biblioteker for å få " +"dekket Title Fee-gebyret." -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5235 msgid "" "Publishers make the selected titles available Open Access (on a Creative " "Commons or similar open license) and are then paid the Title Fee which is " "the total collected from the libraries." msgstr "" +"Forlagene gjør de utvalgte titler tilgjengelige med Open Access (med en åpen " +"lisens som Creative Commons eller lignende) og får så utbetalt Title Fee-" +"beløpet som er den summen som er innbetalt fra bibliotekene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5245 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward_an_Open.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '6. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5242 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Publishers make print copies, e-Pub, and other digital versions of selected " "titles available to member libraries at a discount that reflects their " -"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.1" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4136 +"contribution to the Title Fee and incentivizes membership.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Forlag gjør trykte bøker, e-Pub og andre digitale versjoner av valgte " +"titler tilgjengelig for medlems-biblioteker til rabattert pris, noe som " +"avspeiler deres bidrag til Title Fee og ansporer til medlemskap.1" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5250 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " +#| "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " +#| "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " +#| "cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an " +#| "average price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly " +#| "three hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in " +#| "at just under forty-three dollars." msgid "" "The first round of this model resulted in a collection of twenty-eight " "current titles from thirteen recognized scholarly publishers being " "unlatched. The target was to have two hundred libraries participate. The " -"cost of the package per library was capped at \\$1,680, which was an average " +"cost of the package per library was capped at $1,680, which was an average " "price of sixty dollars per book, but in the end they had nearly three " "hundred libraries sharing the costs, and the price per book came in at just " "under forty-three dollars." msgstr "" +"Første runde av denne modellen bragte med seg unnfanging av en samling på 28 " +"nåværende titler fra tretten anerkjente lærde forlag. Målet var å ha få med " +"to hundre bibliotek i samarbeidet. Kostnaden av pakken per bibliotek hadde " +"et øvre tak på 1680 amerikanske dollar, som er en gjennomsnittspris på 60 " +"dollar per bok, men til slutt var det nesten tre hundre bibliotek som delte " +"på utgiftene, og per bok kom de ned i under 43 dollar per bok." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5261 msgid "" -"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " -"still available online.4 Most books have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC " -"BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright holder, not the publisher, and negotiate " -"choice of license as part of the publishing agreement. Frances has found " -"that most authors want to retain control over the commercial and remix use " -"of their work. Publishers list the book in their catalogs, and the " -"noncommercial restriction in the Creative Commons license ensures authors " -"continue to get royalties on sales of physical copies." +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-" +"availability-1/\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5260 +msgid "" +"The open-access, Creative Commons versions of these twenty-eight books are " +"still available online.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Most books " +"have been licensed with CC BY-NC or CC BY-NC-ND. Authors are the copyright " +"holder, not the publisher, and negotiate choice of license as part of the " +"publishing agreement. Frances has found that most authors want to retain " +"control over the commercial and remix use of their work. Publishers list the " +"book in their catalogs, and the noncommercial restriction in the Creative " +"Commons license ensures authors continue to get royalties on sales of " +"physical copies." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons-versjoner, av alle 28 bøker er fremdeles fritt tilgjengelig " +"på nett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De fleste lisensiert CC BY-" +"NC eller CC BY-NC-ND. Forfatterne har kopiretten, ikke forleggeren, og " +"forhandler valg av lisens som del av publiseringsavtalen. Frances har merket " +"seg at de fleste forfattere ønsker å beholde kontroll over kommersiell og " +"videre bruk av deres arbeide. Forleggere lister opp bøkene i sine kataloger, " +"og tillegg av ikke-kommersiell begrensning i Creative Commons-lisens betyr " +"at forfatterne fortsetter å motta salær for salg av fysiske kopier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5271 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "There are three cost variables to consider for each round: the overall cost " "incurred by the publishers, total cost for each library to acquire all the " "books, and the individual price per book. The fee publishers charge for each " "title is a fixed charge, and Knowledge Unlatched calculates the total amount " -"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " +"for all the books being unlatched at a time. The cost of an order for each " "library is capped at a maximum based on a minimum number of libraries " "participating. If the number of participating libraries exceeds the minimum, " "then the cost of the order and the price per book go down for each library." msgstr "" +"Det er tre kostnadsvariabler å ta høyde for i hver runde: Den sammenlagte " +"kostnaden spist av forleggerne, total kostnad for ervervelse av alle bøkene " +"for bibliotekene, og individuell pris per bok. Avgiften forleggerne tar for " +"hver tittel er fast, og Knowledge Unlatched regner ut total mengde for " +"unnfanging av alle bøkene samtidig. Kostnaden for én ordre for hvert " +"bibliotek er satt \"i verste fall\", basert på et minimum av deltagende " +"biblioteker. Kostnaden reduserer deretter for hvert ekstra bibliotek som " +"deltar." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5283 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The second round, recently completed, unlatched seventy-eight books from " "twenty-six publishers. For this round, Frances was experimenting with the " "size and shape of the offerings. Books were being bundled into eight small " "packages separated by subject (including Anthropology, History, Literature, " -"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per " -"package. Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least " -"six of the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book " -"was just under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten " -"months. It started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having " -"a library task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, " -"getting the libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, " -"unlatching." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4173 +"Media and Communications, and Politics), of around ten books per package. " +"Three hundred libraries around the world have to commit to at least six of " +"the eight packages to enable unlatching. The average cost per book was just " +"under fifty dollars. The unlatching process took roughly ten months. It " +"started with a call to publishers for titles, followed by having a library " +"task force select the titles, getting authors’ permissions, getting the " +"libraries to pledge, billing the libraries, and finally, unlatching." +msgstr "" +"Den andre runden, som også har latt seg gjennomføre, unnfanget 78 bøker fra " +"26 forleggere. I denne runden, eksperimenterte Frances med størrelsen og " +"formen på det som ble tilbudt. Bøker ble pakket i åtte pakker delt inn per " +"emne (inkludert antropologi, historie, litteratur, media og kommunikasjon, " +"og politikk), hvorav omkring 10 bøker ble forært hver pakke. Tre hundre " +"biblioteker verden over må binde seg til unnfanging av minst seks av åtte " +"pakker for at det skulle bli noe av. Gjennomsnittskostnaden per bok var " +"snaut 50 dollar. Unnfangingsprosessen tok omtrent ti måneder. I første rekke " +"telefonsamtaler til forleggerne for å ta rede på titler, dernest forming av " +"en ansvarsgruppe fra bibliotekhold for å velge titler, innhenting av " +"forfattersamtykke, avtaleskriving med bibliotekene, tilhørende fakturering, " +"og til sist, unnfanging." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5298 msgid "" "The longest part of the whole process is getting libraries to pledge and " "commit funds. It takes about five months, as library buy-in has to fit " "within acquisition cycles, budget cycles, and library-committee meetings." msgstr "" +"Mest langdrektig var prosessen med å få bibliotekene til å skrive seg opp og " +"sende avgårde kronasje. Omkring fem måneder, for å passe kjøpssykluser, " +"budsjettrunder, og bibliotekkomiteers forsamling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5304 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched informs and recruits libraries through social media, " "mailing lists, listservs, and library associations. Of the three hundred " @@ -6444,49 +11048,98 @@ msgid "" "individual libraries but also library consortia, which has been getting even " "more libraries involved." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched informerer og rekrutterer biblioteker på sosiale media, " +"e-postlister, listetjenere, og bibliotekforbund. Av de tre hundre " +"bibliotekene som deltok i første runde, fant 80 prosent av dem veien i runde " +"to, med anslagsvis 80 nye tilkomne. Knowledge Unlatched arbeider ikke bare " +"med enkeltstående biblioteker, men også konsortier, noe som har fått enda " +"flere biblioteker med i laget." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5314 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched is scaling up, offering 150 new titles in the second " "half of 2016. It will also offer backlist titles, and in 2017 will start to " "make journals open access too." msgstr "" +"Knowledge Unlatched utvider tilbudet, til 150 nye titler i andre halvdel av " +"2016. Tidligere innlemmelser er også med, og i 2017 vil journaler komme til " +"også. Fri tilgang på alt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5319 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Knowledge Unlatched deliberately chose monographs as the initial type of " "book to unlatch. Monographs are foundational and important, but also " "problematic to keep going in the standard closed publishing model." msgstr "" +"De har aktivt valgt monografier som første boktype å unnfange. Monografier " +"er grunnleggende og viktige, men også vanskelige å holde varme i den lukkede " +"forlagsmodellens kalde grep." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4197 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5325 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The cost for the publisher to get to a first digital copy of a monograph is " -"\\$5,000 to \\$50,000. A good one costs in the \\$10,000 to \\$15,000 " -"range. Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in " -"the past sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three " -"hundred. That makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the " -"first round, it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second " -"round, it took one month to get twenty-six." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4206 +"$5,000 to $50,000. A good one costs in the $10,000 to $15,000 range. " +"Monographs typically don’t sell a lot of copies. A publisher who in the past " +"sold three thousand copies now typically sells only three hundred. That " +"makes unlatching monographs a low risk for publishers. For the first round, " +"it took five months to get thirteen publishers. For the second round, it " +"took one month to get twenty-six." +msgstr "" +"Forlagskost for ervervelse av første digitale kopi av en monografi er 5000 " +"dollar til 50.000 dollar. En god monografi beløper seg til 10-15k. De selger " +"typisk ikke mange eksemplarer. Hvis tallene i tidligere tider var 3000, kan " +"man regne 300 som vår tids motsats. Det gjør unnfanging av monografier til " +"lavrisikosport for forleggere. I første runde tok det fem måneder å få med " +"13 av dem, i andre gikk det ikke mer enn en måned før 26 av dem gikk " +"hverandres ærend." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5342 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://knowledgeunlatched.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5335 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. " +#| "Royalties range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The " +#| "value to the author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book " +#| "is being read, it increases their reputation. Open access through " +#| "unlatching generates many more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the " +#| "Knowledge Unlatched website, you can find interviews with the twenty-" +#| "eight round-one authors describing their experience and the benefits of " +#| "taking part.)5" msgid "" "Authors don’t generally make a lot of royalties from monographs. Royalties " -"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " +"range from zero dollars to 5 to 10 percent of receipts. The value to the " "author is the awareness it brings to them; when their book is being read, it " "increases their reputation. Open access through unlatching generates many " "more downloads and therefore awareness. (On the Knowledge Unlatched website, " "you can find interviews with the twenty-eight round-one authors describing " -"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)5" +"their experience and the benefits of taking part.)<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"Forfatterne tjener vanligvis ikke mye i godtgjørelse for bruk fra " +"monografier. Royalty varierer fra ingenting, til 5 til 10 prosent av det " +"som kommer inn. Verdien for forfatteren er oppmerksomheten de får. Når boken " +"deres blir lest, øker omtalen. Åpen tilgang gjennom frikjøpsunnfangelse " +"genererer mange flere nedlastinger og derfor mer oppmerksomhet. (På " +"hjemmesiden til Knowledge Unlatched, finner du intervjuer med tjueåtte " +"forfatterne fra den første omgangen i beskrivelsen av erfaring og fordelene " +"ved å delta.)5" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4215 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5345 msgid "" "Library budgets are constantly being squeezed, partly due to the inflation " "of journal subscriptions. But even without budget constraints, academic " @@ -6496,19 +11149,41 @@ msgid "" "into their digital repository. Only secondarily do they consider getting a " "print book, and if they do, they buy it separately from the digital version." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4222 -msgid "" -"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many " -"of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " -"anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 for a digital " -"multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it " -"opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4232 +"Bibliotekenes budsjetter blir stadig presset, delvis på grunn av veksten i " +"journalabonnementer. Selv uten budsjettbegrensninger, beveger akademiske " +"biblioteker seg vekk fra å kjøpe fysiske kopier. Katalogoppføringen i et " +"akademisk bibliotek vanligvis en lenke til dit boken måte ligge. Eller, hvis " +"de har nok elektronisk lagringsplass, kan de laste ned den digitale filen " +"til sin digitale kildebrønn. Bare som et neste alternativ vurdere de å " +"anskaffe en trykt bok, og hvis de gjør det, kjøper de den separat fra den " +"digitale versjonen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5356 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. " +#| "Many of the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the " +#| "monograph anyway, but instead of paying \\$95 for a print copy or \\$150 " +#| "for a digital multiple-use copy, they pay \\$50 to unlatch. It costs them " +#| "less, and it opens the book to not just the participating libraries, but " +#| "to the world." +msgid "" +"Knowledge Unlatched offers libraries a compelling economic argument. Many of " +"the participating libraries would have bought a copy of the monograph " +"anyway, but instead of paying $95 for a print copy or $150 for a digital " +"multiple-use copy, they pay $50 to unlatch. It costs them less, and it opens " +"the book to not just the participating libraries, but to the world." +msgstr "" +"Knowlegde Unlatched tilbyr biblioteker et overbevisende økonomisk argument. " +"Mange av de deltakende bibliotekene ville ha kjøpt en kopi av monografien " +"uansett, men isteden for å betale \\$95 for en trykket bok eller \\$150 for " +"en digital flerbrukskopi, betaler de \\$50 for unnfangelsen. Det koster dem " +"mindre, og det åpner boken ikke bare for de deltakende bibliotekene, men for " +"hele verden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5364 msgid "" "Not only do the economics make sense, but there is very strong alignment " "with library mandates. The participating libraries pay less than they would " @@ -6520,140 +11195,183 @@ msgid "" "the end of March 2016, the round-one books had been downloaded nearly eighty " "thousand times in 175 countries." msgstr "" +"Ikke bare er økonomien fornuftig, men det er veldig helt på linje med " +"bibliotekets oppgaver. De deltakende bibliotekene betale mindre enn de ville " +"ha gjort i den lukkede modellen, og boken med åpen tilgang er tilgjengelig " +"for alle biblioteker. Mens dette betyr at biblioteker som ikke deltar kan " +"bli sett på som gratispassasjerer i bibliotekverdenen. Velstående " +"biblioteker brukes til å betale mer enn fattigere biblioteker og aksepterer " +"at en del av pengene deres brukes til å støtte åpen tilgang. " +"\"Gratispassasjer\" er mer som et samfunnsansvar. Ved utgangen av mars 2016, " +"ble bøkene i førsterunden lastet ned nesten åtti tusen ganger i 175 land." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4235 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5376 msgid "" "For publishers, authors, and librarians, the Knowledge Unlatched model for " "monographs is a win-win-win." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4244 -msgid "" -"In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by " -"grants. In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is " -"sustainable. Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service " -"charge that will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans " -"to scale up in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs " -"when they are unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, " -"Knowledge Unlatched is making investments in technology and " -"processes. Future plans include unlatching journals and older books." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4253 +"For utgivere, forfattere og bibliotekarer er Knowledge Unlatched-modellen " +"for monografier en vinn-vinn-vinn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5380 +msgid "" +"In the first round, Knowledge Unlatched’s overheads were covered by grants. " +"In the second round, they aim to demonstrate the model is sustainable. " +"Libraries and publishers will each pay a 7.5 percent service charge that " +"will go toward Knowledge Unlatched’s running costs. With plans to scale up " +"in future rounds, Frances figures they can fully recover costs when they are " +"unlatching two hundred books at a time. Moving forward, Knowledge Unlatched " +"is making investments in technology and processes. Future plans include " +"unlatching journals and older books." +msgstr "" +"I første runde, ble Knowledge Unlatched-kostnader dekket av bevilgninger og " +"donasjoner. I andre runde, sikter de på å vise at modellen er bærekraftig. " +"Biblioteker og utgivere betale hver en serviceavgift på 7,5 prosent som går " +"til Knowlegde Unlatcheds driftskostnader. Med planer å utvide i senere " +"omganger, regner Frances med at de kan få inn igjen kostnadene fullt ut når " +"de er frikjøper to hundre bøker om gangen. I fortsettelsen, vil Knowledge " +"Unlatched investere i teknologi og prosesser. Fremtidige planer inkluderer " +"frikjøp av tidsskifter og eldre bøker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5391 msgid "" "Frances believes that Knowledge Unlatched is tapping into new ways of " "valuing academic content. It’s about considering how many people can find, " "access, and use your content without pay barriers. Knowledge Unlatched taps " "into the new possibilities and behaviors of the digital world. In the " "Knowledge Unlatched model, the content-creation process is exactly the same " -"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " +"as it always has been, but the economics are different. For Frances, " "Knowledge Unlatched is connected to the past but moving into the future, an " "evolution rather than a revolution." msgstr "" +"Frances mener at Knowlegde Unlatched finner nye måter å sette pris på faglig " +"innhold. Det handler om å vurdere hvor mange mennesker som kan finne, nå og " +"bruke innholdet uten at betaling kommer i veien. Knowledge Unlatched åpner " +"nye muligheter og atferd i den digitale verden. I Knowlegde Unlatched-" +"modellen er den innholdsskapende prosessen akkurat det samme som den alltid " +"har vært, men økonomien er forskjellig. For Frances er Knowledge Unlatched " +"knyttet til fortiden, men på vei inn i fremtiden, utvikling snarere enn " +"revolusjon." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "www.pinter.org.uk/pdfs/Toward\\_an\\_Open.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "www.oapen.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "www.hathitrust.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "collections.knowledgeunlatched.org/collection-availability-1/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4261 -msgid "www.knowledgeunlatched.org/featured-authors-section/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4263 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-78\"></span>Lumen Learning" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5403 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lumen Learning" +msgstr "## Lumen Learning" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5406 msgid "" "Lumen Learning is a for-profit company helping educational institutions use " "open educational resources (OER). Founded in 2013 in the U.S." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4268 -msgid "lumenlearning.com" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4270 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4272 -msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4274 -msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4296 -msgid "" -"Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and " -"education-technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to " -"improving student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making " -"education more affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational " -"resources. In 2012, David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called " -"the Kaleidoscope Open Course Initiative.1 It involved a set of fully open " -"general-education courses across eight colleges predominantly serving " -"at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce textbook costs and " -"collaborate to improve the courses to help students succeed. David and Kim " -"exceeded those goals: the cost of the required textbooks, replaced with OER, " -"decreased to zero dollars, and average student-success rates improved by 5 " -"to 10 percent when compared with previous years. After a second round of " -"funding, a total of more than twenty-five institutions participated in and " -"benefited from this project. It was career changing for David and Kim to see " -"the impact this initiative had on low-income students. David and Kim sought " -"further funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them " -"to define a plan to scale their work in a financially sustainable way. That " -"is when they decided to create Lumen Learning." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4299 +"Lumen Learning, et selskap til inntekts ervervelse, er myntet på opplæring " +"av utdanningsinstitusjoner i bruk av åpne pedagogiske ressurser (OER). " +"Grunnlagt 2013 i USA." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5411 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5413 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, grant funding" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, grant funding" +msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester, gi finansiering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5416 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 21, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5419 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewees: David Wiley and Kim Thanos, cofounders" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: David Wiley and Kim " +"Thanos, cofounders" +msgstr "Intervjuobjekter: David Wiley og Kim Thanos, medgrunnleggere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5433 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5427 +msgid "" +"Cofounded by open education visionary Dr. David Wiley and education-" +"technology strategist Kim Thanos, Lumen Learning is dedicated to improving " +"student success, bringing new ideas to pedagogy, and making education more " +"affordable by facilitating adoption of open educational resources. In 2012, " +"David and Kim partnered on a grant-funded project called the Kaleidoscope " +"Open Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It involved " +"a set of fully open general-education courses across eight colleges " +"predominantly serving at-risk students, with goals to dramatically reduce " +"textbook costs and collaborate to improve the courses to help students " +"succeed. David and Kim exceeded those goals: the cost of the required " +"textbooks, replaced with OER, decreased to zero dollars, and average student-" +"success rates improved by 5 to 10 percent when compared with previous years. " +"After a second round of funding, a total of more than twenty-five " +"institutions participated in and benefited from this project. It was career " +"changing for David and Kim to see the impact this initiative had on low-" +"income students. David and Kim sought further funding from the Bill and " +"Melinda Gates Foundation, who asked them to define a plan to scale their " +"work in a financially sustainable way. That is when they decided to create " +"Lumen Learning." +msgstr "" +"Etablert av den åpne utdanning-visjonære dr. David Wiley og utdanning-" +"teknologi-strateg Kim Thanos, skal Lumen Learning forbedre studieresultater, " +"bringe nye ideer til pedagogikken, samt gjøre utdanning rimeligere ved å " +"tilrettelegge det å ta i bruk åpne pedagogiske ressurser. I 2012, slo David " +"og Kim seg sammen om et stipend-finansiert prosjekt kalt Kaleidoscope Open " +"Course Initiative.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det involverte " +"en rekke helt åpne generelle utdanningskurs, fordelt på åtte videregående " +"skoler, hovedsakelig med elever i risikosonen. Målet var å redusere " +"lærebokskostnadene, og samarbeide for å forbedre kursene for å hjelpe " +"elevene å lykkes. David og Kim overskred disse målene: Kostnaden for " +"nødvendige lærebøker erstattet med OER, ble redusert til null dollar, og " +"gjennomsnittlig student-suksess økte med fra 5 til 10 prosent, sammenlignet " +"med tidligere år. Etter en ny runde med finansiering, deltok tilsammen mer " +"enn tjuefem institusjoner som alle nyttiggjorde seg av dette prosjektet. Det " +"endret yrkesfremtiden for David og Kim å se den virkningen dette initiativet " +"hadde for lavinntektelever. David og Kim søkte ytterligere finansiering fra " +"Bill og Melinda Gates Foundation, som ba dem om å lage en plan for å utvikle " +"sitt arbeid, slik at det ble økonomisk bærekraftig. Det ble da besluttet å " +"opprette Lumen Learning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5450 msgid "" "David and Kim went back and forth on whether it should be a nonprofit or " -"for-" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4306 -msgid "" -"profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the education " -"sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking grants from " -"philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used in certain " -"ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way that " -"change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t a lot " -"of flexibility to do so." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4314 +"for- profit. A nonprofit would make it a more comfortable fit with the " +"education sector but meant they’d be constantly fund-raising and seeking " +"grants from philanthropies. Also, grants usually require money to be used " +"in certain ways for specific deliverables. If you learn things along the way " +"that change how you think the grant money should be used, there often isn’t " +"a lot of flexibility to do so." +msgstr "" +"David og Kim gikk vekslet mellom dette skulle organiseres basert på " +"nonprofit eller fortjeneste. Nonprofit ville gjøre det mer tilpasset " +"utdanningssektoren, men mente at de i tilfelle stadig måtte være på jakt " +"etter penger og søke de stadig ville være stadig pengeinnsamlingen og søke " +"veldedighetsdonasjoner. Slike donsasjoner krever også at pengene brukes på " +"bestemte måter for bestemte resultater. Hvis du lærer ting underveis, endres " +"forutsetningen for hvordan du tenker donasjonen skal brukes, er det ofte " +"ikke mye fleksibilitet til å gjøre det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5460 msgid "" "But as a for-profit, they’d have to convince educational institutions to pay " "for what Lumen had to offer. On the positive side, they’d have more control " @@ -6662,9 +11380,16 @@ msgid "" "and shifting opportunities. In the end, they chose the for-profit status, " "with its different model for and approach to sustainability." msgstr "" +"Men bygd på fortjeneste, vil de måtte overbevise utdanningsinstitusjoner for " +"å betale for hva Lumen hadde å tilby. På den positive siden, ville de har " +"mer kontroll over hva de skal gjøre med inntekter og investeringspenger; De " +"kunne ta avgjørelser å investere eller bruke dem på forskjellig måte basert " +"på situasjonen og skiftende muligheter. Til slutt valgte de fortjeneste-" +"modellen, en annen modell og tilnærming til en økonomisk bærekraftig " +"utvikling." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4320 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5469 msgid "" "Right from the start, David and Kim positioned Lumen Learning as a way to " "help institutions engage in open educational resources, or OER. OER are " @@ -6672,51 +11397,72 @@ msgid "" "reside in the public domain or are released under an open license that " "permits free use and repurposing by others." msgstr "" +"Helt fra starten posisjonerte David og Kim Lumen Learning som en måte å " +"hjelpe institusjoner til å bruke åpne pedagogiske ressurser eller OER. OER " +"er undervisning, læring og forskningsressurser, alle i forskjellige medier i " +"det offentlige rom, eller er utgitt med en åpen lisens som tillater andres " +"frie bruk og gjenbruk." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4332 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5477 msgid "" "Originally, Lumen did custom contracts for each institution. This was " "complicated and challenging to manage. However, through that process " "patterns emerged which allowed them to generalize a set of approaches and " "offerings. Today they don’t customize as much as they used to, and instead " -"they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf " -"options. Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good " -"at seeing the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving " -"disadvantaged learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they " -"describe what they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in " -"a way that is very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and " -"universities—" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +"they tend to work with customers who can use their off-the-shelf options. " +"Lumen finds that institutions and faculty are generally very good at seeing " +"the value Lumen brings and are willing to pay for it. Serving disadvantaged " +"learner populations has led Lumen to be very pragmatic; they describe what " +"they offer in quantitative terms—with facts and figures—and in a way that is " +"very student-focused. Lumen Learning helps colleges and universities—" +msgstr "" +"Opprinnelig inngikk Lumen egendefinerte kontrakter med hver institusjon. " +"Dette var komplisert og utfordrende å administrere. Men gjennom denne " +"prosessen oppsto det mønstre som tillot dem å skalere opp en rekke " +"tilnærminger og tilbud. I dag tilpasser ikke de så mye som de pleide, og i " +"stedet pleier de å jobbe med kunder som kan bruke hyllevaren deres. Lumen " +"erfarer at institusjoner og lærere generelt er veldig flinke til å se " +"verdien i det Lumen bidrar med og er villig til å betale for den. Å hjelpe " +"vanskeligstilte elevgrupper har gjort Lumen veldig pragmatisk; De beskriver " +"hva de tilbyr i kvantitative termer - med tall og fakta, og på en måte som " +"er svært elev-fokusert. Lumens Learning hjelper høyskoler og universiteter -" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5493 msgid "replace expensive textbooks in high-enrollment courses with OER;" -msgstr "" +msgstr "å erstatte dyre lærebøker i kurs med mange påmeldinger med OER;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5499 msgid "" "provide enrolled students day one access to Lumen’s fully customizable OER " "course materials through the institution’s learning-management system;" msgstr "" +"Og fra første dag gi lærestedets studenter tilgang til Lumens helt " +"tilpassbare OER kursmateriell gjennom institusjonens system for " +"læringshåndtering;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5506 msgid "" "measure improvements in student success with metrics like passing rates, " "persistence, and course completion; and" msgstr "" +"Måle forbedringer i studentsuksess med beregninger som gjennomstrømning, " +"utholdenhet, og kursfullførelse; Og" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4341 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5512 msgid "" "collaborate with faculty to make ongoing improvements to OER based on " "student success research." msgstr "" +"samarbeide med fakultetet o å gjøre kontinuerlige forbedringer i OER basert " +"på kunnskap om studentens studiefremgang." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4347 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5518 msgid "" "Lumen has developed a suite of open, Creative Commons–licensed courseware in " "more than sixty-five subjects. All courses are freely and publicly available " @@ -6724,40 +11470,64 @@ msgid "" "they provide attribution to Lumen Learning following the terms of the " "Creative Commons license." msgstr "" +"Lumen har utviklet en rekke åpne, Creative Commons-lisensierte kursopplegg " +"for mer enn seksti fag. Alle kurs er fritt og offentlig tilgjengelig rett " +"fra deres hjemmeside. De kan kopieres og brukes av andre så lenge de gir " +"henvisning til Lumen Learning og følger betingelsene i Creative Commons-" +"lisensen." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5526 +#, fuzzy msgid "" -"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " +"Then there are three types of bundled services that cost money. One option, " "which Lumen calls Candela courseware, offers integration with the " "institution’s learning-management system, technical and pedagogical support, " -"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " +"and tracking of effectiveness. Candela courseware costs institutions ten " "dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" +"Så finnes det også tre typer medfølgende tjenester som koster penger. Ett " +"alternativ, som Lumen kaller Candela courseware, tilbyr sammenknytting med " +"institusjonens læringsbehandligssystem, teknisk og pedagogisk støtte, og " +"sporing av effektivitetsgrad. Candela courseware koster institusjonene ti " +"dollar per deltagende student." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4359 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5534 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "A second option is Waymaker, which offers the services of Candela but adds " "personalized learning technologies, such as study plans, automated messages, " "and assessments, and helps instructors find and support the students who " -"need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled " -"student." +"need it most. Waymaker courses cost twenty-five dollars per enrolled student." msgstr "" +"Et andre alternativ er Waymaker, som tilbyr tjenestene i Candela, men " +"utvider med personaliserte læringsteknologier, som studieplaner, " +"automatiserte meldinger, og vurderinger, og hjelper instruktører med å finne " +"og støtte studentene som trenger det mest. Waymaker-utdanningsløp koster 25 " +"dollar per deltagende student." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5541 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "The third and emerging line of business for Lumen is providing guidance and " "support for institutions and state systems that are pursuing the development " "of complete OER degrees. Often called Z-Degrees, these programs eliminate " "textbook costs for students in all courses that make up the degree (both " -"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other expensive " -"resources with OER." +"required and elective) by replacing commercial textbooks and other " +"expensive resources with OER." msgstr "" +"Den tredje forretningsførselen, i emning, er tilbud om støtte og veiledning " +"for institusjoner og offentlige systemer som søker å utvikle fullstendige " +"OER-grader. Ofte kalles de Z-grader, disse programmene som eliminerer " +"læringsmiddelskostnader for studenter i alle tilknyttede fag som utgjør " +"graden (både påkrevde og valgfrie) ved å erstatte kommersielle skolebøker og " +"andre dyre ressurser med OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5550 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Lumen generates revenue by charging for their value-added tools and services " "on top of their free courses, just as solar-power companies provide the " @@ -6769,13 +11539,27 @@ msgid "" "those who paid. Right from the start, their stance was that they would not " "put their content behind a paywall. Lumen invests zero dollars in " "technologies and processes for restricting access—no digital rights " -"management, no time bombs. While this has been a challenge from a " -"business-model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has " -"generated immense goodwill in the community." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4390 +"management, no time bombs. While this has been a challenge from a business-" +"model perspective, from an open-access perspective, it has generated immense " +"goodwill in the community." +msgstr "" +"Lumen tjener penger ved å ta betalt for deres merverdiverktøy og tjenester " +"på toppen av deres gratisfag, akkurat som solenergiselskaper tilbyr verktøy " +"og tjenester som hjelper folk å bruke en kilde som er gratis. Lumens " +"forretningsmodell fokuserer på å få institusjonene til å betale, ikke " +"studentene. Med prosjekter før Lumens tid, lærte David og kim at studenter " +"som har tilgang til alt skolemateriell fra dag én lykkes bedre. Hvis " +"studentene skulle ha betalt, ville Lumen måtte ha begrenset tilgangen. Helt " +"fra starten var deres holdning at de ikke ville putte materialet bak en " +"betalingsmur. Lumen investerer ingenting i teknologier og prosesser for " +"begrensing av tilgang, ingen digitale rettighetsbegrensninger, ingen " +"tidsbomber. Dog dette har vært en utfordring fra et forretningsmessig " +"perspektiv, har det sett i forhold til fri tilgang, generert masse godvilje " +"i samfunnet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5567 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "In most cases, development of their courses is funded by the institution " "Lumen has a contract with. When creating new courses, Lumen typically works " @@ -6786,22 +11570,38 @@ msgid "" "curates the best OER they can find that addresses those learning needs, " "which the faculty reviews." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4400 -msgid "" -"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. " -"The open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from " -"images, videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen " -"creates new content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items " -"and feedback for students on their progress are areas where new content is " -"frequently needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform " -"with all the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any " -"of Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4406 +"Som oftest finansieres utviklingen av fagene deres av læringsinstitusjonen " +"Lumen har kontakt med. Ved konstruksjon av nye fag, jobber Lumen typisk med " +"fakultetet som etterhvert vil stå for opplæringen i det. De er ofte del av " +"institusjonen som betaler Lumen, men noen ganger må Lumen utvide staben og " +"kontakte fakultetet fra andre institusjoner. Først identifiserer fakultetet " +"læringsverdien av faget. Lumen søker så opp, ordner og rensker den beste OER " +"de kan finne i så henseende, som fakultetet så etterser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5578 +msgid "" +"Sometimes faculty like the existing OER but not the way it is presented. The " +"open licensing of existing OER allows Lumen to pick and choose from images, " +"videos, and other media to adapt and customize the course. Lumen creates new " +"content as they discover gaps in existing OER. Test-bank items and feedback " +"for students on their progress are areas where new content is frequently " +"needed. Once a course is created, Lumen puts it on their platform with all " +"the attributions and links to the original sources intact, and any of " +"Lumen’s new content is given an Attribution (CC BY) license." +msgstr "" +"Noen ganger liker fakultetet den OER som finnes, men ikke presentasjonen av " +"den. Den åpne lisensieringen lar Lumen plukke og velge blant bilder, videoer " +"og annen media for å tilpasse og skreddersy faget. Lumen lager nytt innhold " +"for å dekke svakheter i det som finnes der allerede. Kartotekførsel av " +"elementer og tilbakemelding for studenter om fremgangen er områder der " +"innhold ofte må lages. Når et fag først er lager, putter Lumen det på sin " +"plattform med alle henvisninger og lenker til opprinnelige kilder, og alt av " +"Lumens innhold blir gitt en Henvisning (CC BY)-lisens." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5589 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Using only OER made them experience firsthand how complex it could be to mix " "differently licensed work together. A common strategy with OER is to place " @@ -6809,52 +11609,73 @@ msgid "" "footer, which stays the same for all pages. This doesn’t quite work, " "however, when mixing different OER together." msgstr "" +"Å kun bruke OER bidro til førstehåndserfaring med hvordan forskjellige " +"lisenser fungerer sammen. En vanlig strategi med OER er å plassere Creative " +"Commons-lisens og henvisningsinformasjon i nettsidens bunntekst, som er den " +"samme på alle sider. Dette fungerer dog ikke helt ved sammenblanding av " +"forskjellig OER." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4415 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5597 +#, fuzzy msgid "" "Remixing OER often results in multiple attributions on every page of every " "course—text from one place, images from another, and videos from yet " -"another. Some are licensed as Attribution (CC BY), others as " -"Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). If this information is put within the " -"text of the course, faculty members sometimes try to edit it and students " -"find it a distraction. Lumen dealt with this challenge by capturing the " -"license and attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up " -"at the end of each page." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4422 +"another. Some are licensed as Attribution (CC BY), others as Attribution-" +"ShareAlike (CC BY-SA). If this information is put within the text of the " +"course, faculty members sometimes try to edit it and students find it a " +"distraction. Lumen dealt with this challenge by capturing the license and " +"attribution information as metadata, and getting it to show up at the end of " +"each page." +msgstr "" +"Å remikse OER fører ofte med seg flere henvisninger, på hver side av hvert " +"fag—tekst fra ett sted, bilder fra et annet, og videoer fra et tredje. Noe " +"lisensert henvisning (CC BY), andre ting Henvisng-På-Like-Vilkår (CC BY-SA). " +"Hvis informasjonen legges i selve fagteksten, finner man det fra " +"fakultetshold ofte vanskelig å endre og studentene ser på det som en " +"distraksjon. Lumen har håndtert denne utfordringen ved å samle lisens og " +"henvisninger som metadata, for å få det til å vises på slutten av hver side." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5608 msgid "" "Lumen’s commitment to open licensing and helping low-income students has led " "to strong relationships with institutions, open-education enthusiasts, and " "grant funders. People in their network generously increase the visibility of " "Lumen through presentations, word of mouth, and referrals. Sometimes the " -"number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales" +"number of general inquiries exceed Lumen’s sales capacity." msgstr "" +"Lumens engasjement for åpen lisensiering og lavinntektsstudenter har ført " +"til sterke relasjoner med institusjoner, åpen-utdanningsentusiaster og " +"donorer. Personer i nettverket deres økte generøst Lumens synlighet ved " +"presentasjoner, jungeltelegrafen, og anbefalinger. Noen ganger overstiger " +"antall generelle henvendelser Lumens salgskapasitet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4424 -msgid "capacity." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4435 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5616 msgid "" "To manage demand and ensure the success of projects, their strategy is to be " "proactive and focus on what’s going on in higher education in different " "regions of the United States, watching out for things happening at the " -"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " -"the Virginia community college system, which is building out " -"Z-Degrees. David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar " -"system-level activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its " -"efforts. Where there are projects that would require a lot of resources on " -"Lumen’s part, they prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number " -"of students." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4443 +"system level in a way that fits with what Lumen offers. A great example is " +"the Virginia community college system, which is building out Z-Degrees. " +"David and Kim say there are nine other U.S. states with similar system-level " +"activity where Lumen is strategically focusing its efforts. Where there are " +"projects that would require a lot of resources on Lumen’s part, they " +"prioritize the ones that would impact the largest number of students." +msgstr "" +"For å styre etterspørselen og lykkes med prosjekter, er strategien deres å " +"være proaktiv og fokusere på hva som skjer i høyere utdanning i ulike " +"regioner i USA, og følge med på hva som skjer på systemnivå og som passer " +"til hva Lumen kan tilby. Et godt eksempel er Virginias offentlige college-" +"system, som bygger opp Z-grader. David og Kim sier det er ni andre " +"amerikanske stater med lignende aktivitet på systemnivå, der Lumen " +"strategisk fokuserer sin innsats. Der det er prosjekter som krever mange " +"ressurser for Lumens del, prioriterer de dem som vil ha innvirkning på " +"størst antall elever." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5629 msgid "" "As a business, Lumen is committed to openness. There are two core " "nonnegotiables: Lumen’s use of CC BY, the most permissive of the Creative " @@ -6864,38 +11685,53 @@ msgid "" "to identify new business models that achieve institution goals, while " "keeping Lumen healthy." msgstr "" +"Som bedrift er Lumen forpliktet til åpenhet. Det er to hovedanliggender det " +"ikke forhandles om: Lumens bruk av CC BY, den frieste av Creative Commons-" +"lisensene, for alt materiale de lager; og tilgang fra første dag for elever. " +"Å ha hendene over dyna gjør det også mulig å samarbeide med " +"utdanningssektoren for å løse andre utfordringer, og arbeide med " +"institusjoner for å identifisere nye forretningsmodeller som realiserer " +"institusjonens mål, mens bærekraften i Lumen beholdes." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4451 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5639 msgid "" "Openness also means that Lumen’s OER must necessarily be nonexclusive and " "nonrivalrous. This represents several big challenges for the business model: " "Why should you invest in creating something that people will be reluctant to " "pay for? How do you ensure that the investment the diverse education " "community makes in OER is not exploited? Lumen thinks we all need to be " -"clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4453 -msgid "community." +"clear about how we are benefiting from and contributing to the open " +"community." msgstr "" +"Åpenhet betyr også at Lumens åpne undervisningsressurser (OER) nødvendigvis " +"må være ikke-eksklusive og ikke-rivaliserende. Dette representerer flere " +"store utfordringer for forretningsmodellen: Hvorfor skulle en investere i " +"noe som folk ville være forbeholdne med å betale for? Hvordan sikrer man at " +"investeringen i den mangfoldige utdanningssektoren lager i OER, ikke blir " +"utnyttet? Lumen mener at vi alle trenger å være klar over hvordan vi drar " +"nytte av og bidrar til dette åpne samfunnet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4460 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5649 msgid "" "In the OER sector, there are examples of corporations, and even " "institutions, acting as free riders. Some simply take and use open resources " -"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " -"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " +"without paying anything or contributing anything back. Others give back the " +"minimum amount so they can save face. Sustainability will require those " "using open resources to give back an amount that seems fair or even give " "back something that is generous." msgstr "" +"I OER-sektoren er det eksempler på organisasjoner og selv institusjoner, som " +"fungerer som gratispassasjerer. Noen bare tar og bruker åpne ressurser uten " +"å betale noe eller bidra med noe tilbake. Andre gir tilbake minimumsbeløpet " +"så de kan redde ansikt. Bærekraft vil kreve at de som bruker åpne ressurser " +"gir tilbake et beløp som synes rimelig eller til og med gir tilbake generøst." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4469 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5658 msgid "" -"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " +"Lumen does track institutions accessing and using their free content. They " "proactively contact those institutions, with an estimate of how much their " "students are saving and encouraging them to switch to a paid model. Lumen " "explains the advantages of the paid model: a more interactive relationship " @@ -6904,43 +11740,66 @@ msgid "" "with funding supporting the evolution and improvement of the OER they are " "using." msgstr "" +"Lumen sporer institusjoner som går inn og bruker det gratis innholdet. De " +"kontaktet disse institusjonene i forkant med et anslag over hvor mye elevene " +"sparer og oppmuntrer dem til å bytte til en betalt modell. Lumen forklarer " +"fordelene med en betalt modell: Et mer interaktivt forhold til Lumen; " +"integrasjon med institusjonens læringsplattform; garantert støtte for " +"fakultet og studenter; og fremtidige bærekraft med finansiert støtte til " +"utvikling og forbedring av den OER-en de bruker." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4476 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5669 msgid "" -"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " +"Lumen works hard to be a good corporate citizen in the OER community. For " "David and Kim, a good corporate citizen gives more than they take, adds " "unique value, and is very transparent about what they are taking from " -"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " +"community, what they are giving back, and what they are monetizing. Lumen " "believes these are the building blocks of a sustainable model and strives " "for a correct balance of all these factors." msgstr "" +"Lumen arbeider hardt for å være en god deltaker i OER-samfunnet. David og " +"Kim, en god deltaker gir mer enn man tar, legger til ting av unik verdi, og " +"er veldig gjennomsiktig for hva de tar fra dette samfunnet, hva de gir " +"tilbake og hva de tar penger for. Lumen mener dette er byggesteinene i en " +"bærekraftig modell, og tilstreber en riktig balanse av alle disse faktorene." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4481 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5678 msgid "" "Licensing all the content they produce with CC BY is a key part of giving " "more value than they take. They’ve also worked hard at finding the right " "structure for their value-add and how to package it in a way that is " "understandable and repeatable." msgstr "" +"Lisensiering med CC BY av alt innholdet de produserer er en viktig del av å " +"gi mer verdi enn de tar. De har også jobbet hardt for å finne den rette " +"strukturen sin verdiøkning og hvordan å pakker den på en måte som er " +"forståelig og som kan gjentas." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4491 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5684 msgid "" "As of the fall 2016 term, Lumen had eighty-six different open courses, " -"working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than " -"seventy-five thousand student enrollments. Lumen received early start-up " -"funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, " -"and the Shuttleworth Foundation. Since then, Lumen has also attracted " -"investment funding. Over the last three years, Lumen has been roughly 60 " -"percent grant funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with " -"angel capital. Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding " -"with revenue." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4499 +"working relationships with ninety-two institutions, and more than seventy-" +"five thousand student enrollments. Lumen received early start-up funding " +"from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Hewlett Foundation, and the " +"Shuttleworth Foundation. Since then, Lumen has also attracted investment " +"funding. Over the last three years, Lumen has been roughly 60 percent grant " +"funded, 20 percent revenue earned, and 20 percent funded with angel capital. " +"Going forward, their strategy is to replace grant funding with revenue." +msgstr "" +"I høstesemesteret 2016 hadde Lumen åttiseks ulike åpne kurs, samarbeid med " +"nittito institusjoner, og hadde mer enn syttifem tusen elev og student-" +"påmeldinger. Lumen fikk tidlig oppstartsfinansiering fra Bill og Melinda " +"Gates Foundation, Hewlett Foundation, og Shuttleworth Foundation. Siden da " +"har Lumen også trukket til seg investorfinansiering. De siste tre årene har " +"Lumen vært omtrent 60 prosent donasjonsfinansiert, 20 prosent med inntekter " +"og 20 prosent finansiert av engelinvestorer. Fremover, er strategien dere å " +"erstatte donasjoner med inntekter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5696 msgid "" "In creating Lumen Learning, David and Kim say they’ve landed on solutions " "they never imagined, and there is still a lot of learning taking place. For " @@ -6950,49 +11809,61 @@ msgid "" "people know where you stand, and don’t back away from it. It really is about " "trust." msgstr "" +"Ved å lage Lumen Learning, sier David og Kim at de har landet på løsninger " +"de aldri hadde forestilt seg, og det er fortsatt mye læring. For dem er åpne " +"forretningsmodeller et voksende felt, der vi alle lærer gjennom deling. " +"Deres viktigste anbefalinger for andre som ønsker å basere seg på åpne " +"modeller, er å forplikte seg til å åpne ressursene offentlig, og la folk " +"vite hvor du står, og ikke vike tilbake. Det er et spørsmål om tillit." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4503 -msgid "lumenlearning.com/innovative-projects/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4505 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-79\"></span>Jonathan Mann" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5707 +msgid "Jonathan Mann" +msgstr "Jonathan Mann" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5710 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann is a singer and songwriter who is most well known as the “Song " "A Day” guy. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann er en sanger og låtskriver som er mest kjent som \"Song A Day" +"\"-fyren. Holder til i USA." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4510 -msgid "jonathanmann.net and" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4512 -msgid "jonathanmann.bandcamp.com" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5713 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://jonathanmann.net\"/> and <ulink url=\"http://" +"jonathanmann.bandcamp.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5716 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, " +#| "crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for in-person version " +#| "(speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging for custom services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding " -"(subscription-based), charging for in-person version (speaking engagements " -"and musical performances)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, pay-what-you-want, crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for " +"in-person version (speaking engagements and musical performances)" msgstr "" +"Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester, Betal-hva-du-vil, " +"folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for personlige versjoner " +"(inntekter fra foredrag og musikalske opptredener)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4518 -msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5721 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 22, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 22, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 22 februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4530 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5729 msgid "" "Jonathan Mann thinks of his business model as “hustling”—seizing nearly " "every opportunity he sees to make money. The bulk of his income comes from " @@ -7003,9 +11874,17 @@ msgid "" "and motivation. He has been hired by major conferences to write songs " "summarizing what speakers have said in the conference sessions." msgstr "" +"Jonathan Mann tenker på hans forretningsmodell som \"luring\" - å gripe " +"nesten enhver anledning han ser for å tjene penger. Hoveddelen av inntekten " +"sin kommer fra å skrive sanger på oppdrag for folk og bedrifter, men han har " +"en rekke inntektskilder. Han har tilhengere på folkefinansieringsiden " +"Patreon. Han får annonseinntekter fra YouTube og Bandcamp, der han legger ut " +"all sin musikk. Han får inntekter fra å holde foredrag om kreativitet og " +"motivasjon. Han er blitt engasjert til større konferanser for å skrive " +"sanger som oppsummerer hva innlederne har sagt i konferansens sesjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4539 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5740 msgid "" "His entrepreneurial spirit is coupled with a willingness to take action " "quickly. A perfect illustration of his ability to act fast happened in 2010, " @@ -7016,37 +11895,55 @@ msgid "" "conference. The song then went viral, and the experience landed him in Time " "magazine." msgstr "" +"Hans gründeregenskaper er kombinert med en vilje til å handle raskt. En " +"perfekt illustrasjon på hans evne til å handle raskt kom i 2010 da han leste " +"at Apple hadde en konferanse dagen etter for å rette opp i et rot knyttet " +"til iPhone 4. Han besluttet å skrive og sende en sang om iPhone 4 den dagen, " +"og dagen etter fikk han en telefon fra de pr-ansvarlige hos Apple som ville " +"bruke og fremme hans video på Apple-konferansen. Sangen gikk viralt og " +"erfaringen ga ham oppslag i Time magazine." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4544 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5751 msgid "" "Jonathan’s successful “hustling” is also about old-fashioned persistence. He " "is currently in his eighth straight year of writing one song each day. He " "holds the Guinness World Record for consecutive daily songwriting, and he is " "widely known as the “song-a-day guy.”" msgstr "" +"Jonathans vellykkede \"luring \" handler også om god gammeldags utholdenhet. " +"Han er i sitt åttende år i rekkefølge med å skrive en sang hver dag. Han " +"holder Guinness verdensrekord for sammenhengende daglig låtskriving, og han " +"er viden kjent som “song-a-day guy.”" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4552 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5758 msgid "" "He fell into this role by, naturally, seizing a random opportunity a friend " "alerted him to seven years ago—an event called Fun-A-Day, where people are " "supposed to create a piece of art every day for thirty-one days straight. He " "was in need of a new project, so he decided to give it a try by writing and " -"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " +"posting a song each day. He added a video component to the songs because he " "knew people were more likely to watch video online than simply listening to " "audio files." msgstr "" +"Han falt inn i denne rollen, helt naturlig, ved å gripe en tilfeldig " +"mulighet en venn varslet ham for syv år siden, en hendelse kalt Fun-A-Day, " +"der folk forventes å skape et kunstverk hver dag i trettien dager i strekk. " +"Han hadde behov for et nytt prosjekt, så han bestemte å seg for å skrive og " +"legge ut en sang hver dag. Han la til en videokomponent til sangene fordi " +"han visste at det var mer sannsynlig at folk så på en video på nettet enn " +"bare lyttet til lydfiler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4566 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5768 msgid "" "He had a really good time doing the thirty-one-day challenge, so he decided " -"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " +"to see if he could continue it for one year. He never stopped. He has " "written and posted a new song literally every day, seven days a week, since " "he began the project in 2009. When he isn’t writing songs that he is hired " -"to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that " -"day. His songs are catchy and mostly lighthearted, but they often contain at " +"to write by clients, he writes songs about whatever is on his mind that day. " +"His songs are catchy and mostly lighthearted, but they often contain at " "least an undercurrent of a deeper theme or meaning. Occasionally, they are " "extremely personal, like the song he cowrote with his exgirlfriend " "announcing their breakup. Rain or shine, in sickness or health, Jonathan " @@ -7054,53 +11951,97 @@ msgid "" "incapable of getting Internet access in time to meet the deadline, he will " "prepare ahead and have someone else post the song for him." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4573 -msgid "" -"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " +"Han hadde en virkelig en god tid når tok utfordringen med tretti-en-dager. " +"Så han bestemte seg for å se om han kunne fortsette med det i ett år. Han " +"har aldri stoppet. Han har skrevet og lagt en ny sang bokstavelig talt hver " +"dag, syv dager i uken, siden han startet prosjektet i 2009. Når han ikke " +"skriver sanger som oppdrag for klienter, skriver han sanger om hva han har i " +"tankene den dagen. Sangene hans er fengende og mest muntre, men inneholder " +"ofte minst en undertone av et dypere tema eller mening. Noen ganger er de " +"svært personlige, som sangen han skrev sammen med den forrige kjæresten for " +"å kunngjøre bruddet. Regn eller solskinn, syk eller frisk, Jonathan legger " +"ut og skriver en sang hver eneste dag. Hvis han er på et fly eller ellers " +"uten tilgang til Internett innen tidsfristen, forbereder han seg og får noen " +"andre til å legge ut sangen for ham." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5784 +msgid "" +"Over time, the song-a-day gig became the basis of his livelihood. In the " "beginning, he made money one of two ways. The first was by entering a wide " "variety of contests and winning a handful. The second was by having the " "occasional song and video go some varying degree of viral, which would bring " "more eyeballs and mean that there were more people wanting him to write " "songs for them. Today he earns most of his money this way." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4580 +"Over tid ble en-sang-omn-dagen-jobben grunnlaget for hans levebrød. I " +"begynnelsen tjente han pengene på to måter. Først var ved å delta på et " +"bredt spekter av konkurranser og vinne en håndfull. Den andre var om de " +"sporadiske sangene og videoene i ulik grad gikk viralt, noe som ville gi " +"flere seere og betydde at flere mennesker som ønsket at han skulle skrive " +"sanger for dem. I dag tjener han mesteparten av pengene sine på den måten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5793 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super " +#| "simple to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a " +#| "heartfelt, fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced " +#| "song and \\$300 for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product " +#| "launches, weddings, conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the " +#| "one that funded the production of this book." msgid "" "His website explains his gig as “taking any message, from the super simple " "to the totally complicated, and conveying that message through a heartfelt, " -"fun and quirky song.” He charges \\$500 to create a produced song and \\$300 " -"for an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " +"fun and quirky song.” He charges $500 to create a produced song and $300 for " +"an acoustic song. He has been hired for product launches, weddings, " "conferences, and even Kickstarter campaigns like the one that funded the " "production of this book." msgstr "" +"Hans nettsted forklarer hans opptreden som «å ta ethvert budskap fra " +"superenkelt til det helt kompliserte, og formidle budskapet til en dyptfølt, " +"morsom og uvanlig sang.» Han tar \\$500 for å produsere en sang og \\$300 " +"for en akustisk sang. Han har vært leid inn for produktlanseringer, bryllup, " +"konferanser og til og med Oppstartskampanjer som den som finansierte " +"produksjonen av denne boken." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4587 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5802 msgid "" "Jonathan can’t recall when exactly he first learned about Creative Commons, " "but he began applying CC licenses to his songs and videos as soon as he " "discovered the option. “CC seems like such a no-brainer,” Jonathan said. “I " -"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " +"don’t understand how anything else would make sense. It seems like such an " "obvious thing that you would want your work to be able to be shared.”" msgstr "" +"Jonathan kan ikke huske når akkurat han først hørte om Creative Commons, men " +"han begynte å bruke CC lisenser til sine sanger og videoer så snart han " +"oppdaget dette alternativet. CC virker som en så lett beslutning, sier " +"Jonathan. \"Jeg forstår ikke hvordan noe annet kunne være fornuftig. Det " +"virker så åpenbart at du skulle ønske at ditt arbeid skulle kunne deles.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5810 msgid "" "His songs are essentially marketing for his services, so obviously the " "further his songs spread, the better. Using CC licenses helps grease the " "wheels, letting people know that Jonathan allows and encourages them to " "copy, interact with, and remix his music. “If you let someone cover your " "song or remix it or use parts of it, that’s how music is supposed to work,” " -"Jonathan said. “That is how music has worked since the beginning of " -"time. Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" +"Jonathan said. “That is how music has worked since the beginning of time. " +"Our me-me, mine-mine culture has undermined that.”" msgstr "" +"Sangene hans er hovedsak markedsføring av tjenestene hans, så åpenbart at jo " +"videre sangene spres, jo bedre. Å bruke CC lisenser hjelper til med å smøre " +"fett på hjulene, lar folk vite at Jonathan tillater og oppfordrer dem til å " +"kopiere, samhandle med og remikse hans musikk. \"Hvis du la noen lager en " +"coverlåt, remikser den eller bruke deler av den, det er hvordan musikk skal " +"fungere,\" sier Jonathan. \"Det er hvordan musikk har vært fra tidenes " +"begynnelse. Vår meg-meg, min-min kultur har undergravd det.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5820 msgid "" "There are some people who cover his songs fairly regularly, and he would " "never shut that down. But he acknowledges there is a lot more he could do to " @@ -7108,70 +12049,95 @@ msgid "" "build an audience online, and I generally think I don’t do any of that,” " "Jonathan said." msgstr "" +"Det er noen mennesker som covrer hans sanger ganske regelmessig, og han " +"ville aldri stengt. Men han erkjenner det er mye mer han kunne gjøre for å " +"bygge et fellesskap. \"Det er alle denne konvensjonelle visdommen om hvordan " +"å bygger opp et publikum på nettet, og jeg vanligvis ikke tror noe på,\" sa " +"Jonathan." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4609 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5827 msgid "" "He does have a fan community he cultivates on Bandcamp, but it isn’t his " "major focus. “I do have a core audience that has stuck around for a really " -"long time, some even longer than I’ve been doing song-a-day,” he " -"said. “There is also a transitional aspect that drop in and get what they " -"need and then move on.” Focusing less on community building than other " -"artists makes sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of writing custom " -"songs for clients." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4619 -msgid "" -"Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those " -"skills. Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift " -"for distilling complicated subjects into simple concepts and putting them to " +"long time, some even longer than I’ve been doing song-a-day,” he said. " +"“There is also a transitional aspect that drop in and get what they need and " +"then move on.” Focusing less on community building than other artists makes " +"sense given Jonathan’s primary income source of writing custom songs for " +"clients." +msgstr "" +"Han har en fangruppe han dyrker på Bandcamp, men det er ikke hans " +"hovedfokus. \"Jeg har en kjerne publikum som har holdt fast i virkelig lang " +"tid, noen enda lenger enn jeg har laget en sang om dagen,\" sa han. \"Det er " +"også overganger der noen er innom og får det de trenger, og deretter gå " +"videre.\" Å fokusere mindre på å bygge et fellesskap enn andre artister er " +"fornuftig, gitt at Jonathans primære inntektskilde å skrive egendefinerte " +"sanger for klienter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5837 +msgid "" +"Jonathan recognizes what comes naturally to him and leverages those skills. " +"Through the practice of daily songwriting, he realized he has a gift for " +"distilling complicated subjects into simple concepts and putting them to " "music. In his song “How to Choose a Master Password,” Jonathan explained the " "process of creating a secure password in a silly, simple song. He was hired " "to write the song by a client who handed him a long technical blog post from " -"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " +"which to draw the information. Like a good (and rare) journalist, he " "translated the technical concepts into something understandable." msgstr "" +"Jonathan kjenner gjen hva naturlig for ham og benytter disse ferdighetene. " +"Gjennom praktisering av daglige låtskriving innså han har en gave til å " +"omsette komplisert temaer til enkle begreper og omsette dem til musikk. I " +"sin sang \"Hvordan velge et hovedpassord\" forklarte Jonathan å lage et " +"sikkert passord i en dum, enkel sang. Han ble ansatt for å skrive sangen for " +"en klient som ga ham et langt teknisk blogginnlegg som han trakk " +"informasjonen ut av. Som en god (og sjelden) journalist oversatte han " +"tekniske begreper til noe forståelig." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4630 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5849 msgid "" "When he is hired by a client to write a song, he first asks them to send a " "list of talking points and other information they want to include in the " "song. He puts all of that into a text file and starts moving things around, " -"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " +"cutting and pasting until the message starts to come together. The first " "thing he tries to do is grok the core message and develop the chorus. Then " "he looks for connections or parts he can make rhyme. The entire process " "really does resemble good journalism, but of course the final product of his " "work is a song rather than news. “There is something about being challenged " "and forced to take information that doesn’t seem like it should be sung " -"about" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4634 -msgid "" -"or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that " +"about or doesn’t seem like it lends itself to a song,” he said. “I find that " "creative challenge really satisfying. I enjoy getting lost in that process.”" msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4639 +"Når han har fått i oppdrag av en klient å skrive en sang, ber han dem først " +"å sende en liste med talepunkter og annen informasjon som de ønsker å ha med " +"i sangen. Han legger alt dette i en tekstfil og begynner å flytte ting rundt " +"omkring, klippe og lime til budskapet begynner å samle seg. Det første han " +"prøver å få taket på er kjernen i budskapet og utvikle refrenget. Så han ser " +"han etter koblinger eller deler som kan gi rytme. Hele arbeidsprosessen " +"ligner virkelig god journalistikk, men sluttproduktet er selvfølgelig en " +"sang i stedet for nyheter. \"Det er noe som å bli utfordret og tvunget til å " +"ta informasjon som det ikke ser ut som om den skal synges om eller virker " +"som den passer til en sang,\" sa han. \"Jeg synes at denne kreative " +"utfordringen veldig er tilfredsstillende. Jeg liker å gå vill i den " +"prosessen.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5864 msgid "" "Jonathan admits that in an ideal world, he would exclusively write the music " -"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " +"he wanted to write, rather than what clients hire him to write. But his " "business model is about capitalizing on his strengths as a songwriter, and " -"he has found a way to keep it interesting for" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4641 -msgid "himself." +"he has found a way to keep it interesting for himself." msgstr "" +"Jonathan innrømmer at i en ideell verden, han ville bare skrive musikken han " +"ønsket å skrive, heller enn hva kunder ansette ham å skrive. Men hans " +"forretningsmodell er om capitalizing på hans styrke som låtskriver, og han " +"har funnet en måte å holde det interessant for seg selv." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4651 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5871 msgid "" "Jonathan uses nearly every tool possible to make money from his art, but he " "does have lines he won’t cross. He won’t write songs about things he " @@ -7183,20 +12149,35 @@ msgid "" "reasons; he is best at using his own unique style rather than mimicking " "others." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4658 -msgid "" -"Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and " -"grit. Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in " -"books like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely " -"emphasizes the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can " -"replace the value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work " -"is a living embodiment of these principles." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4664 +"Jonathan bruker nesten hver eneste mulige verktøy for å tjene penger på sin " +"kunst, men han har linjer han ikke vil krysse. Han vil ikke skrive sanger om " +"ting han fundamentalt ikke tror på, og det prinsippet har til tider ført at " +"han har avslått jobber. Han vil heller ikke gå for langt fra sin naturlige " +"stil. \"Min stil er dum, så jeg kan egentlig ikke gi plass til folk som " +"ønsker noe super alvorlig,\" sier Jonathan. «Jeg gjør det jeg gjør veldig " +"lett, og det er en del av hvem jeg er.» Jonathan har ikke påtatt seg å " +"skrive reklamesnutter av samme grunn. Han er best å bruke sin egen unike " +"stil i stedet for å etterligne andres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5883 +msgid "" +"Jonathan’s song-a-day commitment exemplifies the power of habit and grit. " +"Conventional wisdom about creative productivity, including advice in books " +"like the best-seller The Creative Habit by Twyla Tharp, routinely emphasizes " +"the importance of ritual and action. No amount of planning can replace the " +"value of simple practice and just doing. Jonathan Mann’s work is a living " +"embodiment of these principles." +msgstr "" +"Jonathans en song-a-day-forpliktelse eksemplifiserer vane og gnissel. " +"Konvensjonell visdommen om kreative produktivitet, medregnet råd i bøker som " +"bestselgeren The Creative Habit av Twyla Tharp, understreker rutinemessig " +"viktigheten av ritual og handling. Intet planleggingsomfang kan erstatte " +"verdien av enkel praksis og bare å gjøre. Jonathan Manns arbeid er en " +"levende legemliggjøring av disse prinsippene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5892 msgid "" "When he speaks about his work, he talks about how much the song-a-day " "process has changed him. Rather than seeing any given piece of work as " @@ -7204,79 +12185,116 @@ msgid "" "comfortable with just doing. If today’s song is a bust, tomorrow’s song " "might be better." msgstr "" +"Når han snakker om sitt arbeid, snakker han om hvor mye en sang om dagen-" +"prosessen har endret ham. Mer enn å se ett hvilket som helst arbeid som " +"edelt og bli sittende fast i å gjøre det perfekt, har han blitt komfortabel " +"med bare å gjøre det. Hvis sangen i dag er en miss, kan morgendagens sang " +"bli bedre." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4671 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5899 msgid "" -"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He " -"is constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his " -"work as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " +"Jonathan seems to have this mentality about his career more generally. He is " +"constantly experimenting with ways to make a living while sharing his work " +"as widely as possible, seeing what sticks. While he has major " "accomplishments he is proud of, like being in the Guinness World Records or " "having his song used by Steve Jobs, he says he never truly feels successful." msgstr "" +"Jonathan synes å ha denne mentaliteten i sin karriere mer generelt. Han " +"eksperimenterer stadig med måter å leve på, mens han deler sitt arbeid så " +"mye som mulig, og ser hva som holder vann. Mens han har prestasjoner han er " +"stolt av, som å være i Guinness rekordbok eller har sin sang brukt av Steve " +"Jobs, sier han at aldri føler seg virkelig vellykket." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4675 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5907 msgid "" "“Success feels like it’s over,” he said. “To a certain extent, a creative " "person is not ever going to feel completely satisfied because then so much " "of what drives you would be gone.”" msgstr "" +"\"Suksess føles som det er slutt,\" sa han. \"Til en viss grad vil ikke en " +"kreativ person noensinne føle seg helt fornøyd, fordi da vil så mye av det " +"du driver med være borte.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4677 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-80\"></span>Noun Project" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5913 +#, fuzzy +msgid "Noun Project" +msgstr "## Noun Project" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4681 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5916 msgid "" "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 in " "the U.S." msgstr "" +"Noun Project er en bedrift tilbyr en nettplattform som viser visuelle ikoner " +"fra et globalt nettverk av designere. Stiftet i 2010 i USA" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4683 -msgid "thenounproject.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5921 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4685 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5923 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee, charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee, charging for custom services" msgstr "" +"Inntektsmodell: Betaling av et transaksjonsgebyr, betaling for tilpassede " +"tjenester." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4687 -msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5926 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: October 6, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: October 6, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 6 oktober 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4689 -msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5929 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interviewee: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Edward Boatman, cofounder" +msgstr "Intervjuet: Edward Boatman, medgrunnlegger" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4695 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5937 msgid "" "The Noun Project creates and shares visual language. There are millions who " "use Noun Project symbols to simplify communication across borders, " "languages, and cultures." msgstr "" +"Noun Project oppretter og deler visuelt språk. Det er millioner som bruker " +"Noun Project-symboler til å forenkle kommunikasjon på tvers av grenser, " +"språk og kulturer." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4702 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5942 msgid "" "The original idea for the Noun Project came to cofounder Edward Boatman " "while he was a student in architecture design school. He’d always done a lot " "of sketches and started to draw what used to fascinate him as a child, like " -"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be if " -"he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on the " -"planet." +"trains, sequoias, and bulldozers. He began thinking how great it would be " +"if he had a simple image or small icon of every single object or concept on " +"the planet." msgstr "" +"Den opprinnelige ideen til Noun Project fikk medgrunnlegger Edward Boatman, " +"da som student på skolen for arkitekturdesign. Han hadde alltid laget mange " +"skisser og begynte å trekke på det som fascinerte ham som barn; som tog, " +"redwood-trær og bulldosere. Han begynte å tenke hvor flott det ville være om " +"han hadde et enkelt bilde eller lite ikon for hvert enkelt objekt eller " +"begrep i verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4708 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5950 msgid "" "When Edward went on to work at an architecture firm, he had to make a lot of " "presentation boards for clients. But finding high-quality sources for " @@ -7284,31 +12302,67 @@ msgid "" "provide them. Perhaps his idea for creating a library of icons could " "actually help people in similar situations." msgstr "" +"Når Edward dro til jobben i et arkitektfirma, måtte han lage en mengde " +"presentasjonsoppsett for klienter. Men å finne høykvalitets kilder for " +"symboler og ikoner var vanskelig. Han kunne ikke finne noe nettsted som " +"kunne skaffe dem. Kanskje kunne hans idé om å lage et ikon-bibliotek faktisk " +"hjelpe dem soom var i lignende situasjoner." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4715 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5958 msgid "" "With his partner, Sofya Polyakov, he began collecting symbols for a website " "and writing a business plan. Inspiration came from the book Professor and " "the Madman, which chronicles the use of crowdsourcing to create the Oxford " -"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " +"English Dictionary in 1870. Edward began to imagine crowdsourcing icons and " "symbols from volunteer designers around the world." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4723 +"Med sin partner, Sofya Polyakov, begynte han begynte å samle symboler til et " +"nettsted og skrive en forretningsplan. Inspirasjonen kom fra boken " +"«Professoren og galningen», som nedtegner bruken av folkefinansiering for å " +"lage Oxford English Dictionary i 1870. Edward begynte å forestille seg " +"folkefinansiering av ikoner og symboler fra frivillige designere over hele " +"verden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5969 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-" +"collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5966 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a " +#| "huge catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and " +#| "Sofya launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when " +#| "Kickstarter was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to " +#| "introduce the global web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise " +#| "\\$1,500, but in twenty days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their " +#| "idea had the potential to be something much bigger." msgid "" "Then Edward got laid off during the recession, which turned out to be a huge " "catalyst. He decided to give his idea a go, and in 2010 Edward and Sofya " "launched the Noun Project with a Kickstarter campaign, back when Kickstarter " -"was in its infancy.1 They thought it’d be a good way to introduce the global " -"web community to their idea. Their goal was to raise \\$1,500, but in twenty " -"days they got over \\$14,000. They realized their idea had the potential to " -"be something much bigger." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4729 +"was in its infancy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They thought " +"it’d be a good way to introduce the global web community to their idea. " +"Their goal was to raise $1,500, but in twenty days they got over $14,000. " +"They realized their idea had the potential to be something much bigger." +msgstr "" +"Så ble Edward permittert i nedgangstiden, noe som viste seg å være en viktig " +"katalysator. Han bestemte seg å gi sin idé en sjanse og i 2010 lanserte " +"Edward og Sofya Noun Project-et med en Kickstarter kampanje, dengang " +"Kickstarter var i sin barndom.1 De trodde det ville være en god måte å " +"introdusere deres idé for det globale nettsamfunnet. Målet var å få inn \\" +"$1,500, men på tjue dager de fikk over \\$14,000. Da skjønte de at ideen " +"deres hadde potensiale til å bli noe mye større." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5975 msgid "" "They created a platform where symbols and icons could be uploaded, and " "Edward began recruiting talented designers to contribute their designs, a " @@ -7316,29 +12370,44 @@ msgid "" "drawings just gathering “digital dust” on their hard drives. It’s easy to " "convince them to finally share them with the world." msgstr "" +"De laget en plattform der symboler og ikoner kan lastes opp, og Edward " +"begynte rekruttere talentfulle designere til å bidra med sin design, en " +"prosess som han beskriver som relativt lett å selge. Mange designere har " +"gamle tegninger som bare samlet \"digital støv\" på harddiskene sine. Det er " +"lette å overbevise om å endelig dele dem med verden." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4737 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5983 msgid "" "The Noun Project currently has about seven thousand designers from around " -"the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s " -"quality-review process means that only the best works become part of its " -"collection. They make sure to provide encouraging, constructive feedback " -"whenever they reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the " -"relationship they have with their global community of designers." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4742 +"the world. But not all submissions are accepted. The Noun Project’s quality-" +"review process means that only the best works become part of its collection. " +"They make sure to provide encouraging, constructive feedback whenever they " +"reject a piece of work, which maintains and builds the relationship they " +"have with their global community of designers." +msgstr "" +"Noun Project-et har i dag om lag syv tusen designere fra hele verden. Men " +"ikke alle innleveringer er tillatt. Noun Project-et har en kvalitetskontroll " +"som betyr at bare de beste arbeidene blir en del av samlingen. De sørger for " +"å gi oppmuntrende, konstruktive tilbakemeldinger når de avviser et arbeid, " +"som bibeholder og bygger videre på forholdet de har sitt globale " +"fellesskapet av designere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5992 msgid "" "Creative Commons is an integral part of the Noun Project’s business model; " "this decision was inspired by Chris Anderson’s book Free: The Future of " "Radical Price, which introduced Edward to the idea that you could build a " "business model around free content." msgstr "" +"Creative Commons er en integrert del i Noun Project sin forretningsmodell; " +"Denne beslutningen ble inspirert av Chris Andersons bok Free: The Future of " +"Radical Price, som ga Edward ideen om at du kan bygge en forretningsmodell " +"rundt gratis innhold." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4754 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:5999 msgid "" "Edward knew he wanted to offer a free visual language while still providing " "some protection and reward for its contributors. There is a tension between " @@ -7351,120 +12420,229 @@ msgid "" "want to offer an icon that people can use without having to give credit, " "they can use CC0 to put the work into the public domain." msgstr "" +"Edward visste han ønsket å tilby et gratis visuelle språk samtidig som det " +"ble gitt noe beskyttelse og belønning for bidragsytere. Det er en spenning " +"mellom disse to målene. For Edward samlet Creative Commons lisensene elegant " +"denne idealismen og forretningsmuligheten. Han valgte Attribution (CC BY)-" +"lisensen, som betyr at folk kan laste ned ikoner gratis og endre dem og også " +"bruke dem kommersielt. Kravet om å henvise til den opprinnelsespersonen " +"sikrer at skaperen kan bygge et omdømme og få global anerkjennelse for sitt " +"arbeid. Hvis de vil bare tilby et ikon som folk kan bruke uten å gi noen " +"kreditt for det, kan de bruke CC0 til å legge arbeidet ut i det offentlige " +"rom." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4763 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6013 msgid "" "Noun Project’s business model and means of generating revenue have evolved " "significantly over time. Their initial plan was to sell T-shirts with the " "icons on it, which in retrospect Edward says was a horrible idea. They did " "get a lot of email from people saying they loved the icons but asking if " -"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " +"they could pay a fee instead of giving attribution. Ad agencies (among " "others) wanted to keep marketing and presentation materials clean and free " "of attribution statements. For Edward, “That’s when our lightbulb went off.”" msgstr "" +"Noun Projects forretningsmodell og metode for å generere inntekter har " +"utviklet seg signifikant over tid. Deres opprinnelige plan var å selge T-" +"skjorter med ikoner, som Edward i ettertid sier var en forferdelig idé. De " +"fikk en masse e-post fra folk sier de elsket ikonene. Men spurte om de kunne " +"betale et gebyr i stedet for å gi referanse. Reklamebyråer ønsket (blant " +"andre) å holde markedsføring og presentasjonsmateriale rent og uten " +"referanseuttalelser. For Edward: \"Det var da lyspæren vår sa poff.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4769 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6023 msgid "" "They asked their global network of designers whether they’d be open to " -"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " +"receiving modest remuneration instead of attribution. Designers saw it as a " "win-win. The idea that you could offer your designs for free and have a " "global audience and maybe even make some money was pretty exciting for most " "designers." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4781 +"De spurte sitt globale designer-nettverk om de ville være åpne for å motta " +"en beskjeden godtgjørelse i stedet for referanse. Designere så det som en " +"vinn-vinn. Ideen om at du kan tilby design gratis, har et globalt publikum, " +"og kanskje tjene litt penger, var ganske spennende for de fleste designere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6030 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without " +#| "giving attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second " +#| "iteration added a subscription component, where there would be a monthly " +#| "fee to access a certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five " +#| "hundred. However, users didn’t like these hard-count options. They " +#| "preferred to try out many similar icons to see which worked best before " +#| "eventually choosing the one they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved " +#| "to an unlimited model, whereby users have unlimited access to the whole " +#| "library for a flat monthly fee. This service is called NounPro and costs " +#| "\\$9.99 per month. Edward says this model is working well—good for " +#| "customers, good for creators, and good for the platform." msgid "" "The Noun Project first adopted a model whereby using an icon without giving " -"attribution would cost \\$1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added " -"a subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " +"attribution would cost $1.99 per icon. The model’s second iteration added a " +"subscription component, where there would be a monthly fee to access a " "certain number of icons—ten, fifty, a hundred, or five hundred. However, " "users didn’t like these hard-count options. They preferred to try out many " "similar icons to see which worked best before eventually choosing the one " "they wanted to use. So the Noun Project moved to an unlimited model, whereby " -"users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly " -"fee. This service is called NounPro and costs \\$9.99 per month. Edward says " -"this model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good " -"for the platform." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4792 +"users have unlimited access to the whole library for a flat monthly fee. " +"This service is called NounPro and costs $9.99 per month. Edward says this " +"model is working well—good for customers, good for creators, and good for " +"the platform." +msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet adopterte først en modell der å bruke et symbol uten å gi " +"referanse ville koste \\$1.99 per ikon. Modellens andre trinn er å legge til " +"en abonnements-komponent, der det vil være en månedlig avgift opp til et " +"visst antall ikoner - ti, femti, hundre eller fem hundre. Imidlertid likte " +"ikke brukere disse skarpe telle-alternativene. De forstrakk å prøve ut mange " +"lignende ikoner å se hva som fungerte best før, du til slutt velger den de " +"ville bruke. Så Noun Project flyttet over til en ubegrenset modell, der " +"brukerne har ubegrenset tilgang til hele biblioteket for en fast " +"månedsavgift. Denne tjenesten kalles NounPro og koster \\$9.99 per måned. " +"Edward sier denne modellen fungerer bra: Bra for kunder, bra for skapere, og " +"bra for plattformen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6044 msgid "" "Customers then began asking for an application-programming interface (API), " "which would allow Noun Project icons and symbols to be directly accessed " "from within other applications. Edward knew that the icons and symbols would " "be valuable in a lot of different contexts and that they couldn’t possibly " "know all of them in advance, so they built an API with a lot of " -"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " +"flexibility. Knowing that most API applications would want to use the icons " "without giving attribution, the API was built with the aim of charging for " "its use. You can use what’s called the “Playground API” for free to test how " "it integrates with your application, but full implementation will require " "you to purchase the API Pro version." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4796 -msgid "" -"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For " -"one-off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " +"Kundene begynte så å be om en grenseflate med et programmeringsverktøy " +"(API), som ville tillate direkte tilgang til Noun Projectets ikoner og " +"symbolet fra andre programmer. Edward visste at ikonene og symbolene ville " +"være verdifulle i mange ulike sammenhenger, og hvilke var umulig å vite på " +"forhånd, så de bygde en API med mye fleksibilitet. Å vite at de fleste API-" +"programmer ønsker å bruke ikonene uten referanse, ble API bygget uten å " +"kunne gi referanser. Du kan gratis bruke det som kalles \"Playgound API\" " +"for å teste hvordan den passer med hva du skal bruke den til. Men full " +"implementering vil kreve kjøp av en API Pro-versjon." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6058 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project shares revenue with its international designers. For one-" +"off purchases, the revenue is split 70 percent to the designer and 30 " "percent to Noun Project." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4805 +"Noun Projectet deler inntektene med sine internasjonale designere. For " +"engangskjøp deles inntektene 70 prosent til designer og 30 prosent til Noun " +"Projectet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6063 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " +#| "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue " +#| "from subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of " +#| "downloads, resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\" +#| "$0.13 per download for that month. For each download, the revenue is " +#| "split 40 percent to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. " +#| "(For API usage, it’s per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s " +#| "share is higher this time as it’s providing more service to the user." msgid "" "The revenue from premium purchases (the subscription and API options) is " "split a little differently. At the end of each month, the total revenue from " "subscriptions is divided by Noun Project’s total number of downloads, " -"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be \\$0.13 per " -"download for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent " -"to the designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s " -"per use instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time " -"as it’s providing more service to the user." +"resulting in a rate per download—for example, it could be $0.13 per download " +"for that month. For each download, the revenue is split 40 percent to the " +"designer and 60 percent to the Noun Project. (For API usage, it’s per use " +"instead of per download.) Noun Project’s share is higher this time as it’s " +"providing more service to the user." msgstr "" +"Inntektene fra premiumkjøp (abonnement og API alternativene) deles litt " +"annerledes. På slutten av hver måned, deles den totale inntekten fra " +"abonnementer mellom Noun Project samlede antall nedlastinger, noe som gir " +"en pris per nedlasting; - for eksempel kan det bli \\$0.13 per nedlasting " +"for denne måneden. For hver nedlasting deles inntektene 40 prosent til " +"designer og 60 prosent til Noun Project-et. (For API-bruk er det per bruk, " +"i stedet for per nedlasting.) Noun Projectets andel er høyere denne gangen, " +"etter som det stiller opp med en større andel av tjenesten til brukeren." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4809 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6075 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6147 msgid "" -"The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " -"structure.2 They tend to over communicate with creators about it because " -"building trust is the top" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/#getting_paid\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4811 -msgid "priority." +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6074 +msgid "" +"The Noun Project tries to be completely transparent about their royalty " +"structure.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They tend to over " +"communicate with creators about it because building trust is the top " +"priority." msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet prøver å være helt åpne om hvilken struktur godtgjøringen har." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De pleier å overkommunisere dette " +"overfor innholdsleverandørene fordi å bygge tillit har høyeste prioritet." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4817 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6079 msgid "" "For most creators, contributing to the Noun Project is not a full-time job " "but something they do on the side. Edward categorizes monthly earnings for " "creators into three broad categories: enough money to buy beer; enough to " "pay the bills; and most successful of all, enough to pay the rent." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4829 -msgid "" -"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can use " -"Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " +"For de fleste innholdsleverandører er bidra til Noun Projectet ikke en " +"fulltidsjobb men noe som kommei tillegg. Edward kategoriserer månedslønnen " +"for leverandørene i tre hovedkategorier: Nok penger til å kjøpe øl, nok til " +"å betale regningene, og de mest vellykkede av alle, nok til å betale " +"husleien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6086 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +#| "use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but " +#| "also their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag " +#| "any visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for " +#| "teams so people can share visuals with each other and search across their " +#| "combined collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\" +#| "$9.99 per month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per " +#| "month allows up to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, " +#| "use, edit, and add new assets to each other’s collections. And if you " +#| "subscribe to NounPro, you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgid "" +"Recently the Noun Project launched a new app called Lingo. Designers can " +"use Lingo to organize not just their Noun Project icons and symbols but also " "their photos, illustrations, UX designs, et cetera. You simply drag any " "visual item directly into Lingo to save it. Lingo also works for teams so " "people can share visuals with each other and search across their combined " -"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for \\$9.99 per " -"month lets you add guests. A team version for \\$49.95 per month allows up " -"to twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add " -"new assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, " -"you can access Noun Project from within Lingo." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4835 +"collections. Lingo is free for personal use. A pro version for $9.99 per " +"month lets you add guests. A team version for $49.95 per month allows up to " +"twenty-five team members to collaborate, and to view, use, edit, and add new " +"assets to each other’s collections. And if you subscribe to NounPro, you " +"can access Noun Project from within Lingo." +msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet lanserte nylig en ny app kalt Lingo. Designere kan bruke " +"Lingo til å organisere ikke bare deres Noun Project ikoner og symboler, men " +"også sine egne bilder, illustrasjoner, UX design, og så videre. Du bare drar " +"visuelle elementer direkte inn i Lingo og lagrer dem. Lingo fungerer også " +"for team slik at folk kan dele bilder med hverandre og søke gjennom sine " +"kombinerte samlinger. Lingo er gratis til personlig bruk. I pro versjon for " +"\\$9.99 per måned kan du legge til gjester. En team versjon til \\$49.95 per " +"måned lar opptil til tjuefem gruppemedlemmer samarbeide - og vise, bruke, " +"redigere og legge til nye ressurser i andres samlinger. Og hvis du " +"abonnerer på NounPro, kan du åpne Noun Projectet direkte fra Lingo." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6100 msgid "" "The Noun Project gives a ton of value away for free. A very large percentage " "of their roughly one million members have a free account, but there are " @@ -7472,37 +12650,54 @@ msgid "" "design agencies, educators, and others who need to communicate ideas " "visually." msgstr "" +"Noun Project gir massevis av verdi bort gratis. En svært stor andel av deres " +"omtrent en million medlemmer har en gratis konto, men det er fortsatt mange " +"betalte kontoer fra digital designere, reklame- og design-byråer, lærere og " +"andre som trenger å kommunisere ideer visuelt." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4840 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6107 msgid "" "For Edward, “creating, sharing, and celebrating the world’s visual language” " "is the most important aspect of what they do; it’s their stated mission. It " "differentiates them from others who offer graphics, icons, or clip art." msgstr "" +"For Edward er «å lage, dele og feire verdens visuell språk» det viktigste " +"ved hva de gjør; det er deres uttalte formål: Det som skiller dem fra andre " +"som tilbyr grafikk, ikoner eller utklipp." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4847 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6113 msgid "" "Noun Project creators agree. When surveyed on why they participate in the " -"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " +"Noun Project, this is how designers rank their reasons: 1) to support the " "Noun Project mission, 2) to promote their own personal brand, and 3) to " "generate money. It’s striking to see that money comes third, and mission, " "first. If you want to engage a global network of contributors, it’s " "important to have a mission beyond making money." msgstr "" +"Noun Projects designere enige. Når det kartlegges hvorfor de deltar i Noun " +"Project, rangerer desigjere sine grunn er slik: 1) for å støtte Noun " +"Projects hovedoppgave, 2) for å fremme sin eger personlige merkevare, og 3) " +"for å tjene penger. Det er påfallende å se at pengene kommer på tredjeplass " +"og hovedoppgaven først. Hvis du ønsker å engasjere et globalt nettverk av " +"bidragsytere, er det viktig å ha et oppdrag utover det å tjene penger." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4852 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6122 msgid "" "In Edward’s view, Creative Commons is central to their mission of sharing " "and social good. Using Creative Commons makes the Noun Project’s mission " -"genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and " -"credibility. CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." +"genuine and has generated a lot of their initial traction and credibility. " +"CC comes with a built-in community of users and fans." msgstr "" +"Fra Edvards synspunkt er Creative Commons sentral i deres hovedoppgave med å " +"dele og gi sosial nytte. Å bruke Creative Commons gjør Noun Projects oppdrag " +"genuint og innledningsvis genererte det mye trekkraft og troverdighet. CC " +"kommer med et innebygd fellesskap med brukere og tilhengere." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4860 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6129 msgid "" "Edward told us, “Don’t underestimate the power of a passionate community " "around your product or your business. They are going to go to bat for you " @@ -7512,30 +12707,48 @@ msgid "" "it. But you need to continue to foster that community through other " "initiatives and continue to nurture it.”" msgstr "" +"Edward fortalte oss \"Ikke undervurder kraften i et kraftig engasjert " +"fellesskap rundt produktet eller firmaet. De vil virkelig kjempe for deg om " +"du blir hengt ut i media. Hvis du går i gang og velger å arbeide med " +"Creative Commons, tar du det første skrittet til å bygge et stort " +"fellesskap, og plugger deg til et virkelig fantastisk fellesskap følger med. " +"Men du må fortsette å fostre det fellesskapet med andre initiativer og " +"fortsette å gi det næring.\"" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4865 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6139 msgid "" "The Noun Project nurtures their creators’ second motivation—promoting a " "personal brand—by connecting every icon and symbol to the creator’s name and " "profile page; each profile features their full collection. Users can also " "search the icons by the creator’s name." msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet fremmer den andre motivasjonen til dem som laget det; å " +"fremme en personlig merkevare - ved å koble hvert ikon og symbol til " +"designerens navn og profilside. Hver profil viser hele samlingen deres. " +"Brukerne kan også søke i ikonene etter designerens navn." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4873 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6146 msgid "" "The Noun Project also builds community through Iconathons—hackathons for " -"icons.2 In partnership with a sponsoring organization, the Noun Project " -"comes up with a theme (e.g., sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla " -"gardening, human rights) and a list of icons that are needed, which " -"designers are invited to create at the event. The results are vectorized, " -"and added to the Noun Project using CC0 so they can be used by anyone for " -"free." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4881 +"icons.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In partnership with a " +"sponsoring organization, the Noun Project comes up with a theme (e.g., " +"sustainable energy, food bank, guerrilla gardening, human rights) and a list " +"of icons that are needed, which designers are invited to create at the " +"event. The results are vectorized, and added to the Noun Project using CC0 " +"so they can be used by anyone for free." +msgstr "" +"Noun Projectet bygger også fellesskap gjennom Iconathon-er - hackathon-" +"eventer for ikoner. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I samarbeid " +"med en sponsororganisasjonen, foreslår Noun Prosjektet et tema (f.eks " +"bærekraftig energi, matbank, gerilja hagearbeid, menneskerettigheter) og en " +"liste over ikoner som trengs, som designere blir bedt om å lage på " +"arrangementet. Resultatene vektes og legges til Noun Projectet med CC0-" +"lisens slik at de kan brukes gratis av alle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6155 msgid "" "Providing a free version of their product that satisfies a lot of their " "customers’ needs has actually enabled the Noun Project to build the paid " @@ -7545,85 +12758,104 @@ msgid "" "world’s visual language. Integrating Creative Commons into their model has " "been key to that goal." msgstr "" +"Å gi en gratis produktversjon som tilfredsstiller en hel del kundenes behov, " +"har faktisk gjort det mulig for Noun Projectet å bygge en betalt versjon med " +"en service-orientert modell. Noun Projectets suksess ligger i å skape " +"tjenester og innhold som er en strategisk blanding av gratis og betalt " +"samtidig være tro mot sitt oppdrag - å skape, dele og feire verdens visuelle " +"språk. Å integrere Creative Commons i sine modell har vært nøkkelen til å nå " +"dette målet." -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887 -msgid "www.kickstarter.com/projects/tnp/building-a-free-collection-of-our-worlds-visual-sy/description" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887 -msgid "thenounproject.com/handbook/royalties/\\#getting\\_paid" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4887 -msgid "thenounproject.com/iconathon/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4889 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-81\"></span>Open Data Institute" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6166 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "## Blender Institute" +msgid "Open Data Institute" +msgstr "## Blender Institute" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4893 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6169 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute is an independent nonprofit that connects, equips, " -"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " +"and inspires people around the world to innovate with data. Founded in 2012 " "in the UK." msgstr "" +"The Open Data Institute er en uavhengig nonprofit foretak som kobler, " +"utstyrer og inspirerer folk rundt om i verden til å innovere med data. " +"Grunnlagt i 2012 i Storbritannia." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4895 -msgid "theodi.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6174 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4898 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6176 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant and government funding, charging for custom services, " -"donations" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant and government " +"funding, charging for custom services, donations" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inntektsmodell</emphasis>: Stipendier og " +"offentlig finansiering, betaling for tilpassede tjenester, donasjoner" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4900 -msgid "Interview date: November 11, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6179 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 11, 2015" +msgstr "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjudato</emphasis>: 11. november 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4902 -msgid "Interviewee: Jeni Tennison, technical director" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6182 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, technical " +"director" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Intervjuet</emphasis>: Jeni Tennison, teknisk " +"direktør" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4912 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6190 msgid "" -"Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the " -"London-based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " +"Cofounded by Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Sir Nigel Shadbolt in 2012, the London-" +"based Open Data Institute (ODI) offers data-related training, events, " "consulting services, and research. For ODI, Creative Commons licenses are " "central to making their own business model and their customers’ open. CC BY " "(Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), and CC0 (placed in the " -"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " +"public domain) all play a critical role in ODI’s mission to help people " "around the world innovate with data." msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4922 -msgid "" -"Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of " -"society. Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight " -"time data from airplane companies helps us plan our travel, data on local " -"housing informs city planning. When this data is not only accurate and " -"timely, but open and accessible, it opens up new possibilities. Open data " -"can be a resource businesses use to build new products and services. It can " -"help governments measure progress, improve efficiency, and target " -"investments. It can help citizens improve their lives by better " -"understanding what is happening around them." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4928 +"Det London-baserte Open Data Institute (ODI) ble etablert av Sir Tim Berners-" +"Lee og Sir Nigel Shadbolt i 2012, og tilbyr datatrening, arrangementer, " +"konsulenttjenester og forskning. For ODI er Creative Commons-lisenser " +"sentrale både når de lager deres egen forretningsmodell og de kundene deres " +"lager. CC BY (Attribution), CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike), og CC0 " +"(plassert i det offentlige rom), alle har en avgjørende rolle i ODIs oppgave " +"å hjelpe folk rundt i verdenen å innovere med data." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6200 +msgid "" +"Data underpins planning and decision making across all aspects of society. " +"Weather data helps farmers know when to plant their crops, flight time data " +"from airplane companies helps us plan our travel, data on local housing " +"informs city planning. When this data is not only accurate and timely, but " +"open and accessible, it opens up new possibilities. Open data can be a " +"resource businesses use to build new products and services. It can help " +"governments measure progress, improve efficiency, and target investments. It " +"can help citizens improve their lives by better understanding what is " +"happening around them." +msgstr "" +"Data underbygger planlegging og beslutningsprosesser på alle " +"samfunnsområder. Værdata hjelper bønder med når de skal plante sine " +"avlinger, flytidsdata fra flyselskaper hjelper oss å planlegge våre reiser, " +"data om lokale boliger informerer byplanleggingen. Når dataene er ikke bare " +"nøyaktige og og i rett tid, men er åpne og tilgjengelige, åpnes nye " +"muligheter. Åpne data kan være en ressurs for bedrifter til å bygge nye " +"produkter og tjenester. De kan hjelpe regjeringer å måle fremgang, forbedre " +"effektiviteten og målrette investeringer. Det kan hjelpe borgere til bedre " +"liv ved å bedre forstå hva som skjer rundt dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6212 msgid "" "The Open Data Institute’s 2012–17 business plan starts out by describing its " "vision to establish itself as a world-leading center and to research and be " @@ -7631,31 +12863,53 @@ msgid "" "policy. (The government was an early pioneer in open policy and open-data " "initiatives.) It goes on to say that the ODI wants to—" msgstr "" +"Open Data Institutet sin forretningsplan for 2012 – 17 starter ved å " +"beskrive visjonen om å etablere seg som et verdensledende senter og å forske " +"og være nyskapende med mulighetene som åner seg med britiske regjeringens " +"åpne datapolitikk. (Regjeringen var en pioner i åpen politikk og åpen-data-" +"initiativer.) Den går videre med å si at ODI vil -" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6222 msgid "" "demonstrate the commercial value of open government data and how open-data " "policies affect this;" msgstr "" +"demonstrere den kommersielle verdien av åpne offentlige data og hvordan åpen " +"data-politikk berører dette;" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6228 msgid "develop the economic benefits case and business models for open data;" msgstr "" +"utvikle eksempler på de økonomiske fordelene - og forretningsmodeller for " +"åpne data." -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6234 msgid "help UK businesses use open data; and" +msgstr "hjelpe UK bedrifter å bruke åpne data; og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6239 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6." +"cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf\"/>" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4935 -msgid "show how open data can improve public services.1" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6239 +msgid "" +"show how open data can improve public services.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +"vise hvor åpen data kan forbedre offentlige tjenester. <placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4943 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6244 msgid "" "ODI is very explicit about how it wants to make open business models, and " "defining what this means. Jeni Tennison, ODI’s technical director, puts it " @@ -7665,28 +12919,28 @@ msgid "" "ODI’s particular focus is to show open data’s potential for revenue." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4949 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6254 msgid "" "As an independent nonprofit, ODI secured £10 million over five years from " "the UK government via Innovate UK, an agency that promotes innovation in " "science and technology. For this funding, ODI has to secure matching funds " -"from other sources, some of which were met through a \\$4.75-million " +"from other sources, some of which were met through a $4.75-million " "investment from the Omidyar Network." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4955 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6262 msgid "" "Jeni started out as a developer and technical architect for data.gov.uk, the " -"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " +"UK government’s pioneering open-data initiative. She helped make data sets " "from government departments available as open data. She joined ODI in 2012 " "when it was just starting up, as one of six people. It now has a staff of " "about sixty." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4962 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6269 msgid "" "ODI strives to have half its annual budget come from the core UK government " "and Omidyar grants, and the other half from project-based research and " @@ -7695,30 +12949,37 @@ msgid "" "generate these matching funds in response to market needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4965 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6277 msgid "" "On the commercial side, ODI generates funding through memberships, training, " "and advisory services." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4976 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6292 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://directory.theodi.org/members\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6281 msgid "" -"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " -"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " +"You can join the ODI as an individual or commercial member. Individual " +"membership is pay-what-you-can, with options ranging from £1 to £100. " "Members receive a newsletter and related communications and a discount on " -"ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an " -"ODI-supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into " -"two tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, " -"and corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " +"ODI training courses and the annual summit, and they can display an ODI-" +"supporter badge on their website. Commercial membership is divided into two " +"tiers: small to medium size enterprises and nonprofits at £720 a year, and " +"corporations and government organizations at £2,200 a year. Commercial " "members have greater opportunities to connect and collaborate, explore the " "benefits of open data, and unlock new business opportunities. (All members " -"are listed on their website.)2" +"are listed on their website.)<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4988 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6295 msgid "" "ODI provides standardized open data training courses in which anyone can " "enroll. The initial idea was to offer an intensive and academically oriented " @@ -7727,24 +12988,24 @@ msgid "" "has subsequently been reduced to three days; now the most popular course is " "one day long. The fee, in addition to the time commitment, can be a barrier " "for participation. Jeni says, “Most of the people who would be able to pay " -"don’t know they need it. Most who know they need it can’t pay.” " -"Public-sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so " -"they can attend as a form of professional development." +"don’t know they need it. Most who know they need it can’t pay.” Public-" +"sector organizations sometimes give vouchers to their employees so they can " +"attend as a form of professional development." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:4996 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6309 msgid "" -"ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more " -"demand. Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship " -"with an organization. The training program is based on a definition of " -"open-data knowledge as applicable to the organization and on the skills " -"needed by their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The " -"training tends to generate high interest and commitment." +"ODI customizes training for clients as well, for which there is more demand. " +"Custom training usually emerges through an established relationship with an " +"organization. The training program is based on a definition of open-data " +"knowledge as applicable to the organization and on the skills needed by " +"their high-level executives, management, and technical staff. The training " +"tends to generate high interest and commitment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5003 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6318 msgid "" "Education about open data is also a part of ODI’s annual summit event, where " "curated presentations and speakers showcase the work of ODI and its members " @@ -7753,8 +13014,8 @@ msgid "" "2014, there were four thematic tracks and over 750 attendees." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5010 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6326 msgid "" "In addition to memberships and training, ODI provides advisory services to " "help with technical-data support, technology development, change management, " @@ -7764,21 +13025,22 @@ msgid "" "organizations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5013 -msgid "On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6335 +msgid "" +"On the commercial side, the following value propositions seem to resonate:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6341 msgid "" "Data-driven insights. Businesses need data from outside their business to " "get more insight. Businesses can generate value and more effectively pursue " "their own goals if they open up their own data too. Big data is a hot topic." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6349 msgid "" "Open innovation. Many large-scale enterprises are aware they don’t innovate " "very well. One way they can innovate is to open up their data. ODI " @@ -7787,8 +13049,8 @@ msgid "" "autonomy." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6358 msgid "" "Corporate social responsibility. While this resonates with businesses, ODI " "cautions against having it be the sole reason for making data open. If a " @@ -7796,62 +13058,76 @@ msgid "" "accountable, they can miss out on efficiencies and opportunities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5036 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6367 msgid "" -"During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United " -"Kingdom. But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors " -"from over fifty countries wanted to learn more about the UK government’s " -"open-data practices and how ODI saw that translating into economic " -"value. They were contracted as a service provider to international " -"governments, which prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" +"During their early years, ODI wanted to focus solely on the United Kingdom. " +"But in their first year, large delegations of government visitors from over " +"fifty countries wanted to learn more about the UK government’s open-data " +"practices and how ODI saw that translating into economic value. They were " +"contracted as a service provider to international governments, which " +"prompted a need to set up international ODI “nodes.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5046 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6376 msgid "" -"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " +"Nodes are franchises of the ODI at a regional or city level. Hosted by " "existing (for-profit or not-for-profit) organizations, they operate locally " "but are part of the global network. Each ODI node adopts the charter, a set " -"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " +"of guiding principles and rules under which ODI operates. They develop and " "deliver training, connect people and businesses through membership and " -"events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the " -"world. There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI " -"nodes are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the " -"brand." +"events, and communicate open-data stories from their part of the world. " +"There are twenty-seven different nodes across nineteen countries. ODI nodes " +"are charged a small fee to be part of the network and to use the brand." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6390 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://theodi.org/odi-startup-programme\"/>; <ulink url=" +"\"http://theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5050 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6388 msgid "" "ODI also runs programs to help start-ups in the UK and across Europe develop " "a sustainable business around open data, offering mentoring, advice, " -"training, and even office space.3" +"training, and even office space.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5058 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6394 msgid "" -"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " +"A big part of ODI’s business model revolves around community building. " "Memberships, training, summits, consulting services, nodes, and start-up " -"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " +"programs create an ever-growing network of open-data users and leaders. (In " "fact, ODI even operates something called an Open Data Leaders Network.) For " "ODI, community is key to success. They devote significant time and effort to " "build it, not just online but through face-to-face events." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5064 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6408 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://certificates.theodi.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6403 msgid "" "ODI has created an online tool that organizations can use to assess the " "legal, practical, technical, and social aspects of their open data. If it is " "of high quality, the organization can earn ODI’s Open Data Certificate, a " "globally recognized mark that signals that their open data is useful, " -"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.4" +"reliable, accessible, discoverable, and supported.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5069 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6411 msgid "" "Separate from commercial activities, the ODI generates funding through " "research grants. Research includes looking at evidence on the impact of open " @@ -7859,8 +13135,8 @@ msgid "" "data at scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5074 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6417 msgid "" "Creative Commons 4.0 licenses cover database rights and ODI recommends CC " "BY, CC BY-SA, and CC0 for data releases. ODI encourages publishers of data " @@ -7868,35 +13144,35 @@ msgid "" "their own." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5090 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6423 msgid "" "For ODI, open is at the heart of what they do. They also release any " "software code they produce under open-source-software licenses, and " "publications and reports under CC BY or CC BY-SA licenses. ODI’s mission is " -"to connect and equip people around the world so they can innovate with " -"data. Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open " -"license is essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that " -"it is perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not " -"rely on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have " -"ODI experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " +"to connect and equip people around the world so they can innovate with data. " +"Disseminating stories, research, guidance, and code under an open license is " +"essential for achieving that mission. It also demonstrates that it is " +"perfectly possible to generate sustainable revenue streams that do not rely " +"on restrictive licensing of content, data, or code. People pay to have ODI " +"experts provide training to them, not for the content of the training; " "people pay for the advice ODI gives them, not for the methodologies they " "use. Producing open content, data, and source code helps establish " -"credibility and creates leads for the paid services that they " -"offer. According to Jeni, “The biggest lesson we have learned is that it is " +"credibility and creates leads for the paid services that they offer. " +"According to Jeni, “The biggest lesson we have learned is that it is " "completely possible to be open, get customers, and make money.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6441 msgid "" "To serve as evidence of a successful open business model and return on " -"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " +"investment, ODI has a public dashboard of key performance indicators. Here " "are a few metrics as of April 27, 2016:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6449 msgid "" "Total amount of cash investments unlocked in direct investments in ODI, " "competition funding, direct contracts, and partnerships, and income that ODI " @@ -7904,93 +13180,81 @@ msgid "" "million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6457 msgid "Total number of active members and nodes across the globe: 1,350" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6463 msgid "Total sales since ODI began: £7.44 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6468 msgid "" "Total number of unique people reached since ODI began, in person and online: " "2.2 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6474 msgid "Total Open Data Certificates created: 151,000" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5106 -msgid "Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -msgid "e642e8368e3bf8d5526e-464b4b70b4554c1a79566214d402739e.r6.cf3.rackcdn.com/odi-business-plan-may-release.pdf" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -msgid "directory.theodi.org/members" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -msgid "theodi.org/odi-startup-programme; theodi.org/open-data-incubator-for-europe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -msgid "certificates.theodi.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5115 -msgid "dashboards.theodi.org/company/all" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6479 +msgid "" +"Total number of people trained by ODI and its nodes since ODI began: 5,0805" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5117 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-82\"></span>OpenDesk" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6486 +msgid "OpenDesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6489 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Noun Project is a for-profit company offering an online platform to " +#| "display visual icons from a global network of designers. Founded in 2010 " +#| "in the U.S." msgid "" "Opendesk is a for-profit company offering an online platform that connects " "furniture designers around the world with customers and local makers who " -"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." +"bring the designs to life. Founded in 2014 in the UK." msgstr "" +"Noun Project er en bedrift tilbyr en nettplattform som viser visuelle ikoner " +"fra et globalt nettverk av designere. Stiftet i 2010 i USA" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5123 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6495 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5125 MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7080 -msgid "Revenue model: charging a transaction fee" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6497 +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8912 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging a transaction " +"fee" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5127 -msgid "Interview date: November 4, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6500 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: November 4, 2015" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5129 -msgid "Interviewees: Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner, cofounders" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6503 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Nick Ierodiaconou and " +"Joni Steiner, cofounders" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6511 msgid "" "Opendesk is an online platform that connects furniture designers around the " "world not just with customers but also with local registered makers who " @@ -7998,26 +13262,26 @@ msgid "" "every sale that is made by a maker." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5151 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6517 msgid "" "Cofounders Nick Ierodiaconou and Joni Steiner studied and worked as " "architects together. They also made goods. Their first client was Mint " "Digital, who had an interest in open licensing. Nick and Joni were exploring " "digital fabrication, and Mint’s interest in open licensing got them to " -"thinking how the open-source world may interact and apply to physical " -"goods. They sought to design something for their client that was also " -"reproducible. As they put it, they decided to “ship the recipe, but not the " -"goods.” They created the design using software, put it under an open " -"license, and had it manufactured locally near the client. This was the start " -"of the idea for Opendesk. The idea for Wikihouse—another open project " -"dedicated to accessible housing for all—started as discussions around the " -"same table. The two projects ultimately went on separate paths, with " -"Wikihouse becoming a nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." +"thinking how the open-source world may interact and apply to physical goods. " +"They sought to design something for their client that was also reproducible. " +"As they put it, they decided to “ship the recipe, but not the goods.” They " +"created the design using software, put it under an open license, and had it " +"manufactured locally near the client. This was the start of the idea for " +"Opendesk. The idea for Wikihouse—another open project dedicated to " +"accessible housing for all—started as discussions around the same table. The " +"two projects ultimately went on separate paths, with Wikihouse becoming a " +"nonprofit foundation and Opendesk a for-profit company." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6534 msgid "" "When Nick and Joni set out to create Opendesk, there were a lot of questions " "about the viability of distributed manufacturing. No one was doing it in a " @@ -8025,21 +13289,21 @@ msgid "" "had the intent, but fulfilling this vision was still a long way away." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6541 msgid "" "And now this sector is emerging, and Nick and Joni are highly interested in " "the commercialization aspects of it. As part of coming up with a business " -"model, they began investigating intellectual property and licensing " -"options. It was a thorny space, especially for designs. Just what aspect of " -"a design is copyrightable? What is patentable? How can allowing for digital " -"sharing and distribution be balanced against the designer’s desire to still " -"hold ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the " -"wheel and settled on using Creative Commons." +"model, they began investigating intellectual property and licensing options. " +"It was a thorny space, especially for designs. Just what aspect of a design " +"is copyrightable? What is patentable? How can allowing for digital sharing " +"and distribution be balanced against the designer’s desire to still hold " +"ownership? In the end, they decided there was no need to reinvent the wheel " +"and settled on using Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6552 msgid "" "When designing the Opendesk system, they had two goals. They wanted anyone, " "anywhere in the world, to be able to download designs so that they could be " @@ -8048,16 +13312,16 @@ msgid "" "complex." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5177 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6559 msgid "" "They gave a lot of thought to three angles—the potential for social sharing, " "allowing designers to choose their license, and the impact these choices " "would have on the business model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5183 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6564 msgid "" "In support of social sharing, Opendesk actively advocates for (but doesn’t " "demand) open licensing. And Nick and Joni are agnostic about which Creative " @@ -8066,17 +13330,22 @@ msgid "" "themselves how open or closed they want to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6575 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/designers\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6572 msgid "" -"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " +"For the most part, designers love the idea of sharing content. They " "understand that you get positive feedback when you’re attributed, what Nick " "and Joni called “reputational glow.” And Opendesk does an awesome job " -"profiling the designers.1" +"profiling the designers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6578 msgid "" "While designers are largely OK with personal sharing, there is a concern " "that someone will take the design and manufacture the furniture in bulk, " @@ -8084,21 +13353,25 @@ msgid "" "choose the Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6585 msgid "" "Anyone can download a design and make it themselves, provided it’s for " -"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " +"noncommercial use — and there have been many, many downloads. Or users can " "buy the product from Opendesk, or from a registered maker in Opendesk’s " -"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " -"currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a " -"computer-controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that " -"cuts shapes out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the " -"design file." +"network, for on-demand personal fabrication. The network of Opendesk makers " +"currently is made up of those who do digital fabrication using a computer-" +"controlled CNC (Computer Numeric Control) machining device that cuts shapes " +"out of wooden sheets according to the specifications in the design file." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5210 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6602 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6595 msgid "" "Makers benefit from being part of Opendesk’s network. Making furniture for " "local customers is paid work, and Opendesk generates business for them. Joni " @@ -8106,65 +13379,66 @@ msgid "" "because we built a site where people could write in about their " "capabilities. Building the community by learning from the maker community is " "how we have moved forward.” Opendesk now has relationships with hundreds of " -"makers in countries all around the world.2" +"makers in countries all around the world.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6605 msgid "" -"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " +"The makers are a critical part of the Opendesk business model. Their model " "builds off the makers’ quotes. Here’s how it’s expressed on Opendesk’s " "website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5217 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6610 msgid "" "When customers buy an Opendesk product directly from a registered maker, " "they pay:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6616 msgid "" "the manufacturing cost as set by the maker (this covers material and labour " "costs for the product to be manufactured and any extra assembly costs " "charged by the maker)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6623 msgid "" "a design fee for the designer (a design fee that is paid to the designer " "every time their design is used)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6629 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the Opendesk platform (this supports the infrastructure " "and ongoing development of the platform that helps us build out our " "marketplace)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6636 msgid "" "a percentage fee to the channel through which the sale is made (at the " -"moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to " -"third-party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own " -"channels—this covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" +"moment this is Opendesk, but in the future we aim to open this up to third-" +"party sellers who can sell Opendesk products through their own channels—this " +"covers sales and marketing fees for the relevant channel)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6645 msgid "" "a local delivery service charge (the delivery is typically charged by the " "maker, but in some cases may be paid to a third-party delivery partner)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6652 msgid "" "charges for any additional services the customer chooses, such as on-site " "assembly (additional services are discretionary—in many cases makers will be " @@ -8172,18 +13446,27 @@ msgid "" "options)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5239 -msgid "local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)3" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6661 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6660 +msgid "" +"local sales taxes (variable by customer and maker location)<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5241 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6666 msgid "They then go into detail how makers’ quotes are created:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5250 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6669 msgid "" "When a customer wants to buy an Opendesk . . . they are provided with a " "transparent breakdown of fees including the manufacturing cost, design fee, " @@ -8191,68 +13474,68 @@ msgid "" "in touch directly with a registered local maker using a downloaded Opendesk " "file, the maker is responsible for ensuring the design fee, Opendesk " "platform fee and channel fees are included in any quote at the time of " -"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " +"sale. Percentage fees are always based on the underlying manufacturing cost " "and are typically apportioned as follows:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6682 msgid "" "manufacturing cost: fabrication, finishing and any other costs as set by the " "maker (excluding any services like delivery or on-site assembly)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6689 msgid "design fee: 8 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6694 msgid "platform fee: 12 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6699 msgid "channel fee: 18 percent of the manufacturing cost" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6704 msgid "sales tax: as applicable (depends on product and location)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6709 msgid "" -"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to Nick " -"and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " +"Opendesk shares revenue with their community of designers. According to " +"Nick and Joni, a typical designer fee is around 2.5 percent, so Opendesk’s 8 " "percent is more generous, and providing a higher value to the designer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5270 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6715 msgid "" -"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " +"The Opendesk website features stories of designers and makers. Denis Fuzii " "published the design for the Valovi Chair from his studio in São Paulo. His " "designs have been downloaded over five thousand times in ninety-five " "countries. I.J. CNC Services is Ian Jinks, a professional maker based in the " "United Kingdom. Opendesk now makes up a large proportion of his business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5278 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6723 msgid "" "To manage resources and remain effective, Opendesk has so far focused on a " "very narrow niche—primarily office furniture of a certain simple aesthetic, " "which uses only one type of material and one manufacturing technique. This " "allows them to be more strategic and more disruptive in the market, by " -"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " +"getting things to market quickly with competitive prices. It also reflects " "their vision of creating reproducible and functional pieces." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5284 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6732 msgid "" "On their website, Opendesk describes what they do as “open making”: " "“Designers get a global distribution channel. Makers get profitable jobs and " @@ -8261,8 +13544,8 @@ msgid "" "way to buy custom-made products.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5290 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6740 msgid "" "Nick and Joni say that customers like the fact that the furniture has a " "known provenance. People really like that their furniture was designed by a " @@ -8271,20 +13554,25 @@ msgid "" "furniture from the usual mass-produced items from a store." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5298 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6753 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openmaking.is\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6748 msgid "" "Nick and Joni are taking a community-based approach to define and evolve " "Opendesk and the “open making” business model. They’re engaging thought " "leaders and practitioners to define this new movement. They have a separate " "Open Making site, which includes a manifesto, a field guide, and an " -"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.4 People can submit " -"ideas and discuss the principles and business practices they’d like to see " -"used." +"invitation to get involved in the Open Making community.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> People can submit ideas and discuss the principles " +"and business practices they’d like to see used." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5304 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6757 msgid "" "Nick and Joni talked a lot with us about intellectual property (IP) and " "commercialization. Many of their designers fear the idea that someone could " @@ -8293,59 +13581,59 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial license (CC BY-NC)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5307 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6765 msgid "" "Opendesk established a set of principles for what their community considers " "commercial and noncommercial use. Their website states:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5309 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6769 msgid "It is unambiguously commercial use when anyone:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5312 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6774 msgid "charges a fee or makes a profit when making an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5312 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6779 msgid "sells (or bases a commercial service on) an Opendesk" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5316 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6784 msgid "" "It follows from this that noncommercial use is when you make an Opendesk " "yourself, with no intention to gain commercial advantage or monetary " "compensation. For example, these qualify as noncommercial:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6792 msgid "" "you are an individual with your own CNC machine, or access to a shared CNC " "machine, and will personally cut and make a few pieces of furniture yourself" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6799 msgid "" "you are a student (or teacher) and you use the design files for educational " "purposes or training (and do not intend to sell the resulting pieces)" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5325 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6806 msgid "" "you work for a charity and get furniture cut by volunteers, or by employees " "at a fab lab or maker space" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5334 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6812 msgid "" "Whether or not people technically are doing things that implicate IP, Nick " "and Joni have found that people tend to comply with the wishes of creators " @@ -8356,109 +13644,92 @@ msgid "" "customers. For them, the value Opendesk generates hangs off “open,” not IP." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5340 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6823 msgid "" "The mission of Opendesk is about relocalizing manufacturing, which changes " -"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " +"the way we think about how goods are made. Commercialization is integral to " "their mission, and they’ve begun to focus on success metrics that track how " "many makers and designers are engaged through Opendesk in revenue-making " "work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5345 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6830 msgid "" "As a global platform for local making, Opendesk’s business model has been " "built on honesty, transparency, and inclusivity. As Nick and Joni describe " -"it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in " -"people." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/designers" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/makers/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 -msgid "www.opendesk.cc/open-making/join" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5352 -msgid "openmaking.is" +"it, they put ideas out there that get traction and then have faith in people." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5354 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-83\"></span>OpenStax" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6837 +msgid "OpenStax" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5358 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6840 msgid "" "OpenStax is a nonprofit that provides free, openly licensed textbooks for " -"high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement " -"courses. Founded in 2012 in the U.S." +"high-enrollment introductory college courses and Advanced Placement courses. " +"Founded in 2012 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5360 -msgid "www.openstaxcollege.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6845 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.openstaxcollege.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5363 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6847 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, charging for custom services, charging for " -"physical copies (textbook sales)" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, charging " +"for custom services, charging for physical copies (textbook sales)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5365 -msgid "Interview date: December 16, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6851 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 16, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5367 -msgid "Interviewee: David Harris, editor-in-chief" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6854 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: David Harris, editor-in-" +"chief" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5380 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6862 msgid "" "OpenStax is an extension of a program called Connexions, which was started " "in 1999 by Dr. Richard Baraniuk, the Victor E. Cameron Professor of " -"Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, " -"Texas. Frustrated by the limitations of traditional textbooks and courses, " -"Dr. Baraniuk wanted to provide authors and learners a way to share and " -"freely adapt educational materials such as courses, books, and " -"reports. Today, Connexions (now called OpenStax CNX) is one of the world’s " -"best libraries of customizable educational materials, all licensed with " -"Creative Commons and available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." +"Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rice University in Houston, Texas. " +"Frustrated by the limitations of traditional textbooks and courses, Dr. " +"Baraniuk wanted to provide authors and learners a way to share and freely " +"adapt educational materials such as courses, books, and reports. Today, " +"Connexions (now called OpenStax CNX) is one of the world’s best libraries of " +"customizable educational materials, all licensed with Creative Commons and " +"available to anyone, anywhere, anytime—for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5389 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6874 msgid "" "In 2008, while in a senior leadership role at WebAssign and looking at ways " "to reduce the risk that came with relying on publishers, David Harris began " "investigating open educational resources (OER) and discovered Connexions. A " "year and a half later, Connexions received a grant to help grow the use of " "OER so that it could meet the needs of students who couldn’t afford " -"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " +"textbooks. David came on board to spearhead this effort. Connexions became " "OpenStax CNX; the program to create open textbooks became OpenStax College, " "now simply called OpenStax." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5399 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6885 msgid "" "David brought with him a deep understanding of the best practices of " "publishing along with where publishers have inefficiencies. In David’s view, " @@ -8471,20 +13742,30 @@ msgid "" "adoptions by faculty and students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5408 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6903 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-" +"OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6897 msgid "" "In 2012, OpenStax College launched as a nonprofit with the aim of producing " "high-quality, peer-reviewed full-color textbooks that would be available for " "free for the twenty-five most heavily attended college courses in the " -"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " +"nation. Today they are fast approaching that number. There is data that " "proves the success of their original hypothesis on how many students they " -"could help and how much money they could help save.1 Professionally produced " -"content scales rapidly. All with no sales force!" +"could help and how much money they could help save.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Professionally produced content scales rapidly. All " +"with no sales force!" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5416 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6907 msgid "" "OpenStax textbooks are all Attribution (CC BY) licensed, and each textbook " "is available as a PDF, an e-book, or web pages. Those who want a physical " @@ -8494,8 +13775,8 @@ msgid "" "librarians about these textbooks and to advocate for their use." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6916 msgid "" "Teachers are invited to try out a single chapter from one of the textbooks " "with students. If that goes well, they’re encouraged to adopt the entire " @@ -8504,8 +13785,8 @@ msgid "" "chapters, make changes, and customize any book to fit their needs." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6924 msgid "" "Any teacher can post corrections, suggest examples for difficult concepts, " "or volunteer as an editor or author. As many teachers also want supplemental " @@ -8513,17 +13794,23 @@ msgid "" "presentations, test banks, answer keys, and so on." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5433 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6935 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://openstax.org/adopters\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6931 msgid "" "Institutions can stand out by offering students a lower-cost education " "through the use of OpenStax textbooks; there’s even a textbook-savings " "calculator they can use to see how much students would save. OpenStax keeps " -"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks.2" +"a running list of institutions that have adopted their textbooks." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5438 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6938 msgid "" "Unlike traditional publishers’ monolithic approach of controlling " "intellectual property, distribution, and so many other aspects, OpenStax has " @@ -8531,21 +13818,21 @@ msgid "" "network of partners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5447 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6944 msgid "" "Up-front funding of a professionally produced all-color turnkey textbook is " -"expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on " -"philanthropy. They have initially been funded by the William and Flora " -"Hewlett Foundation, the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Bill and " -"Melinda Gates Foundation, the 20 Million Minds Foundation, the Maxfield " -"Foundation, the Calvin K. Kazanjian Foundation, and Rice University. To " -"develop additional titles and supporting technology is probably still going " -"to require philanthropic investment." +"expensive. For this part of their model, OpenStax relies on philanthropy. " +"They have initially been funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, " +"the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, " +"the 20 Million Minds Foundation, the Maxfield Foundation, the Calvin K. " +"Kazanjian Foundation, and Rice University. To develop additional titles and " +"supporting technology is probably still going to require philanthropic " +"investment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5456 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6955 msgid "" "However, ongoing operations will not rely on foundation grants but instead " "on funds received through an ecosystem of over forty partners, whereby a " @@ -8556,34 +13843,33 @@ msgid "" "tutorial support. WebAssign resources are available to students for a fee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5464 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6965 msgid "" "Another example is Odigia, who has turned OpenStax books into interactive " "learning experiences and created additional tools to measure and promote " -"student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to " -"institutions. Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the " -"revenue they earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has " -"already published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to " -"Sociology 2e, using these funds." +"student engagement. Odigia licenses its learning platform to institutions. " +"Partners like Odigia and WebAssign give a percentage of the revenue they " +"earn back to OpenStax, as mission-support fees. OpenStax has already " +"published revisions of their titles, such as Introduction to Sociology 2e, " +"using these funds." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5474 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6975 msgid "" -"In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak " -"efficiency. OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing " -"textbook content, freeing them up from those development costs and letting " -"them focus on what they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no " -"cost, they can provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still " -"saving students money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving " -"mission-support fees but through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax " -"doesn’t have a sales force; partners are out there showcasing their " -"materials." +"In David’s view, this approach lets the market operate at peak efficiency. " +"OpenStax’s partners don’t have to worry about developing textbook content, " +"freeing them up from those development costs and letting them focus on what " +"they do best. With OpenStax textbooks available at no cost, they can " +"provide their services at a lower cost—not free, but still saving students " +"money. OpenStax benefits not only by receiving mission-support fees but " +"through free publicity and marketing. OpenStax doesn’t have a sales force; " +"partners are out there showcasing their materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5480 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6987 msgid "" "OpenStax’s cost of sales to acquire a single student is very, very low and " "is a fraction of what traditional players in the market face. This year, " @@ -8592,46 +13878,46 @@ msgid "" "these findings with the community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5489 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:6995 msgid "" "While OpenStax books are available online for free, many students still want " "a print copy. Through a partnership with a print and courier company, " -"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " +"OpenStax offers a complete solution that scales. OpenStax sells tens of " "thousands of print books. The price of an OpenStax sociology textbook is " "about twenty-eight dollars, a fraction of what sociology textbooks usually " "cost. OpenStax keeps the prices low but does aim to earn a small margin on " "each book sold, which also contributes to ongoing operations." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5500 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7005 msgid "" -"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " +"Campus-based bookstores are part of the OpenStax solution. OpenStax " "collaborates with NACSCORP (the National Association of College Stores " -"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " +"Corporation) to provide print versions of their textbooks in the stores. " "While the overall cost of the textbook is significantly less than a " -"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. " -"Sometimes students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and " -"use it to buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break " -"the expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns " -"policy. This is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles " -"is virtually a hundred percent." +"traditional textbook, bookstores can still make a profit on sales. Sometimes " +"students take the savings they have from the lower-priced book and use it to " +"buy other things in the bookstore. And OpenStax is trying to break the " +"expensive behavior of excessive returns by having a no-returns policy. This " +"is working well, since the sell-through of their print titles is virtually a " +"hundred percent." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5507 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7018 msgid "" "David thinks of the OpenStax model as “OER 2.0.” So what is OER 1.0? " "Historically in the OER field, many OER initiatives have been locally funded " "by institutions or government ministries. In David’s view, this results in " -"content that has high local value but is infrequently adopted " -"nationally. It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that " -"is reasonable." +"content that has high local value but is infrequently adopted nationally. " +"It’s therefore difficult to show payback over a time scale that is " +"reasonable." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5518 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7026 msgid "" "OER 2.0 is about OER intended to be used and adopted on a national level " "right from the start. This requires a bigger investment up front but pays " @@ -8644,90 +13930,89 @@ msgid "" "to develop a book from scratch, a good example being their biology book." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5533 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7039 msgid "" "The process is similar for both models. First they look at the scope and " "sequence of existing textbooks. They ask questions like what does the " "customer need? Where are students having challenges? Then they identify " "potential authors and put them through a rigorous evaluation—only one in ten " -"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " +"authors make it through. OpenStax selects a team of authors who come " "together to develop a template for a chapter and collectively write the " "first draft (or revise it, in the acquisitions model). (OpenStax doesn’t do " "books with just a single author as David says it risks the project going " "longer than scheduled.) The draft is peer-reviewed with no less than three " "reviewers per chapter. A second draft is generated, with artists producing " -"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " +"illustrations and visuals to go along with the text. The book is then " "copyedited to ensure grammatical correctness and a singular voice. Finally, " "it goes into production and through a final proofread. The whole process is " "very time-consuming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5542 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7057 msgid "" "All the people involved in this process are paid. OpenStax does not rely on " -"volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an " -"up-front fee—OpenStax does not use a royalty model. A best-selling author " -"might make more money under the traditional publishing model, but that is " -"only maybe 5 percent of all authors. From David’s perspective, 95 percent of " -"all authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them " -"and they earn all the money up front." +"volunteers. Writers, reviewers, illustrators, and editors are all paid an up-" +"front fee—OpenStax does not use a royalty model. A best-selling author might " +"make more money under the traditional publishing model, but that is only " +"maybe 5 percent of all authors. From David’s perspective, 95 percent of all " +"authors do better under the OER 2.0 model, as there is no risk to them and " +"they earn all the money up front." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5550 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7067 msgid "" "David thinks of the Attribution license (CC BY) as the “innovation license.” " "It’s core to the mission of OpenStax, letting people use their textbooks in " "innovative ways without having to ask for permission. It frees up the whole " -"market and has been central to OpenStax being able to bring on " -"partners. OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their materials. By " -"enabling frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic " -"freedom." +"market and has been central to OpenStax being able to bring on partners. " +"OpenStax sees a lot of customization of their materials. By enabling " +"frictionless remixing, CC BY gives teachers control and academic freedom." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5559 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7076 msgid "" "Using CC BY is also a good example of using strategies that traditional " "publishers can’t. Traditional publishers rely on copyright to prevent others " "from making copies and heavily invest in digital rights management to ensure " -"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " -"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " +"their books aren’t shared. By using CC BY, OpenStax avoids having to deal " +"with digital rights management and its costs. OpenStax books can be copied " "and shared over and over again. CC BY changes the rules of engagement and " "takes advantage of traditional market inefficiencies." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5562 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7086 msgid "" -"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " +"As of September 16, 2016, OpenStax has achieved some impressive results. " "From the OpenStax at a Glance fact sheet from their recent press kit:" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7093 msgid "Books published: 23" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7098 msgid "Students who have used OpenStax: 1.6 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 -msgid "Money saved for students: \\$155 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7103 +msgid "Money saved for students: $155 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 -msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: \\$77 million" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7108 +msgid "Money saved for students in the 2016/17 academic year: $77 million" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '- ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5571 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7114 msgid "" "Schools that have used OpenStax: 2,668 (This number reflects all " "institutions using at least one OpenStax textbook. Out of 2,668 schools, 517 " @@ -8735,8 +14020,8 @@ msgid "" "colleges and universities outside the U.S.)" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5576 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7123 msgid "" "While OpenStax has to date been focused on the United States, there is " "overseas adoption especially in the science, technology, engineering, and " @@ -8744,8 +14029,8 @@ msgid "" "necessary precursor to international interest." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5582 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7130 msgid "" "OpenStax has primarily focused on introductory-level college courses where " "there is high enrollment, but they are starting to think about verticals—a " @@ -8754,8 +14039,8 @@ msgid "" "entire curriculum of a nursing degree, for example." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5592 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7138 msgid "" "Finally, for OpenStax success is not just about the adoption of their " "textbooks and student savings. There is a human aspect to the work that is " @@ -8767,74 +14052,73 @@ msgid "" "possible for every student who wants access to education to get it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597 -msgid "news.rice.edu/files/2016/01/0119-OPENSTAX-2016Infographic-lg-1tahxiu.jpg" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5597 -msgid "openstax.org/adopters" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5599 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-84\"></span>Amanda Palmer" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7151 +msgid "Amanda Palmer" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5601 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7154 msgid "Amanda Palmer is a musician, artist, and writer. Based in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5603 -msgid "amandapalmer.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7158 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://amandapalmer.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5607 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7160 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), charging for physical " +#| "copies, selling merchandise" msgid "" -"Revenue model: crowdfunding (subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, " -"charging for physical copies (book and album sales), charg-ing for in-person " -"version (performances), selling merchandise" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: crowdfunding " +"(subscription-based), pay-what-you-want, charging for physical copies (book " +"and album sales), charg-ing for in-person version (performances), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" +"Inntektsmodell: Folkefinansiering (abonnementsbasert), betaling for fysiske " +"kopier, varesalg" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5609 -msgid "Interview date: December 15, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7165 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 15, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5615 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7173 msgid "" "Since the beginning of her career, Amanda Palmer has been on what she calls " "a “journey with no roadmap,” continually experimenting to find new ways to " "sustain her creative work. 1" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5621 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7178 msgid "" "In her best-selling book, The Art of Asking, Amanda articulates exactly what " -"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " +"she has been and continues to strive for—“the ideal sweet spot . . . in " "which the artist can share freely and directly feel the reverberations of " "their artistic gifts to the community, and make a living doing that.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5628 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7185 msgid "" "While she seems to have successfully found that sweet spot for herself, " "Amanda is the first to acknowledge there is no silver bullet. She thinks the " -"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " +"digital age is both an exciting and frustrating time for creators. “On the " "one hand, we have this beautiful shareability,” Amanda said. “On the other, " "you’ve got a bunch of confused artists wondering how to make money to buy " "food so we can make more art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7194 msgid "" "Amanda began her artistic career as a street performer. She would dress up " "in an antique wedding gown, paint her face white, stand on a stack of milk " @@ -8848,8 +14132,8 @@ msgid "" "rent and put food on the table. Enough so I could keep making art.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5649 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7208 msgid "" "Amanda has come a long way from her street-performing days, but her career " "remains dominated by that same sentiment—finding ways to reach “her crowd” " @@ -8860,21 +14144,21 @@ msgid "" "for the masses was never what Amanda and the Dresden Dolls set out to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5659 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7219 msgid "" "After leaving the record label in 2008, she began experimenting with " "different ways to make a living. She released music directly to the public " "without involving a middle man, releasing digital files on a “pay what you " -"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " -"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " +"want” basis and selling CDs and vinyl. She also made money from live " +"performances and merchandise sales. Eventually, in 2012 she decided to try " "her hand at the sort of crowdfunding we know so well today. Her Kickstarter " -"project started with a goal of \\$100,000, and she made \\$1.2 million. It " +"project started with a goal of $100,000, and she made $1.2 million. It " "remains one of the most successful Kickstarter projects of all time." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5669 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7231 msgid "" "Today, Amanda has switched gears away from crowdfunding for specific " "projects to instead getting consistent financial support from her fan base " @@ -8886,8 +14170,8 @@ msgid "" "Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license (CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5684 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7242 msgid "" "Making her music and art available under Creative Commons licensing " "undoubtedly limits her options for how she makes a living. But sharing her " @@ -8895,28 +14179,33 @@ msgid "" "before she discovered Creative Commons. Amanda says the Dresden Dolls used " "to get ten emails per week from fans asking if they could use their music " "for different projects. They said yes to all of the requests, as long as it " -"wasn’t for a completely for-profit venture. At the time, they used a " -"short-form agreement written by Amanda herself. “I made everyone sign that " +"wasn’t for a completely for-profit venture. At the time, they used a short-" +"form agreement written by Amanda herself. “I made everyone sign that " "contract so at least I wouldn’t be leaving the band vulnerable to someone " -"later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda " -"said. Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an " -"easy decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing " -"what they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a " -"natural fit." +"later going on and putting our music in a Camel cigarette ad,” Amanda said. " +"Once she discovered Creative Commons, adopting the licenses was an easy " +"decision because it gave them a more formal, standardized way of doing what " +"they had been doing all along. The NonCommercial licenses were a natural fit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5691 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7260 msgid "" -"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " +"Amanda embraces the way her fans share and build upon her music. In The Art " "of Asking, she wrote that some of her fans’ unofficial videos using her " -"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather " -"than seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got " -"into this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." +"music surpass the official videos in number of views on YouTube. Rather than " +"seeing this sort of thing as competition, Amanda celebrates it. “We got into " +"this because we wanted to share the joy of music,” she said." msgstr "" +"Amanda omfavner måten tilhengerne hennes deler og bygger videre på musikken " +"hennes. I \"The Art of Asking\" skrev hun at noen av tilhengerne har laget " +"uoffisielle videoer med hennes musikk. De overgår faktisk de offisielle " +"videoene i antall visninger på YouTube. I stedet for å se på dette som en " +"slags konkurranse, synes Amanda det er flott. «Jeg startet med dette fordi " +"jeg ønsket å dele musikkgleden,» sier hun." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5699 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7268 msgid "" "This is symbolic of how nearly everything she does in her career is " "motivated by a desire to connect with her fans. At the start of her career, " @@ -8926,8 +14215,8 @@ msgid "" "of them had also been in my kitchen,” Amanda wrote in The Art of Asking." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5709 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7277 msgid "" "Even though her fan base is now huge and global, she continues to seek this " "sort of human connection with her fans. She seeks out face-to-face contact " @@ -8935,36 +14224,35 @@ msgid "" "featured fifty concerts at house parties for backers. She spends hours in " "the signing line after shows. It helps that Amanda has the kind of dynamic, " "engaging personality that instantly draws people to her, but a big component " -"of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to " -"listen. “Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” " -"Amanda wrote." +"of her ability to connect with people is her willingness to listen. " +"“Listening fast and caring immediately is a skill unto itself,” Amanda wrote." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5718 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7289 msgid "" "Another part of the connection fans feel with Amanda is how much they know " "about her life. Rather than trying to craft a public persona or image, she " -"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " +"essentially lives her life as an open book. She has written openly about " "incredibly personal events in her life, and she isn’t afraid to be " "vulnerable. Having that kind of trust in her fans—the trust it takes to be " "truly honest—begets trust from her fans in return. When she meets fans for " "the first time after a show, they can legitimately feel like they know her." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5725 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7299 msgid "" "“With social media, we’re so concerned with the picture looking palatable " "and consumable that we forget that being human and showing the flaws and " "exposing the vulnerability actually create a deeper connection than just " -"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " +"looking fantastic,” Amanda said. “Everything in our culture is telling us " "otherwise. But my experience has shown me that the risk of making yourself " "vulnerable is almost always worth it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5733 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7308 msgid "" "Not only does she disclose intimate details of her life to them, she sleeps " "on their couches, listens to their stories, cries with them. In short, she " @@ -8975,8 +14263,8 @@ msgid "" "friends—you share." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5741 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7318 msgid "" "After years of investing time and energy into building trust with her fans, " "she has a strong enough relationship with them to ask for support—through " @@ -8987,8 +14275,8 @@ msgid "" "your success." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5748 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7328 msgid "" "“When you openly, radically trust people, they not only take care of you, " "they become your allies, your family,” she wrote. There really is a feeling " @@ -8997,20 +14285,20 @@ msgid "" "cultivated a feeling of belonging to their “weird little family.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5756 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7336 msgid "" "This sort of intimacy with fans is not possible or even desirable for every " "creator. “I don’t take for granted that I happen to be the type of person " "who loves cavorting with strangers,” Amanda said. “I recognize that it’s not " -"necessarily everyone’s idea of a good time. Everyone does it " -"differently. Replicating what I have done won’t work for others if it isn’t " -"joyful to them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way that is " -"joyful to you.”" +"necessarily everyone’s idea of a good time. Everyone does it differently. " +"Replicating what I have done won’t work for others if it isn’t joyful to " +"them. It’s about finding a way to channel energy in a way that is joyful to " +"you.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5767 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7345 msgid "" "Yet while Amanda joyfully interacts with her fans and involves them in her " "work as much as possible, she does keep one job primarily to herself—writing " @@ -9024,8 +14312,8 @@ msgid "" "strengthens with human connection." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5775 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7358 msgid "" "For Amanda, the entire point of being an artist is to establish and maintain " "this connection. “It sounds so corny,” she said, “but my experience in forty " @@ -9035,65 +14323,58 @@ msgid "" "someone tell you that what you do is genuinely of value to them.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7367 msgid "" "As she explains it, when a fan gives her a ten-dollar bill, usually what " "they are saying is that the money symbolizes some deeper value the music " -"provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a " -"relationship. Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that " -"different from what she did as a young street performer. She shares her " -"music and other artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than " -"forcing people to help her, she lets them." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5787 -msgid "http://www.forbes.com/sites/zackomalleygreenburg/2015/04/16/amanda-palmer-uncut-the-kickstarter-queen-on-spotify-patreon-and-taylor-swift/\\#44e20ce46d67" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5789 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-85\"></span>PLOS" +"provided them. For Amanda, art is not just a product; it’s a relationship. " +"Viewed from this lens, what Amanda does today is not that different from " +"what she did as a young street performer. She shares her music and other " +"artistic gifts. She shares herself. And then rather than forcing people to " +"help her, she lets them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5791 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-86\"></span>(Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7378 +msgid "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLOS (Public Library of Science)" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5795 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7381 msgid "" "PLOS (Public Library of Science) is a nonprofit that publishes a library of " -"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the " -"U.S." +"academic journals and other scientific literature. Founded in 2000 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5797 -msgid "plos.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7386 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5800 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7388 msgid "" -"Revenue model: charging content creators an author processing charge to be " -"featured in the journal" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging content " +"creators an author processing charge to be featured in the journal" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5802 -msgid "Interview date: March 7, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7392 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: March 9, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 7, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 9. mars 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5804 -msgid "Interviewee: Louise Page, publisher" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7394 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Louise Page, publisher" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5818 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7402 msgid "" "The Public Library of Science (PLOS) began in 2000 when three leading " "scientists—Harold E. Varmus, Patrick O. Brown, and Michael Eisen—started an " @@ -9103,27 +14384,27 @@ msgid "" "petition, most did not follow through. In August 2001, Patrick and Michael " "announced that they would start their own nonprofit publishing operation to " "do just what the petition promised. With start-up grant support from the " -"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS was launched to provide new " -"open-access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released " -"under Attribution (CC BY) licenses." +"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, PLOS was launched to provide new open-" +"access journals for biomedicine, with research articles being released under " +"Attribution (CC BY) licenses." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5828 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7416 msgid "" "Traditionally, academic publishing begins with an author submitting a " "manuscript to a publisher. After in-house technical and ethical " "considerations, the article is then peer-reviewed to determine if the " -"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " +"quality of the work is acceptable for publishing. Once accepted, the " "publisher takes the article through the process of copyediting, typesetting, " -"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " +"and eventual publishing in a print or online publication. Traditional " "journal publishers recover costs and earn profit by charging a subscription " "fee to libraries or an access fee to users wanting to read the journal or " "article." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5838 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7427 msgid "" "For Louise Page, the current publisher of PLOS, this traditional model " "results in inequity. Access is restricted to those who can pay. Most " @@ -9136,27 +14417,27 @@ msgid "" "field. It was time for a new model." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5848 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7439 msgid "" "That new model became known as open access. That is, free and open " "availability on the Internet. Open-access research articles are not behind a " "paywall and do not require a login. A key benefit of open access is that it " "allows people to freely use, copy, and distribute the articles, as they are " -"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " +"primarily published under an Attribution (CC BY) license (which only " "requires the user to provide appropriate attribution). And more importantly, " "policy makers, clinicians, entrepreneurs, educators, and students around the " "world have free and timely access to the latest research immediately on " "publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5859 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7451 msgid "" "However, open access requires rethinking the business model of research " "publication. Rather than charge a subscription fee to access the journal, " "PLOS decided to turn the model on its head and charge a publication fee, " -"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " +"known as an article-processing charge. This up-front fee, generally paid by " "the funder of the research or the author’s institution, covers the expenses " "such as editorial oversight, peer-review management, journal production, " "online hosting, and support for discovery. Fees are per article and are " @@ -9164,66 +14445,65 @@ msgid "" "on word length, figures, or other elements." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5867 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7463 msgid "" "Calculating the article-processing charge involves taking all the costs " "associated with publishing the journal and determining a cost per article " "that collectively recovers costs. For PLOS’s journals in biology, medicine, " "genetics, computational biology, neglected tropical diseases, and pathogens, " -"the article-processing charge ranges from \\$2,250 to " -"\\$2,900. Article-publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in " -"2006, are just under \\$1,500." +"the article-processing charge ranges from $2,250 to $2,900. Article-" +"publication charges for PLOS ONE, a journal started in 2006, are just under " +"$1,500." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5872 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7472 msgid "" -"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " +"PLOS believes that lack of funds should not be a barrier to publication. " "Since its inception, PLOS has provided fee support for individuals and " -"institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing " -"charges." +"institutions to help authors who can’t afford the article-processing charges." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5887 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7478 msgid "" "Louise identifies marketing as one area of big difference between PLOS and " "traditional journal publishers. Traditional journals have to invest heavily " "in staff, buildings, and infrastructure to market their journal and convince " -"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " +"customers to subscribe. Restricting access to subscribers means that tools " "for managing access control are necessary. They spend millions of dollars on " -"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " +"access-control systems, staff to manage them, and sales staff. With PLOS’s " "open-access publishing, there’s no need for these massive expenses; the " -"articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon " -"publication. Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on " -"marketing to libraries, who ultimately pay the subscription fees. PLOS " -"provides a better service for authors by promoting their research directly " -"to the research community and giving the authors exposure. And this " -"encourages other authors to submit their work for publication." +"articles are free, open, and accessible to all upon publication. " +"Additionally, traditional publishers tend to spend more on marketing to " +"libraries, who ultimately pay the subscription fees. PLOS provides a better " +"service for authors by promoting their research directly to the research " +"community and giving the authors exposure. And this encourages other authors " +"to submit their work for publication." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5894 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7495 msgid "" -"For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC " -"BY). This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content " -"and provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " -"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " +"For Louise, PLOS would not exist without the Attribution license (CC BY). " +"This makes it very clear what rights are associated with the content and " +"provides a safe way for researchers to make their work available while " +"ensuring they get recognition (appropriate attribution). For PLOS, all of " "this aligns with how they think research content should be published and " "disseminated." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5898 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7503 msgid "" "PLOS also has a broad open-data policy. To get their research paper " "published, PLOS authors must also make their data available in a public " "repository and provide a data-availability statement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5906 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7508 msgid "" "Business-operation costs associated with the open-access model still largely " "follow the existing publishing model. PLOS journals are online only, but the " @@ -9233,8 +14513,8 @@ msgid "" "journals, as researchers have a choice about where to publish." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5911 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7517 msgid "" "Researchers are influenced by journal rankings, which reflect the place of a " "journal within its field, the relative difficulty of being published in that " @@ -9242,8 +14522,8 @@ msgid "" "though they are relatively new." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5919 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7523 msgid "" "The promotion and tenure of researchers are partially based how many times " "other researchers cite their articles. Louise says when researchers want to " @@ -9253,8 +14533,8 @@ msgid "" "and generates more discovery and citations for authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5926 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7532 msgid "" "Louise believes that open access has been a huge success, progressing from a " "movement led by a small cadre of researchers to something that is now " @@ -9263,8 +14543,8 @@ msgid "" "BioMed Central, the original open-access publisher, or anyone else." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5947 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7540 msgid "" "PLOS further disrupted the traditional journal-publishing model by " "pioneering the concept of a megajournal. The PLOS ONE megajournal, launched " @@ -9272,12 +14552,12 @@ msgid "" "larger than a traditional journal, publishing thousands of articles per year " "and benefiting from economies of scale. PLOS ONE has a broad scope, covering " "science and medicine as well as social sciences and the humanities. The " -"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " +"review and editorial process is less subjective. Articles are accepted for " "publication based on whether they are technically sound rather than " "perceived importance or relevance. This is very important in the current " "debate about the integrity and reproducibility of research because negative " "or null results can then be published as well, which are generally rejected " -"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " +"by traditional journals. PLOS ONE, like all the PLOS journals, is online " "only with no print version. PLOS passes on the financial savings accrued " "through economies of scale to researchers and the public by lowering the " "article-processing charges, which are below that of other journals. PLOS ONE " @@ -9287,25 +14567,25 @@ msgid "" "multidisciplinary forums for publishing all sound science." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5951 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7564 msgid "" "Louise outlined some other aspects of the research-journal business model " "PLOS is experimenting with, describing each as a kind of slider that could " "be adjusted to change current practice." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5956 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7569 msgid "" "One slider is time to publication. Time to publication may shorten as " -"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " +"journals get better at providing quicker decisions to authors. However, " "there is always a trade-off with scale, as the bigger the volume of " "articles, the more time the approval process inevitably takes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5966 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7576 msgid "" "Peer review is another part of the process that could change. It’s possible " "to redefine what peer review actually is, when to review, and what " @@ -9318,8 +14598,8 @@ msgid "" "now, credit is limited to the publisher and author." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5971 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7588 msgid "" "Louise says research with negative outcomes is almost as important as " "positive results. If journals published more research with negative " @@ -9327,8 +14607,8 @@ msgid "" "the research wheel gets reinvented around the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7595 msgid "" "Another adjustable practice is the sharing of articles at early preprint " "stages. Publication of research in a peer-reviewed journal can take a long " @@ -9337,20 +14617,19 @@ msgid "" "practice of distributing pre-print documents that have not yet undergone " "peer review. Preprints broaden the peer-review process, allowing authors to " "receive early feedback from a wide group of peers, which can help revise and " -"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " +"prepare the article for submission. Offsetting the advantages of preprints " "are author concerns over ensuring their primacy of being first to come up " -"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings " -"the preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help " -"researchers get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big " -"challenge is that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on " -"preprints." +"with findings based on their research. Other researches may see findings the " +"preprint author has not yet thought of. However, preprints help researchers " +"get their discoveries out early and establish precedence. A big challenge is " +"that researchers don’t have a lot of time to comment on preprints." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:5994 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7613 msgid "" "What constitutes a journal article could also change. The idea of a research " -"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " +"article as printed, bound, and in a library stack is outdated. Digital and " "online open up new possibilities, such as a living document evolving over " "time, inclusion of audio and video, and interactivity, like discussion and " "recommendations. Even the size of what gets published could change. With " @@ -9358,104 +14637,111 @@ msgid "" "article would undergo transformation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6006 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7627 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://collections.plos.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7631 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://plos.org/article-level-metrics\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7623 msgid "" "As journals scale up, and new journals are introduced, more and more " "information is being pushed out to readers, making the experience feel like " "drinking from a fire hose. To help mitigate this, PLOS aggregates and " -"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.1 It also " -"offers something called Article-Level Metrics, which helps users assess " -"research most relevant to the field itself, based on indicators like usage, " -"citations, social bookmarking and dissemination activity, media and blog " -"coverage, discussions, and ratings.2 Louise believes that the journal model " -"could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user experience, " -"including a way for readers to communicate with authors." +"curates content from PLOS journals and their network of blogs.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also offers something called Article-Level " +"Metrics, which helps users assess research most relevant to the field " +"itself, based on indicators like usage, citations, social bookmarking and " +"dissemination activity, media and blog coverage, discussions, and ratings." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Louise believes that the journal " +"model could evolve to provide a more friendly and interactive user " +"experience, including a way for readers to communicate with authors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6015 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7636 msgid "" "The big picture for PLOS going forward is to combine and adjust these " "experimental practices in ways that continue to improve accessibility and " "dissemination of research, while ensuring its integrity and reliability. The " -"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is not " -"linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " +"ways they interlink are complex. The process of change and adjustment is " +"not linear. PLOS sees itself as a very flexible publisher interested in " "exploring all the permutations research-publishing can take, with authors " "and readers who are open to experimentation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6023 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7646 msgid "" "For PLOS, success is not about revenue. Success is about proving that " "scientific research can be communicated rapidly and economically at scale, " -"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " +"for the benefit of researchers and society. The CC BY license makes it " "possible for PLOS to publish in a way that is unfettered, open, and fast, " -"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " +"while ensuring that the authors get credit for their work. More than two " "million scientists, scholars, and clinicians visit PLOS every month, with " "more than 135,000 quality articles to peruse for free." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6027 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7656 msgid "" "Ultimately, for PLOS, its authors, and its readers, success is about making " "research discoverable, available, and reproducible for the advancement of " "science." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032 -msgid "collections.plos.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6032 -msgid "plos.org/article-level-metrics" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6034 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-87\"></span>Rijksmuseum" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7662 +msgid "Rijksmuseum" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7665 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The Blender Institute is an animation studio that creates 3-D films using " +#| "Blender software. Founded in 2006 in the Netherlands." msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " +"The Rijksmuseum is a Dutch national museum dedicated to art and history. " "Founded in 1800 in the Netherlands" msgstr "" +"Blender Institute er et animasjonsstudio som lager 3D-filmer med Blender " +"programvare. Grunnlagt i 2006 i Nederland." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6039 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6042 -msgid "Revenue model: grants and government funding, charging for in-person version" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7669 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6044 -msgid "(museum admission), selling merchandise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7671 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grants and government " +"funding, charging for in-person version (museum admission), selling " +"merchandise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6046 -msgid "Interview date: December 11, 2015" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7675 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: December 21, 2015" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 11, 2015" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 21 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6049 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7678 msgid "" -"Interviewee: Lizzy Jongma, the data manager of the collections information " -"department" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Lizzy Jongma, the data " +"manager of the collections information department" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6065 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7686 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum, a national museum in the Netherlands dedicated to art and " "history, has been housed in its current building since 1885. The monumental " @@ -9471,24 +14757,24 @@ msgid "" "of these circumstances emerged a new and more open model for the museum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6077 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7702 msgid "" "By the time Lizzy Jongma joined the Rijksmuseum in 2011 as a data manager, " -"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " +"staff were fed up with the situation the museum was in. They also realized " "that even with the new and larger space, it still wouldn’t be able to show " "very much of the whole collection—eight thousand of over one million works " "representing just 1 percent. Staff began exploring ways to express " "themselves, to have something to show for all of the work they had been " -"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " +"doing. The Rijksmuseum is primarily funded by Dutch taxpayers, so was there " "a way for the museum provide benefit to the public while it was closed? They " "began thinking about sharing Rijksmuseum’s collection using information " "technology. And they put up a card-catalog like database of the entire " "collection online." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6085 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7716 msgid "" "It was effective but a bit boring. It was just data. A hackathon they were " "invited to got them to start talking about events like that as having " @@ -9498,24 +14784,29 @@ msgid "" "eventually led to why not put the whole collection online?" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6097 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7727 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.europeana.eu/portal/en\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7725 msgid "" "Then, Lizzy says, Europeana came along. Europeana is Europe’s digital " -"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.1 As an online portal to " -"museum collections all across Europe, Europeana had become an important " -"online platform. In October 2010 Creative Commons released CC0 and its " -"public-domain mark as tools people could use to identify works as free of " -"known copyright. Europeana was the first major adopter, using CC0 to release " -"metadata about their collection and the public domain mark for millions of " -"digital works in their collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially " -"found this change in business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it " -"stimulated even more discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow " -"suit." +"library, museum, and archive for cultural heritage.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As an online portal to museum collections all across " +"Europe, Europeana had become an important online platform. In October 2010 " +"Creative Commons released CC0 and its public-domain mark as tools people " +"could use to identify works as free of known copyright. Europeana was the " +"first major adopter, using CC0 to release metadata about their collection " +"and the public domain mark for millions of digital works in their " +"collection. Lizzy says the Rijksmuseum initially found this change in " +"business practice a bit scary, but at the same time it stimulated even more " +"discussion on whether the Rijksmuseum should follow suit." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6108 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7739 msgid "" "They realized that they don’t “own” the collection and couldn’t " "realistically monitor and enforce compliance with the restrictive licensing " @@ -9528,8 +14819,8 @@ msgid "" "access meant the people they were frustrating the most were schoolkids." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7752 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum began making their digital photos of works known to " "be free of copyright available online, using Creative Commons CC0 to place " @@ -9539,53 +14830,52 @@ msgid "" "overseas customers. The administrative costs often offset revenue, and " "income above costs was relatively low. In addition, having to pay for an " "image of a work in the public domain from a collection owned by the Dutch " -"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " +"government (i.e., paid for by the public) was contentious and frustrating " "for some. Lizzy says they had lots of fierce debates about what to do." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7766 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum changed its business model. They Creative Commons " -"licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for " -"free. Digitization still cost money, however; they decided to define " -"discrete digitization projects and find sponsors willing to fund each " -"project. This turned out to be a successful strategy, generating high " -"interest from sponsors and lower administrative effort for the " -"Rijksmuseum. They started out making 150,000 high-quality images of their " -"collection available, with the goal to eventually have the entire collection " -"online." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6143 -msgid "" -"Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of " -"poor-quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of " -"Vermeer’s Milkmaid, for example, is downloaded two to three thousand times a " -"month. On the Internet, images from a source like the Rijksmuseum are more " -"trusted, and releasing them with a Creative Commons CC0 means they can " -"easily be found in other platforms. For example, Rijksmuseum images are now " -"used in thousands of Wikipedia articles, receiving ten to eleven million " -"views per month. This extends Rijksmuseum’s reach far beyond the scope of " -"its website. Sharing these images online creates what Lizzy calls the “Mona " -"Lisa effect,” where a work of art becomes so famous that people want to see " -"it in real life by visiting the actual museum." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6150 +"licensed their highest-quality images and released them online for free. " +"Digitization still cost money, however; they decided to define discrete " +"digitization projects and find sponsors willing to fund each project. This " +"turned out to be a successful strategy, generating high interest from " +"sponsors and lower administrative effort for the Rijksmuseum. They started " +"out making 150,000 high-quality images of their collection available, with " +"the goal to eventually have the entire collection online." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7777 +msgid "" +"Releasing these high-quality images for free reduced the number of poor-" +"quality images that were proliferating. The high-quality image of Vermeer’s " +"Milkmaid, for example, is downloaded two to three thousand times a month. On " +"the Internet, images from a source like the Rijksmuseum are more trusted, " +"and releasing them with a Creative Commons CC0 means they can easily be " +"found in other platforms. For example, Rijksmuseum images are now used in " +"thousands of Wikipedia articles, receiving ten to eleven million views per " +"month. This extends Rijksmuseum’s reach far beyond the scope of its website. " +"Sharing these images online creates what Lizzy calls the “Mona Lisa effect,” " +"where a work of art becomes so famous that people want to see it in real " +"life by visiting the actual museum." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7792 msgid "" "Every museum tends to be driven by the number of physical visitors. The " "Rijksmuseum is primarily publicly funded, receiving roughly 70 percent of " -"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " +"its operating budget from the government. But like many museums, it must " "generate the rest of the funding through other means. The admission fee has " "long been a way to generate revenue generation, including for the " "Rijksmuseum." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6162 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7800 msgid "" "As museums create a digital presence for themselves and put up digital " "representations of their collection online, there’s frequently a worry that " @@ -9599,32 +14889,37 @@ msgid "" "from and this increases the museum’s visibility." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7820 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7814 msgid "" "In 2011 the Rijksmuseum received €1 million from the Dutch lottery to create " "a new web presence that would be different from any other museum’s. In " "addition to redesigning their main website to be mobile friendly and " "responsive to devices like the iPad, the Rijksmuseum also created the " "Rijksstudio, where users and artists could use and do various things with " -"the Rijksmuseum collection.2" +"the Rijksmuseum collection.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6178 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7823 msgid "" "The Rijksstudio gives users access to over two hundred thousand high-quality " -"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " +"digital representations of masterworks from the collection. Users can zoom " "in to any work and even clip small parts of images they like. Rijksstudio is " -"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " +"a bit like Pinterest. You can “like” works and compile your personal " "favorites, and you can share them with friends or download them free of " "charge. All the images in the Rijksstudio are copyright and royalty free, " "and users are encouraged to use them as they like, for private or even " "commercial purposes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6183 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7834 msgid "" "Users have created over 276,000 Rijksstudios, generating their own themed " "virtual exhibitions on a wide variety of topics ranging from tapestries to " @@ -9632,65 +14927,92 @@ msgid "" "purposes including use for school exams." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6190 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7841 msgid "" "Some contemporary artists who have works in the Rijksmuseum collection " -"contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the " -"Rijksstudio. The answer was that contemporary artists’ works are still bound " -"by copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists to use a " -"Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA license" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6194 -msgid "" +"contacted them to ask why their works were not included in the Rijksstudio. " +"The answer was that contemporary artists’ works are still bound by " +"copyright. The Rijksmuseum does encourage contemporary artists to use a " +"Creative Commons license for their works, usually a CC BY-SA license " "(Attribution-ShareAlike), or a CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial) if they " "want to preclude commercial use. That way, their works can be made available " "to the public, but within limits the artists have specified." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7861 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-" +"kimono-kimono-robe\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7852 msgid "" -"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " -"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " -"Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his " -"paintings. The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the " -"images in Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy " -"to inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " +"The Rijksmuseum believes that art stimulates entrepreneurial activity. The " +"line between creative and commercial can be blurry. As Lizzy says, even " +"Rembrandt was commercial, making his livelihood from selling his paintings. " +"The Rijksmuseum encourages entrepreneurial commercial use of the images in " +"Rijksstudio. They’ve even partnered with the DIY marketplace Etsy to " +"inspire people to sell their creations. One great example you can find on " "Etsy is a kimono designed by Angie Johnson, who used an image of an " "elaborate cabinet along with an oil painting by Jan Asselijn called The " -"Threatened Swan.3" +"Threatened Swan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6217 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7865 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award\"/>; the 2014 " +"award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014\"/>; " +"the 2015 award: <ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-" +"award-2015\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7877 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-" +"rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7864 msgid "" "In 2013 the Rijksmuseum organized their first high-profile design " -"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.4 With the call to action Make " -"Your Own Masterpiece, the competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio " -"images to make new creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and " -"curators selects ten finalists and three winners. The final award comes with " -"a prize of €10,000. The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 " -"top-class entries. Some award winners end up with their work sold through " -"the Rijksmuseum store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a " -"specific color scheme of a work of art.5 The Rijksmuseum has been thrilled " -"with the results. Entries range from the fun to the weird to the " -"inspirational. The third international edition of the Rijksstudio Award " -"started in September 2016." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6221 +"competition, known as the Rijksstudio Award.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> With the call to action Make Your Own Masterpiece, the " +"competition invites the public to use Rijksstudio images to make new " +"creative designs. A jury of renowned designers and curators selects ten " +"finalists and three winners. The final award comes with a prize of €10,000. " +"The second edition in 2015 attracted a staggering 892 top-class entries. " +"Some award winners end up with their work sold through the Rijksmuseum " +"store, such as the 2014 entry featuring makeup based on a specific color " +"scheme of a work of art.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"Rijksmuseum has been thrilled with the results. Entries range from the fun " +"to the weird to the inspirational. The third international edition of the " +"Rijksstudio Award started in September 2016." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7883 msgid "" "For the next iteration of the Rijksstudio, the Rijksmuseum is considering an " "upload tool, for people to upload their own works of art, and enhanced " "social elements so users can interact with each other more." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6228 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7889 msgid "" "Going with a more open business model generated lots of publicity for the " "Rijksmuseum. They were one of the first museums to open up their collection " @@ -9700,14 +15022,14 @@ msgid "" "to three hundred thousand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7898 msgid "" "The Rijksmuseum has been experimenting with other ways to invite the public " "to look at and interact with their collection. On an international day " "celebrating animals, they ran a successful bird-themed event. The museum put " "together a showing of two thousand works that featured birds and invited " -"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " +"bird-watchers to identify the birds depicted. Lizzy notes that while museum " "curators know a lot about the works in their collections, they may not know " "about certain details in the paintings such as bird species. Over eight " "hundred different birds were identified, including a specific species of " @@ -9715,88 +15037,65 @@ msgid "" "painting." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6256 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7911 msgid "" -"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came up " -"with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things people " -"might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not come " -"true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great art.” " -"Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things related to " -"their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually bad at " -"selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of money " -"block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. For " -"Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " +"For the Rijksmuseum, adopting an open business model was scary. They came " +"up with many worst-case scenarios, imagining all kinds of awful things " +"people might do with the museum’s works. But Lizzy says those fears did not " +"come true because “ninety-nine percent of people have respect for great " +"art.” Many museums think they can make a lot of money by selling things " +"related to their collection. But in Lizzy’s experience, museums are usually " +"bad at selling things, and sometimes efforts to generate a small amount of " +"money block something much bigger—the real value that the collection has. " +"For Lizzy, clinging to small amounts of revenue is being penny-wise but " "pound-foolish. For the Rijksmuseum, a key lesson has been to never lose " -"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " +"sight of its vision for the collection. Allowing access to and use of their " "collection has generated great promotional value—far more than the previous " "practice of charging fees for access and use. Lizzy sums up their " "experience: “Give away; get something in return. Generosity makes people " "happy to join you and help out.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 -msgid "www.europeana.eu/portal/en" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7931 +msgid "Shareable" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 -msgid "www.etsy.com/ca/listing/175696771/fringe-kimono-silk-kimono-kimono-robe" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7934 msgid "" -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award; the 2014 award: " -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2014; the 2015 award: " -"www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/rijksstudio-award-2015" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '5. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6266 -msgid "www.rijksmuseum.nl/nl/rijksstudio/142328--nominees-rijksstudio-award/creaties/ba595afe-452d-46bd-9c8c-48dcbdd7f0a4" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6268 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-88\"></span>Shareable" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6271 -msgid "Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." +"Shareable is an online magazine about sharing. Founded in 2009 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6273 -msgid "www.shareable.net" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7938 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.shareable.net\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7940 msgid "" -"Revenue model: grant funding, crowdfunding (project-based), donations, " -"sponsorships" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: grant funding, " +"crowdfunding (project-based), donations, sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6278 -msgid "Interview date: February 24, 2016" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7943 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Interview date: February 4, 2016" +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 24, 2016" +msgstr "Dato for intervju: 4. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6280 -msgid "Interviewee: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder and executive editor" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7946 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Neal Gorenflo, cofounder " +"and executive editor" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6291 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7954 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable faced an impasse. The nonprofit online publication had " "helped start a sharing movement four years prior, but over time, they " @@ -9808,10 +15107,10 @@ msgid "" "principle." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6301 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7965 msgid "" -"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " +"As an organization, Shareable decided to draw a line in the sand. In 2013, " "the cofounder and executive editor Neal Gorenflo wrote an opinion piece in " "the PandoDaily that charted Shareable’s new critical stance on the Silicon " "Valley version of the sharing economy, while contrasting it with aspects of " @@ -9821,8 +15120,8 @@ msgid "" "it’s more that it risks dying as it gets absorbed by the ‘Borg.’”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6308 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7977 msgid "" "Neal said their public critique of the corporate sharing economy defined " "what Shareable was and is. He does not think the magazine would still be " @@ -9832,24 +15131,24 @@ msgid "" "the criticism that Airbnb and Uber are getting now.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6317 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7986 msgid "" "Interestingly, impassioned supporters are only a small sliver of Shareable’s " "total audience. Most are casual readers who come across a Shareable story " "because it happens to align with a project or interest they have. But " "choosing principles over the possibility of riding the coattails of the " -"major corporate players in the sharing space saved Shareable’s " -"credibility. Although they became detached from the corporate sharing " -"economy, the online magazine became the voice of the “real sharing economy” " -"and continued to grow their audience." +"major corporate players in the sharing space saved Shareable’s credibility. " +"Although they became detached from the corporate sharing economy, the online " +"magazine became the voice of the “real sharing economy” and continued to " +"grow their audience." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6327 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:7997 msgid "" "Shareable is a magazine, but the content they publish is a means to " -"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " +"furthering their role as a leader and catalyst of a movement. Shareable " "became a leader in the movement in 2009. “At that time, there was a sharing " "movement bubbling beneath the surface, but no one was connecting the dots,” " "Neal said. “We decided to step into that space and take on that role.” The " @@ -9858,28 +15157,28 @@ msgid "" "inequality, social isolation, and global warming." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6336 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8008 msgid "" "They have worked hard to find ways to tell stories that show different " "metrics for success. “We wanted to change the notion of what constitutes the " "good life,” Neal said. While they started out with a very broad focus on " "sharing generally, today they emphasize stories about the physical commons " "like “sharing cities” (i.e., urban areas managed in a sustainable, " -"cooperative way), as well as digital platforms that are run " -"democratically. They particularly focus on how-to content that help their " -"readers make changes in their own lives and communities." +"cooperative way), as well as digital platforms that are run democratically. " +"They particularly focus on how-to content that help their readers make " +"changes in their own lives and communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6348 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8019 msgid "" "More than half of Shareable’s stories are written by paid journalists that " "are contracted by the magazine. “Particularly in content areas that are a " "priority for us, we really want to go deep and control the quality,” Neal " "said. The rest of the content is either contributed by guest writers, often " "for free, or written by other publications from their network of content " -"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " +"publishers. Shareable is a member of the Post Growth Alliance, which " "facilitates the sharing of content and audiences among a large and growing " "group of mostly nonprofits. Each organization gets a chance to present " "stories to the group, and the organizations can use and promote each other’s " @@ -9887,8 +15186,8 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6360 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8033 msgid "" "All of Shareable’s original content is published under the Attribution " "license (CC BY), meaning it can be used for any purpose as long as credit is " @@ -9897,14 +15196,13 @@ msgid "" "embrace of the licenses for their content, but Neal also believes CC " "licensing helps them increase their reach. “By using CC licensing,” he said, " "“we realized we could reach far more people through a formal and informal " -"network of republishers or affiliates. That has definitely been the " -"case. It’s hard for us to measure the reach of other media properties, but " -"most of the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than " -"we do.”" +"network of republishers or affiliates. That has definitely been the case. " +"It’s hard for us to measure the reach of other media properties, but most of " +"the outlets who republish our work have much bigger audiences than we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6368 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8047 msgid "" "In addition to their regular news and commentary online, Shareable has also " "experimented with book publishing. In 2012, they worked with a traditional " @@ -9915,65 +15213,65 @@ msgid "" "on their website." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6373 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8057 msgid "" "In 2016, Shareable self-published a book of curated Shareable stories called " "How to: Share, Save Money and Have Fun. The book was available for sale, but " -"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " +"a PDF version of the book was available for free. Shareable plans to offer " "the book in upcoming fund-raising campaigns." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6381 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8064 msgid "" "This recent book is one of many fund-raising experiments Shareable has " "conducted in recent years. Currently, Shareable is primarily funded by " "grants from foundations, but they are actively moving toward a more " "diversified model. They have organizational sponsors and are working to " -"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " +"expand their base of individual donors. Ideally, they will eventually be a " "hundred percent funded by their audience. Neal believes being fully " "community-supported will better represent their vision of the world." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6391 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8074 msgid "" -"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This " -"is true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We " -"attract passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work " -"so hard they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that " -"another part of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you " -"do something you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be " -"on a great adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who " -"look over the horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek " -"the comfort of hearth and home.”" +"For Shareable, success is very much about their impact on the world. This is " +"true for Neal, but also for everyone who works for Shareable. “We attract " +"passionate people,” Neal said. At times, that means employees work so hard " +"they burn out. Neal tries to stress to the Shareable team that another part " +"of success is having fun and taking care of yourself while you do something " +"you love. “A central part of human beings is that we long to be on a great " +"adventure with people we love,” he said. “We are a species who look over the " +"horizon and imagine and create new worlds, but we also seek the comfort of " +"hearth and home.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6400 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8086 msgid "" "In 2013, Shareable ran its first crowdfunding campaign to launch their " "Sharing Cities Network. Neal said at first they were on pace to fail " -"spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for " -"help. The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " +"spectacularly. They called in their advisers in a panic and asked for help. " +"The advice they received was simple—“Sit your ass in a chair and start " "making calls.” That’s exactly what they did, and they ended up reaching " -"their \\$50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, " -"but the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." +"their $50,000 goal. Neal said the campaign helped them reach new people, but " +"the vast majority of backers were people in their existing base." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6406 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8096 msgid "" "For Neal, this symbolized how so much of success comes down to " "relationships. Over time, Shareable has invested time and energy into the " -"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " +"relationships they have forged with their readers and supporters. They have " "also invested resources into building relationships between their readers " "and supporters." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6420 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8103 msgid "" "Shareable began hosting events in 2010. These events were designed to bring " "the sharing community together. But over time they realized they could reach " @@ -9983,67 +15281,71 @@ msgid "" "Neal said. Enabling others to create their own events around the globe " "allowed them to scale up their work more effectively and reach far more " "people. Shareable has catalyzed three hundred different events reaching over " -"twenty thousand people since implementing this strategy three years " -"ago. Going forward, Shareable is focusing the network on creating and " +"twenty thousand people since implementing this strategy three years ago. " +"Going forward, Shareable is focusing the network on creating and " "distributing content meant to spur local action. For instance, Shareable " "will publish a new CC-licensed book in 2017 filled with ideas for their " "network to implement." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6425 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8120 msgid "" "Neal says Shareable stumbled upon this strategy, but it seems to perfectly " -"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a " -"one-size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people " -"take the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." +"encapsulate just how the commons is supposed to work. Rather than a one-" +"size-fits-all approach, Shareable puts the tools out there for people take " +"the ideas and adapt them to their own communities." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6427 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-89\"></span>Siyavula" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8128 +msgid "Siyavula" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6431 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8131 msgid "" "Siyavula is a for-profit educational-technology company that creates " "textbooks and integrated learning experiences. Founded in 2012 in South " "Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6433 -msgid "www.siyavula.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8136 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6435 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services, sponsorships" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8138 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for custom services" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for custom " +"services, sponsorships" +msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for tilpassede tjenester" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6437 -msgid "Interview date: April 5, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8141 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: April 5, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6439 -msgid "Interviewee: Mark Horner, CEO" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8143 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Mark Horner, CEO" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6447 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8150 msgid "" "Openness is a key principle for Siyavula. They believe that every learner " "and teacher should have access to high-quality educational resources, as " -"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has " -"been a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and " -"science subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." +"this forms the basis for long-term growth and development. Siyavula has been " +"a pioneer in creating high-quality open textbooks on mathematics and science " +"subjects for grades 4 to 12 in South Africa." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6452 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8158 msgid "" "In terms of creating an open business model that involves Creative Commons, " "Siyavula—and its founder, Mark Horner—have been around the block a few " @@ -10051,8 +15353,8 @@ msgid "" "survive and prosper. Mark says it’s been very organic." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6459 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8165 msgid "" "It all started in 2002, when Mark and several other colleagues at the " "University of Cape Town in South Africa founded the Free High School Science " @@ -10061,34 +15363,35 @@ msgid "" "colleagues set out to write them and make them freely available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6467 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8176 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8173 msgid "" "As physicists, Mark and his colleagues were advocates of open-source " "software. To make the books open and free, they adopted the Free Software " -"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.1 They chose LaTeX, a " -"typesetting program used to publish scientific documents, to author the " -"books. Over a period of five years, the Free High School Science Texts " -"project produced math and physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12." +"Foundation’s GNU Free Documentation License.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> They chose LaTeX, a typesetting program used to publish " +"scientific documents, to author the books. Over a period of five years, the " +"Free High School Science Texts project produced math and physical-science " +"textbooks for grades 10 to 12." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6473 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8182 msgid "" "In 2007, the Shuttleworth Foundation offered funding support to make the " -"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " +"textbooks available for trial use at more schools. Surveys before and after " "the textbooks were adopted showed there were no substantial criticisms of " "the textbooks’ pedagogical content. This pleased both the authors and " -"Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6475 -msgid "accomplishment." +"Shuttleworth; Mark remains incredibly proud of this accomplishment." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6480 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8190 msgid "" "But the development of new textbooks froze at this stage. Mark shifted his " "focus to rural schools, which didn’t have textbooks at all, and looked into " @@ -10096,19 +15399,25 @@ msgid "" "enough to meet the need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6488 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8200 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.capetowndeclaration.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8196 msgid "" "In 2007, Shuttleworth and the Open Society Institute convened a group of " -"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " +"open-education activists for a small but lively meeting in Cape Town. One " "result was the Cape Town Open Education Declaration, a statement of " "principles, strategies, and commitment to help the open-education movement " -"grow.2 Shuttleworth also invited Mark to run a project writing open content " -"for all subjects for K–12 in English. That project became Siyavula." +"grow.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Shuttleworth also invited " +"Mark to run a project writing open content for all subjects for K–12 in " +"English. That project became Siyavula." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6495 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8205 msgid "" "They wrote six original textbooks. A small publishing company offered " "Shuttleworth the option to buy out the publisher’s existing K–9 content for " @@ -10117,35 +15426,41 @@ msgid "" "significantly expanding the collection beyond the six original books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6508 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8213 msgid "" "Mark wanted to build out the remaining curricula collaboratively through " -"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. " -"Although sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges " -"when you create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It " -"is standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but " -"of course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " +"communities of practice—that is, with fellow educators and writers. Although " +"sharing is fundamental to teaching, there can be a few challenges when you " +"create educational resources collectively. One concern is legal. It is " +"standard practice in education to copy diagrams and snippets of text, but of " +"course this doesn’t always comply with copyright law. Another concern is " "transparency. Sharing what you’ve authored means everyone can see it and " -"opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a " -"team-based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based " -"entirely on resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they " -"were safe to share and free from legal repercussions." +"opens you up to criticism. To alleviate these concerns, Mark adopted a team-" +"based approach to authoring and insisted the curricula be based entirely on " +"resources with Creative Commons licenses, thereby ensuring they were safe to " +"share and free from legal repercussions." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6516 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8232 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://cnx.org\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8228 msgid "" "Not only did Mark want the resources to be shareable, he wanted all teachers " "to be able to remix and edit the content. Mark and his team had to come up " -"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " +"with an open editable format and provide tools for editing. They ended up " "putting all the books they’d acquired and authored on a platform called " -"Connexions.3 Siyavula trained many teachers to use Connexions, but it proved " -"to be too complex and the textbooks were rarely edited." +"Connexions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Siyavula trained many " +"teachers to use Connexions, but it proved to be too complex and the " +"textbooks were rarely edited." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6522 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8236 msgid "" "Then the Shuttleworth Foundation decided to completely restructure its work " "as a foundation into a fellowship model (for reasons completely unrelated to " @@ -10153,29 +15468,30 @@ msgid "" "an independent entity and took ownership over it as a Shuttleworth fellow." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6529 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8243 msgid "" -"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They tried " -"creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " +"Mark and his team experimented with several different strategies. They " +"tried creating an authoring and hosting platform called Full Marks so that " "teachers could share assessment items. They tried creating a service called " "Open Press, where teachers could ask for open educational resources to be " "aggregated into a package and printed for them. These services never really " "panned out." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6536 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8251 msgid "" "Then the South African government approached Siyavula with an interest in " "printing out the original six Free High School Science Texts (math and " -"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school students " -"in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit discouraged by " -"open educational resources, they saw this as a big opportunity." +"physical-science textbooks for grades 10 to 12) for all high school " +"students in South Africa. Although at this point Siyavula was a bit " +"discouraged by open educational resources, they saw this as a big " +"opportunity." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6544 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8259 msgid "" "They began to conceive of the six books as having massive marketing " "potential for Siyavula. Printing Siyavula books for every kid in South " @@ -10185,22 +15501,22 @@ msgid "" "to access them using any device—computer, tablet, or mobile phone." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6555 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8268 msgid "" "Mark and his team began imagining what they could develop beyond what was in " "the textbooks as a service they charge for. One key thing you can’t do well " "in a printed textbook is demonstrate solutions. Typically, a one-line answer " "is given at the end of the book but nothing on the process for arriving at " -"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " +"that solution. Mark and his team developed practice items and detailed " "solutions, giving learners plenty of opportunity to test out what they’ve " "learned. Furthermore, an algorithm could adapt these practice items to the " "individual needs of each learner. They called this service Intelligent " "Practice and embedded links to it in the open textbooks." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6560 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8281 msgid "" "The costs for using Intelligent Practice were set very low, making it " "accessible even to those with limited financial means. Siyavula was going " @@ -10208,41 +15524,41 @@ msgid "" "targeting only the high end of the market." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6568 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8287 msgid "" "The government distributed the books to 1.5 million students, but there was " -"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " +"an unexpected wrinkle: the books were delivered late. Rather than wait, " "schools who could afford it provided students with a different textbook. The " "Siyavula books were eventually distributed, but with well-off schools mainly " "using a different book, the primary market for Siyavula’s Intelligent " "Practice service inadvertently became low-income learners." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6576 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8296 msgid "" "Siyavula’s site did see a dramatic increase in traffic. They got five " "hundred thousand visitors per month to their math site and the same number " "to their science site. Two-fifths of the traffic was reading on a “feature " -"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " +"phone” (a nonsmartphone with no apps). People on basic phones were reading " "math and science on a two-inch screen at all hours of the day. To Mark, it " "was quite amazing and spoke to a need they were servicing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6583 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8305 msgid "" "At first, the Intelligent Practice services could only be paid using a " "credit card. This proved problematic, especially for those in the low-income " -"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " +"demographic, as credit cards were not prevalent. Mark says Siyavula got a " "harsh business-model lesson early on. As he describes it, it’s not just " "about product, but how you sell it, who the market is, what the price is, " "and what the barriers to entry are." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6588 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8314 msgid "" "Mark describes this as the first version of Siyavula’s business model: open " "textbooks serving as marketing material and driving traffic to your site, " @@ -10250,8 +15566,8 @@ msgid "" "customer." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6595 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8320 msgid "" "For Mark a key decision for Siyavula’s business was to focus on how they can " "add value on top of their basic service. They’ll charge only if they are " @@ -10261,21 +15577,21 @@ msgid "" "for the same content without adding value." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6605 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8329 msgid "" -"Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale " -"up. They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " +"Version two of Siyavula’s business model was a big, ambitious idea—scale up. " +"They also decided to sell the Intelligent Practice service to schools " "directly. Schools can subscribe on a per-student, per-subject basis. A " "single subscription gives a learner access to a single subject, including " -"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " +"practice content from every grade available for that subject. Lower " "subscription rates are provided when there are over two hundred students, " "and big schools have a price cap. A 40 percent discount is offered to " "schools where both the science and math departments subscribe." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6613 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8340 msgid "" "Teachers get a dashboard that allows them to monitor the progress of an " "entire class or view an individual learner’s results. They can see the " @@ -10285,40 +15601,45 @@ msgid "" "points they’ve earned, and how their performance is improving." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6619 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8349 msgid "" "Based on the success of this effort, Siyavula decided to substantially " "increase the production of open educational resources so they could provide " -"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to " -"12 math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " +"the Intelligent Practice service for a wider range of books. Grades 10 to 12 " +"math and science books were reworked each year, and new books created for " "grades 4 to 6 and later grades 7 to 9." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6625 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8360 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8357 msgid "" "In partnership with, and sponsored by, the Sasol Inzalo Foundation, Siyavula " "produced a series of natural sciences and technology workbooks for grades 4 " -"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.4 It’s a " -"complete curriculum that also comes with teacher’s guides and other " -"resources." +"to 6 called Thunderbolt Kids that uses a fun comic-book style.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It’s a complete curriculum that also comes with " +"teacher’s guides and other resources." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6633 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8364 msgid "" "Through this experience, Siyavula learned they could get sponsors to help " "fund openly licensed textbooks. It helped that Siyavula had by this time " -"nailed the production model. It cost roughly \\$150,000 to produce a book in " +"nailed the production model. It cost roughly $150,000 to produce a book in " "two languages. Sponsors liked the social-benefit aspect of textbooks " "unlocked via a Creative Commons license. They also liked the exposure their " -"brand got. For roughly \\$150,000, their logo would be visible on books " +"brand got. For roughly $150,000, their logo would be visible on books " "distributed to over one million students." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6640 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8374 msgid "" "The Siyavula books that are reviewed, approved, and branded by the " "government are freely and openly available on Siyavula’s website under an " @@ -10328,43 +15649,43 @@ msgid "" "books." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6649 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8382 msgid "" "Although the South African government paid to print and distribute hard " "copies of the books to schoolkids, Siyavula itself received no funding from " "the government. Siyavula initially tried to convince the government to " "provide them with five rand per book (about US35¢). With those funds, Mark " -"says that Siyavula could have run its entire operation, built a " -"community-based model for producing more books, and provide Intelligent " -"Practice for free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy " -"negotiation, the government said no." +"says that Siyavula could have run its entire operation, built a community-" +"based model for producing more books, and provide Intelligent Practice for " +"free to every child in the country. But after a lengthy negotiation, the " +"government said no." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6657 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8393 msgid "" "Using Siyavula books generated huge savings for the government. Providing " "students with a traditionally published grade 12 science or math textbook " -"costs around 250 rand per book (about US\\$18). Providing the Siyavula " -"version cost around 36 rand (about \\$2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " +"costs around 250 rand per book (about US$18). Providing the Siyavula " +"version cost around 36 rand (about $2.60), a savings of over 200 rand per " "book. But none of those savings were passed on to Siyavula. In retrospect, " "Mark thinks this may have turned out in their favor as it allowed them to " "remain independent from the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6664 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8403 msgid "" "Just as Siyavula was planning to scale up the production of open textbooks " "even more, the South African government changed its textbook policy. To save " "costs, the government declared there would be only one authorized textbook " "for each grade and each subject. There was no guarantee that Siyavula’s " -"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." +"would be chosen. This scared away potential sponsors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6673 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8411 msgid "" "Rather than producing more textbooks, Siyavula focused on improving its " "Intelligent Practice technology for its existing books. Mark calls this " @@ -10376,95 +15697,81 @@ msgid "" "today." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6678 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8422 msgid "" "Mark says sales are way up, and they are really nailing Intelligent " -"Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The " -"government-announced policy that there would be only one textbook per " -"subject turned out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." +"Practice. Schools continue to use their open textbooks. The government-" +"announced policy that there would be only one textbook per subject turned " +"out to be highly contentious and is in limbo." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6685 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8429 msgid "" -"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. " -"These include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over " -"the phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " +"Siyavula is exploring a range of enhancements to their business model. These " +"include charging a small amount for assessment services provided over the " +"phone, diversifying their market to all English-speaking countries in " "Africa, and setting up a consortium that makes Intelligent Practice free to " "all kids by selling the nonpersonal data Intelligent Practice collects." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6698 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8437 msgid "" -"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " +"Siyavula is a for-profit business but one with a social mission. Their " "shareholders’ agreement lists lots of requirements around openness for " "Siyavula, including stipulations that content always be put under an open " "license and that they can’t charge for something that people volunteered to " "do for them. They believe each individual should have access to the " -"resources and support they need to achieve the education they " -"deserve. Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons " -"means they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build " +"resources and support they need to achieve the education they deserve. " +"Having educational resources openly licensed with Creative Commons means " +"they can fulfill their social mission, on top of which they can build " "revenue-generating services to sustain the ongoing operation of Siyavula. In " "terms of open business models, Mark and Siyavula may have been around the " "block a few times, but both he and the company are stronger for it." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 -msgid "www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 -msgid "www.capetowndeclaration.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '3. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 -msgid "cnx.org" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '4. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6705 -msgid "www.siyavula.com/products-primary-school.html" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6707 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-90\"></span>Sparkfun" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8453 +msgid "SparkFun" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6710 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8456 msgid "" -"SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open " -"hardware. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." +"SparkFun is an online electronics retailer specializing in open hardware. " +"Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6712 -msgid "www.sparkfun.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8460 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.sparkfun.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6714 -msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies (electronics sales)" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8462 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "Revenue model: charging for physical copies" +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: charging for physical " +"copies (electronics sales)" +msgstr "Inntektsmodell: Betaling for fysiske kopier" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6716 -msgid "Interview date: February 29, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8465 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: February 29, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 29. februar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6718 -msgid "Interviewee: Nathan Seidle, founder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8468 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Nathan Seidle, founder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6726 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8476 msgid "" "SparkFun founder and former CEO Nathan Seidle has a picture of himself " "holding up a clone of a SparkFun product in an electronics market in China, " @@ -10473,17 +15780,17 @@ msgid "" "was glee." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6731 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8483 msgid "" -"“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan " -"said. “I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were " -"never going to get access to otherwise. It was evidence of our impact on the " +"“Being copied is the greatest earmark of flattery and success,” Nathan said. " +"“I thought it was so cool that they were selling to a market we were never " +"going to get access to otherwise. It was evidence of our impact on the " "world.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6739 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8489 msgid "" "This worldview runs through everything SparkFun does. SparkFun is an " "electronics manufacturer. The company sells its products directly to the " @@ -10493,8 +15800,8 @@ msgid "" "their products on their own. Being copied is part of the design." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6747 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8498 msgid "" "Nathan believes open licensing is good for the world. “It touches on our " "natural human instinct to share,” he said. But he also strongly believes it " @@ -10504,16 +15811,16 @@ msgid "" "design, or what most commonly consider their intellectual property." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6751 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8507 msgid "" "“We compete on business principles,” Nathan said. “Claiming your territory " -"with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your " -"laurels. It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" +"with intellectual property allows you to get comfy and rest on your laurels. " +"It gives you a safety net. We took away that safety net.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6759 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8513 msgid "" "The result is an intense company-wide focus on product development and " "improvement. “Our products are so much better than they were five years " @@ -10524,87 +15831,86 @@ msgid "" "better for the customers.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6767 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8523 msgid "" "SparkFun parts are available on eBay for lower prices. But people come " "directly to SparkFun because SparkFun makes their lives easier. The example " "code works; there is a service number to call; they ship replacement parts " -"the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and " -"support. “I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP " -"\\[intellectual property\\] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they " -"should be competing on.”" +"the day they get a service call. They invest heavily in service and support. " +"“I don’t believe businesses should be competing with IP [intellectual " +"property] barriers,” Nathan said. “This is the stuff they should be " +"competing on.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6776 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8532 msgid "" "SparkFun’s company history began in Nathan’s college dorm room. He spent a " "lot of time experimenting with and building electronics, and he realized " "there was a void in the market. “If you wanted to place an order for " "something,” he said, “you first had to search far and wide to find it, and " "then you had to call or fax someone.” In 2003, during his third year of " -"college, he registered sparkfun.com and started reselling products out of " -"his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making and selling his own " -"products." +"college, he registered <ulink url=\"http://sparkfun.com\"/> and started " +"reselling products out of his bedroom. After he graduated, he started making " +"and selling his own products." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6783 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8543 msgid "" "Once he started designing his own products, he began putting the software " -"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " +"and schematics online to help with technical support. After doing some " "research on licensing options, he chose Creative Commons licenses because he " "was drawn to the “human-readable deeds” that explain the licensing terms in " "simple terms. SparkFun still uses CC licenses for all of the schematics and " "firmware for the products they create." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6790 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8552 msgid "" "The company has grown from a solo project to a corporation with 140 " -"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned \\$33 million in revenue. Selling " +"employees. In 2015, SparkFun earned $33 million in revenue. Selling " "components and widgets to hobbyists, professionals, and artists remains a " "major part of SparkFun’s business. They sell their own products, but they " "also partner with Arduino (also profiled in this book) by manufacturing " "boards for resale using Arduino’s brand." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6797 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8561 msgid "" "SparkFun also has an educational department dedicated to creating a hands-on " -"curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping " -"parts. Because SparkFun has always been dedicated to enabling others to " -"re-create and fix their products on their own, the more recent focus on " -"introducing young people to technology is a natural extension of their core " -"business." +"curriculum to teach students about electronics using prototyping parts. " +"Because SparkFun has always been dedicated to enabling others to re-create " +"and fix their products on their own, the more recent focus on introducing " +"young people to technology is a natural extension of their core business." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6801 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8569 msgid "" "“We have the burden and opportunity to educate the next generation of " "technical citizens,” Nathan said. “Our goal is to affect the lives of three " "hundred and fifty thousand high school students by 2020.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6810 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8575 msgid "" "The Creative Commons license underlying all of SparkFun’s products is " "central to this mission. The license not only signals a willingness to " "share, but it also expresses a desire for others to get in and tinker with " -"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " +"their products, both to learn and to make their products better. SparkFun " "uses the Attribution-ShareAlike license (CC BY-SA), which is a “copyleft” " "license that allows people to do anything with the content as long as they " "provide credit and make any adaptations available under the same licensing " "terms." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6819 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8586 msgid "" "From the beginning, Nathan has tried to create a work environment at " "SparkFun that he himself would want to work in. The result is what appears " @@ -10615,8 +15921,8 @@ msgid "" "they open their doors to the public for a competition once a year." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6830 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8597 msgid "" "The public event, called the Autonomous Vehicle Competition, brings in a " "thousand to two thousand customers and other technology enthusiasts from " @@ -10625,25 +15931,25 @@ msgid "" "perspective, Nathan says it’s a terrible idea. But they don’t hold the event " "for business reasons. “The reason we do it is because I get to travel and " "have interactions with our customers all the time, but most of our employees " -"don’t,” he said. “This event gives our employees the opportunity to get " -"face-to-face contact with our customers.” The event infuses their work with " -"a human element, which makes it more meaningful." +"don’t,” he said. “This event gives our employees the opportunity to get face-" +"to-face contact with our customers.” The event infuses their work with a " +"human element, which makes it more meaningful." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6838 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8611 msgid "" "Nathan has worked hard to imbue a deeper meaning into the work SparkFun " "does. The company is, of course, focused on being fiscally responsible, but " "they are ultimately driven by something other than money. “Profit is not the " -"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " +"goal; it is the outcome of a well-executed plan,” Nathan said. “We focus on " "having a bigger impact on the world.” Nathan believes they get some of the " "brightest and most amazing employees because they aren’t singularly focused " "on the bottom line." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6844 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8621 msgid "" "The company is committed to transparency and shares all of its financials " "with its employees. They also generally strive to avoid being another " @@ -10652,33 +15958,33 @@ msgid "" "unchanging content." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6854 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8628 msgid "" "SparkFun’s customer base is largely made up of industrious electronics " "enthusiasts. They have customers who are regularly involved in the company’s " "customer support, independently responding to questions in forums and " -"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " +"product-comment sections. Customers also bring product ideas to the " "company. SparkFun regularly sifts through suggestions from customers and " "tries to build on them where they can. “From the beginning, we have been " -"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " +"listening to the community,” Nathan said. “Customers would identify a pain " "point, and we would design something to address it.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6862 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8640 msgid "" "However, this sort of customer engagement does not always translate to " -"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " +"people actively contributing to SparkFun’s projects. The company has a " "public repository of software code for each of its devices online. On a " "particularly active project, there will only be about two dozen people " "contributing significant improvements. The vast majority of projects are " -"relatively untouched by the public. “There is a theory that if you " -"open-source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" +"relatively untouched by the public. “There is a theory that if you open-" +"source it, they will come,” Nathan said. “That’s not really true.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6870 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8651 msgid "" "Rather than focusing on cocreation with their customers, SparkFun instead " "focuses on enabling people to copy, tinker, and improve products on their " @@ -10688,8 +15994,8 @@ msgid "" "and then build their own circuit boards from our designs,” Nathan said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6882 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8660 msgid "" "Obviously, opening up the design of their products is a necessary step if " "their goal is to empower the public. Nathan also firmly believes it makes " @@ -10703,50 +16009,52 @@ msgid "" "kind of company they set out to be." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6884 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-91\"></span>TeachAIDS" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8674 +msgid "TeachAIDS" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6888 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8677 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a nonprofit that creates educational materials designed to " -"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the " -"U.S." +"teach people around the world about HIV and AIDS. Founded in 2005 in the U." +"S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6890 -msgid "teachaids.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8682 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://teachaids.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6892 -msgid "Revenue model: sponsorships" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8684 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: sponsorships" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6894 -msgid "Interview date: March 24, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8686 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: March 24, 2016" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6896 -msgid "Interviewees: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8689 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Piya Sorcar, the CEO, and " +"Shuman Ghosemajumder, the chair" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6903 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8697 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is an unconventional media company with a conventional revenue " -"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " +"model. Like most media companies, they are subsidized by advertising. " "Corporations pay to have their logos appear on the educational materials " "TeachAIDS distributes." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6914 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8703 msgid "" "But unlike most media companies, Teach-AIDS is a nonprofit organization with " "a purely social mission. TeachAIDS is dedicated to educating the global " @@ -10760,29 +16068,29 @@ msgid "" "license." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6932 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8716 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is a labor of love for founder and CEO Piya Sorcar, who earns a " "salary of one dollar per year from the nonprofit. The project grew out of " -"research she was doing while pursuing her doctorate at Stanford " -"University. She was reading reports about India, noting it would be the next " -"hot zone of people living with HIV. Despite international and national " -"entities pouring in hundreds of millions of dollars on HIV-prevention " -"efforts, the reports showed knowledge levels were still low. People were " -"unaware of whether the virus could be transmitted through coughing and " -"sneezing, for instance. Supported by an interdisciplinary team of experts at " -"Stanford, Piya conducted similar studies, which corroborated the previous " -"research. They found that the primary cause of the limited understanding was " -"that HIV, and issues relating to it, were often considered too taboo to " -"discuss comprehensively. The other major problem was that most of the " -"education on this topic was being taught through television advertising, " -"billboards, and other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only " -"receiving bits and pieces of information." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6942 +"research she was doing while pursuing her doctorate at Stanford University. " +"She was reading reports about India, noting it would be the next hot zone of " +"people living with HIV. Despite international and national entities pouring " +"in hundreds of millions of dollars on HIV-prevention efforts, the reports " +"showed knowledge levels were still low. People were unaware of whether the " +"virus could be transmitted through coughing and sneezing, for instance. " +"Supported by an interdisciplinary team of experts at Stanford, Piya " +"conducted similar studies, which corroborated the previous research. They " +"found that the primary cause of the limited understanding was that HIV, and " +"issues relating to it, were often considered too taboo to discuss " +"comprehensively. The other major problem was that most of the education on " +"this topic was being taught through television advertising, billboards, and " +"other mass-media campaigns, which meant people were only receiving bits and " +"pieces of information." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8736 msgid "" "In late 2005, Piya and her team used research-based design to create new " "educational materials and worked with local partners in India to help " @@ -10795,20 +16103,20 @@ msgid "" "Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6946 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8748 msgid "" "Very shortly after the initial release, Piya’s team decided to spin the " "endeavor into an independent nonprofit out of Stanford University. They also " "decided to use Creative Commons licenses on the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6959 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8754 msgid "" "Given their educational mission, TeachAIDS had an obvious interest in seeing " "the materials as widely shared as possible. But they also needed to preserve " -"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " +"the integrity of the medical information in the content. They chose the " "Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs license (CC BY-NC-ND), which essentially " "gives the public the right to distribute only verbatim copies of the " "content, and for noncommercial purposes. “We wanted attribution for " @@ -10819,19 +16127,19 @@ msgid "" "worldwide while preserving our content and protecting us at the same time.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6966 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8769 msgid "" "Choosing a license that does not allow adaptation of the content was an " "outgrowth of the careful precision with which TeachAIDS crafts their " "content. The organization invests heavily in research and testing to " -"determine the best method of conveying the information. “Creating " -"high-quality content is what matters most to us,” Piya said. “Research " -"drives everything we do.”" +"determine the best method of conveying the information. “Creating high-" +"quality content is what matters most to us,” Piya said. “Research drives " +"everything we do.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6973 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8777 msgid "" "One important finding was that people accept the message best when it comes " "from familiar voices they trust and admire. To achieve this, TeachAIDS " @@ -10841,8 +16149,8 @@ msgid "" "version of the materials." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:6986 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8786 msgid "" "Localization is probably the single-most important aspect of the way " "TeachAIDS creates its content. While each regional version builds from the " @@ -10857,8 +16165,8 @@ msgid "" "are more likely to accept information from someone of the same gender." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7000 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8801 msgid "" "The localization process relies heavily on volunteers. Their volunteer base " "is deeply committed to the cause, and the organization has had better luck " @@ -10866,51 +16174,51 @@ msgid "" "using paid translators. For quality control, TeachAIDS has three separate " "volunteer teams translate the materials from English to the local language " "and customize the content based on local customs and norms. Those three " -"versions are then analyzed and combined into a single master " -"translation. TeachAIDS has additional teams of volunteers then translate " -"that version back into English to see how well it lines up with the original " -"materials. They repeat this process until they reach a translated version " -"that meets their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this " -"cycle eleven times." +"versions are then analyzed and combined into a single master translation. " +"TeachAIDS has additional teams of volunteers then translate that version " +"back into English to see how well it lines up with the original materials. " +"They repeat this process until they reach a translated version that meets " +"their standards. For the Tibetan version, they went through this cycle " +"eleven times." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7017 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8817 msgid "" "TeachAIDS employs full-time employees, contractors, and volunteers, all in " "different capacities and organizational configurations. They are careful to " "use people from diverse backgrounds to create the materials, including " "teachers, students, and doctors, as well as individuals experienced in " "working in the NGO space. This diversity and breadth of knowledge help " -"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of " -"life. Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors " -"to help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The " -"inclusive, but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by " -"people who are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, " -"rather than ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to " -"require zero training for people to implement in practice. “In our research, " -"we found we can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, " -"even if they have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials " -"where you can push play and they will work.”" +"ensure their materials resonate with people from all walks of life. " +"Additionally, TeachAIDS works closely with film writers and directors to " +"help keep the concepts entertaining and easy to understand. The inclusive, " +"but highly controlled, creative process is undertaken entirely by people who " +"are specifically brought on to help with a particular project, rather than " +"ongoing staff. The final product they create is designed to require zero " +"training for people to implement in practice. “In our research, we found we " +"can’t depend on people passing on the information correctly, even if they " +"have the best of intentions,” Piya said. “We need materials where you can " +"push play and they will work.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7028 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8836 msgid "" "Piya’s team was able to produce all of these versions over several years " "with a head count that never exceeded eight full-time employees. The " -"organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and " -"in-kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " +"organization is able to reduce costs by relying heavily on volunteers and in-" +"kind donations. Nevertheless, the nonprofit needed a sustainable revenue " "model to subsidize content creation and physical distribution of the " -"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " +"materials. Charging even a low price was simply not an option. “Educators " "from various nonprofits around the world were just creating their own " "materials using whatever they could find for free online,” Shuman said. “The " "only way to persuade them to use our highly effective model was to make it " "completely free.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7037 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8849 msgid "" "Like many content creators offering their work for free, they settled on " "advertising as a funding model. But they were extremely careful not to let " @@ -10922,35 +16230,35 @@ msgid "" "remains branded as TeachAIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7045 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8860 msgid "" "TeachAIDS is careful not to seek funding to cover the costs of a specific " "project. Instead, sponsorships are structured as unrestricted donations to " "the nonprofit. This gives the nonprofit more stability, but even more " "importantly, it enables them to subsidize projects being localized for an " -"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " +"area with no sponsors. “If we just created versions based on where we could " "get sponsorships, we would only have materials for wealthier countries,” " "Shuman said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7056 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8870 msgid "" "As of 2016, TeachAIDS has dozens of sponsors. “When we go into a new " -"country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya " -"said. “We don’t have to do much to find or attract them.” They believe the " -"sponsorships are easy to sell because they offer so much value to " -"sponsors. TeachAIDS sponsorships give corporations the chance to reach new " -"eyeballs with their brand, but at a much lower cost than other advertising " -"channels. The audience for TeachAIDS content also tends to skew young, which " -"is often a desirable demographic for brands. Unlike traditional advertising, " -"the content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a sponsorship can " -"benefit a brand for many years to come." +"country, various companies hear about us and reach out to us,” Piya said. " +"“We don’t have to do much to find or attract them.” They believe the " +"sponsorships are easy to sell because they offer so much value to sponsors. " +"TeachAIDS sponsorships give corporations the chance to reach new eyeballs " +"with their brand, but at a much lower cost than other advertising channels. " +"The audience for TeachAIDS content also tends to skew young, which is often " +"a desirable demographic for brands. Unlike traditional advertising, the " +"content is not time-sensitive, so an investment in a sponsorship can benefit " +"a brand for many years to come." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7063 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8883 msgid "" "Importantly, the value to corporate sponsors goes beyond commercial " "considerations. As a nonprofit with a clearly articulated social mission, " @@ -10960,70 +16268,73 @@ msgid "" "initiatives." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7070 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8892 msgid "" -"The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving " -"education—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins " -"the work; it motivates the funders. The CC license on the materials they " -"create furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and quickly scale " -"their materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license has been a game " -"changer for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." +"The core mission of TeachAIDS—ensuring global access to life-saving education" +"—is at the root of everything the organization does. It underpins the work; " +"it motivates the funders. The CC license on the materials they create " +"furthers that mission, allowing them to safely and quickly scale their " +"materials worldwide. “The Creative Commons license has been a game changer " +"for TeachAIDS,” Piya said." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7072 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-92\"></span>Tribe of Noise" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8902 +msgid "Tribe of Noise" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7076 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8905 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise is a for-profit online music platform serving the film, TV, " "video, gaming, and in-store-media industries. Founded in 2008 in the " "Netherlands." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7078 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8910 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7082 -msgid "Interview date: January 26, 2016" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8915 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: January 26, 2016" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 26. januar 2016" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7084 -msgid "Interviewee: Hessel van Oorschot, cofounder" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8918 +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewee</emphasis>: Hessel van Oorschot, " +"cofounder" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7094 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8926 msgid "" "In the early 2000s, Hessel van Oorschot was an entrepreneur running a " "business where he coached other midsize entrepreneurs how to create an " "online business. He also coauthored a number of workbooks for small- to " -"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " +"medium-size enterprises to use to optimize their business for the Web. " "Through this early work, Hessel became familiar with the principles of open " "licensing, including the use of open-source software and Creative Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7102 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8935 msgid "" "In 2005, Hessel and Sandra Brandenburg launched a niche video-production " "initiative. Almost immediately, they ran into issues around finding and " -"licensing music tracks. All they could find was standard, cold " -"stock-music. They thought of looking up websites where you could license " -"music directly from the musician without going through record labels or " -"agents. But in 2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights " -"holder was not readily available." +"licensing music tracks. All they could find was standard, cold stock-music. " +"They thought of looking up websites where you could license music directly " +"from the musician without going through record labels or agents. But in " +"2005, the ability to directly license music from a rights holder was not " +"readily available." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8945 msgid "" "They hired two lawyers to investigate further, and while they uncovered five " "or six examples, Hessel found the business models lacking. The lawyers " @@ -11034,8 +16345,8 @@ msgid "" "a platform." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7116 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8955 msgid "" "Building a platform posed a real chicken-and-egg problem. The platform had " "to build an online community of music-rights holders and, at the same time, " @@ -11044,57 +16355,63 @@ msgid "" "trust relationship." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8962 msgid "" "In July 2008, Tribe of Noise opened its virtual doors with a couple hundred " "musicians willing to use the CC BY-SA license (Attribution-ShareAlike) for a " -"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " +"limited part of their repertoire. The two entrepreneurs wanted to take the " "pain away for media makers who wanted to license music and solve the " "problems the two had personally experienced finding this music." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7131 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8977 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.instoremusicservice.com\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8970 msgid "" "As they were growing the community, Hessel got a phone call from a company " "that made in-store music playlists asking if they had enough music licensed " -"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, " -"good-listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show " -"without the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They " -"started their In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) " -"uploaded by the Tribe of Noise community of musicians.1" +"with Creative Commons that they could use. Stores need quality, good-" +"listening music but not necessarily hits, a bit like a radio show without " +"the DJ. This opened a new opportunity for Tribe of Noise. They started their " +"In-store Music Service, using music (licensed with CC BY-SA) uploaded by the " +"Tribe of Noise community of musicians.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7149 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:8980 msgid "" "In most countries, artists, authors, and musicians join a collecting society " -"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " +"that manages the licensing and helps collect the royalties. Copyright " "collecting societies in the European Union usually hold monopolies in their " "respective national markets. In addition, they require their members to " -"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. This " -"complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent artists, " -"or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal team reached " -"out to collecting societies, starting with those in the Netherlands. What " -"would be the best legal way forward that would respect the wishes of " -"composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new models like " -"the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were hesitant and " -"said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they primarily work with " -"unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of the world where they " -"don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and this convinced them " -"that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still fighting for a good " -"cause every single day.”" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7160 +"transfer exclusive administration rights to them of all of their works. " +"This complicates the picture for Tribe of Noise, who wants to represent " +"artists, or at least a portion of their repertoire. Hessel and his legal " +"team reached out to collecting societies, starting with those in the " +"Netherlands. What would be the best legal way forward that would respect the " +"wishes of composers and musicians who’d be interested in trying out new " +"models like the In-store Music Service? Collecting societies at first were " +"hesitant and said no, but Tribe of Noise persisted arguing that they " +"primarily work with unknown artists and provide them exposure in parts of " +"the world where they don’t get airtime normally and a source of revenue—and " +"this convinced them that it was OK. However, Hessel says, “We are still " +"fighting for a good cause every single day.”" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9001 msgid "" "Instead of building a large sales force, Tribe of Noise partnered with big " "organizations who have lots of clients and can act as a kind of Tribe of " "Noise reseller. The largest telecom network in the Netherlands, for example, " "sells Tribe’s In-store Music Service subscriptions to their business " -"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " +"clients, which include fashion retailers and fitness centers. They have a " "similar deal with the leading trade association representing hotels and " "restaurants in the country. Hessel hopes to “copy and paste” this service " "into other countries where collecting societies understand what you can do " @@ -11102,43 +16419,48 @@ msgid "" "happened in Scandinavia, Belgium, and the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9014 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise doesn’t pay the musicians up front; they get paid when their " "music ends up in Tribe of Noise’s in-store music channels. The musicians’ " "share is 42.5 percent. It’s not uncommon in a traditional model for the " "artist to get only 5 to 10 percent, so a share of over 40 percent is a " -"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" +"significantly better deal. Here’s how they give an example on their website:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9030 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://www.tribeofnoise.com/info_instoremusic.php\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9022 msgid "" -"A few of your songs \\[licensed with CC BY-SA\\], for example five in total, " -"are selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " +"A few of your songs [licensed with CC BY-SA], for example five in total, are " +"selected for a bespoke in-store music channel broadcasting at a large " "retailer with 1,000 stores nationwide. In this case the overall playlist " -"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license " -"fee agreed with this retailer is US\\$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% " -"is shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " -"you end up with US\\$12 \\* 1000 stores \\* 0.425 \\* 0.0143 = US\\$73 per " -"month.2" +"contains 350 songs so the musician’s share is 5/350 = 1.43%. The license fee " +"agreed with this retailer is US$12 per month per play-out. So if 42.5% is " +"shared with the Tribe musicians in this playlist and your share is 1.43%, " +"you end up with US$12 * 1000 stores * 0.425 * 0.0143 = US$73 per month." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7185 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9033 msgid "" -"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " +"Tribe of Noise has another model that does not involve Creative Commons. In " "a survey with members, most said they liked the exposure using Creative " "Commons gets them and the way it lets them reach out to others to share and " "remix. However, they had a bit of a mental struggle with Creative Commons " -"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " -"one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC " -"BY-SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." +"licenses being perpetual. A lot of musicians have the mind-set that one day " +"one of their songs may become an overnight hit. If that happened the CC BY-" +"SA license would preclude them getting rich off the sale of that song." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7194 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9044 msgid "" "Hessel’s legal team took this feedback and created a second model and " "separate area of the platform called Tribe of Noise Pro. Songs uploaded to " @@ -11150,18 +16472,18 @@ msgid "" "reuse their song for a better deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9055 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise Pro is primarily geared toward media makers who are looking " "for music. If they buy a license from this catalog, they don’t have to state " -"the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific " -"amount. This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " +"the name of the creator; they just license the song for a specific amount. " +"This is a big plus for media makers. And musicians can pull their " "repertoire at any time. Hessel sees this as a more direct and clean deal." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9063 msgid "" "Lots of Tribe of Noise musicians upload songs to both Tribe of Noise Pro and " "the community area of Tribe of Noises. There aren’t that many artists who " @@ -11169,18 +16491,18 @@ msgid "" "than the community area." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7213 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9069 msgid "" -"Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to " -"work. With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing " -"economy, the community area of Tribe of Noise is where they can build trust, " -"create exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become " -"more interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." +"Hessel sees the two as complementary. Both are needed for the model to work. " +"With a whole generation of musicians interested in the sharing economy, the " +"community area of Tribe of Noise is where they can build trust, create " +"exposure, and generate money. And after that, musicians may become more " +"interested in exploring other models like Tribe of Noise Pro." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7222 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9077 msgid "" "Every musician who joins Tribe of Noise gets their own home page and free " "unlimited Web space to upload as much of their own music as they like. Tribe " @@ -11192,39 +16514,33 @@ msgid "" "them." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9088 msgid "" "Another way Tribe of Noise creates community and interest is with contests, " "which are organized in partnership with Tribe of Noise clients. The client " "specifies what they want, and any member can submit a song. Contests usually " "involve prizes, exposure, and money. In addition to building member " "engagement, contests help members learn how to work with clients: listening " -"to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that " -"need." +"to them, understanding what they want, and creating a song to meet that need." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9098 msgid "" "Tribe of Noise now has twenty-seven thousand members from 192 countries, and " -"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " +"many are exploring do-it-yourself models for generating revenue. Some came " "from music labels and publishers, having gone through the traditional way of " -"music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for " -"them. Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see " -"little reason to sign with a third party or hand over some of the " -"control. Still a small but growing group of Tribe members are pursuing a " -"hybrid model by licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in " -"others with collecting societies like" +"music licensing and now seeing if this new model makes sense for them. " +"Others are young musicians, who grew up with a DIY mentality and see little " +"reason to sign with a third party or hand over some of the control. Still a " +"small but growing group of Tribe members are pursuing a hybrid model by " +"licensing some of their songs under CC BY-SA and opting in others with " +"collecting societies like ASCAP or BMI." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7242 -msgid "ASCAP or BMI." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7257 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9110 msgid "" "It’s not uncommon for performance-rights organizations, record labels, or " "music publishers to sign contracts with musicians based on exclusivity. Such " @@ -11241,104 +16557,95 @@ msgid "" "without litigation." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7266 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9127 msgid "" "For Hessel the key to Tribe of Noise’s success is trust. The fact that " "Creative Commons licenses work the same way all over the world and have been " "translated into all languages really helps build that trust. Tribe of Noise " "believes in creating a model where they work together with musicians. They " "can only do that if they have a live and kicking community, with people who " -"think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in " -"mind. Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for " -"music, a model that’s based on trust." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7271 -msgid "www.instoremusicservice.com" +"think that the Tribe of Noise team has their best interests in mind. " +"Creative Commons makes it possible to create a new business model for music, " +"a model that’s based on trust." msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '2. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7271 -msgid "www.tribeofnoise.com/info\\_instoremusic.php" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9139 +msgid "Wikimedia Foundation" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7273 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-93\"></span>Wikimedia Foundation" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7276 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9142 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is the nonprofit organization that hosts Wikipedia " "and its sister projects. Founded in 2003 in the U.S." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7278 -msgid "wikimediafoundation.org" -msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9147 +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://wikimediafoundation.org\"/>" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7280 -msgid "Revenue model: donations" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9149 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Revenue model</emphasis>: donations" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7282 -msgid "Interview date: December 18, 2015" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9151 +msgid "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interview date</emphasis>: December 18, 2015" msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Dato for intervju</emphasis>: 18 desember 2015" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7285 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9154 msgid "" -"Interviewees: Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community Engagement, and " -"Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Interviewees</emphasis>: Luis Villa, former Chief " +"Officer of Community Engagement, and Stephen LaPorte, legal counsel" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7289 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9163 msgid "Nearly every person with an online presence knows Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7295 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9166 msgid "" "In many ways, it is the preeminent open project: The online encyclopedia is " -"created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the " -"articles. All of the content is available for free to anyone online. All of " -"the content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people " -"to reuse and adapt it for any purpose." +"created entirely by volunteers. Anyone in the world can edit the articles. " +"All of the content is available for free to anyone online. All of the " +"content is released under a Creative Commons license that enables people to " +"reuse and adapt it for any purpose." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7299 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9174 msgid "" "As of December 2016, there were more than forty-two million articles in the " -"295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what " -"else?—the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." +"295 language editions of the online encyclopedia, according to—what else?—" +"the Wikipedia article about Wikipedia." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7311 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9179 msgid "" "The Wikimedia Foundation is a U.S.-based nonprofit organization that owns " "the Wikipedia domain name and hosts the site, along with many other related " "sites like Wikidata and Wikimedia Commons. The foundation employs about two " -"hundred and eighty people, who all work to support the projects it " -"hosts. But the true heart of Wikipedia and its sister projects is its " -"community. The numbers of people in the community are variable, but about " -"seventy-five thousand volunteers edit and improve Wikipedia articles every " -"month. Volunteers are organized in a variety of ways across the globe, " -"including formal Wikimedia chapters (mostly national), groups focused on a " -"particular theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a " -"particular organization." +"hundred and eighty people, who all work to support the projects it hosts. " +"But the true heart of Wikipedia and its sister projects is its community. " +"The numbers of people in the community are variable, but about seventy-five " +"thousand volunteers edit and improve Wikipedia articles every month. " +"Volunteers are organized in a variety of ways across the globe, including " +"formal Wikimedia chapters (mostly national), groups focused on a particular " +"theme, user groups, and many thousands who are not connected to a particular " +"organization." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7316 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9193 msgid "" "As Wikimedia legal counsel Stephen LaPorte told us, “There is a common " "saying that Wikipedia works in practice but not in theory.” While it " @@ -11346,19 +16653,19 @@ msgid "" "are a striking testament to the power of human collaboration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7323 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9200 msgid "" "Because of its extraordinary breadth and scope, it does feel a bit like a " -"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " +"unicorn. Indeed, there is nothing else like Wikipedia. Still, much of what " "makes the projects successful—community, transparency, a strong mission, " "trust—are consistent with what it takes to be successfully Made with " "Creative Commons more generally. With Wikipedia, everything just happens at " "an unprecedented scale." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7333 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9209 msgid "" "The story of Wikipedia has been told many times. For our purposes, it is " "enough to know the experiment started in 2001 at a small scale, inspired by " @@ -11371,37 +16678,37 @@ msgid "" "edits are made every hour." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7353 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9221 msgid "" "The nature of the content the community creates is ideal for asynchronous " "cocreation. “An encyclopedia is something where incremental community " "improvement really works,” Luis Villa, former Chief Officer of Community " "Engagement, told us. The rules and processes that govern cocreation on " "Wikipedia and its sister projects are all community-driven and vary by " -"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of their " -"systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the rule " -"that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " +"language edition. There are entire books written on the intricacies of " +"their systems, but generally speaking, there are very few exceptions to the " +"rule that anyone can edit any article, even without an account on their " "system. The extensive peer-review process includes elaborate systems to " "resolve disputes, methods for managing particularly controversial subject " "areas, talk pages explaining decisions, and much, much more. The Wikimedia " "Foundation’s decision to leave governance of the projects to the community " "is very deliberate. “We look at the things that the community can do well, " -"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " +"and we want to let them do those things,” Stephen told us. Instead, the " "foundation focuses its time and resources on what the community cannot do as " "effectively, like the software engineering that supports the technical " "infrastructure of the sites. In 2015-16, about half of the foundation’s " "budget went to direct support for the Wikimedia sites." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7366 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9244 msgid "" "Some of that is directed at servers and general IT support, but the " "foundation also invests a significant amount on architecture designed to " -"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " +"help the site function as effectively as possible. “There is a constantly " "evolving system to keep the balance in place to avoid Wikipedia becoming the " -"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " +"world’s biggest graffiti wall,” Luis said. Depending on how you measure it, " "somewhere between 90 to 98 percent of edits to Wikipedia are positive. Some " "portion of that success is attributable to the tools Wikimedia has in place " "to try to incentivize good actors. “The secret to having any healthy " @@ -11410,11 +16717,11 @@ msgid "" "just human nature.” Most of the time, people want to do the right thing." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7377 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9259 msgid "" "Wikipedia not only relies on good behavior within its community and on its " -"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " +"sites, but also by everyone else once the content leaves Wikipedia. All of " "the text of Wikipedia is available under an Attribution-ShareAlike license " "(CC BY-SA), which means it can be used for any purpose and modified so long " "as credit is given and anything new is shared back with the public under the " @@ -11424,8 +16731,17 @@ msgid "" "everyone.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7393 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9283 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<ulink url=\"http://gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-" +"mistakes/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9271 msgid "" "Of course, the primary reason no one has successfully co-opted Wikipedia is " "that copycat efforts do not have the Wikipedia community to sustain what " @@ -11433,45 +16749,46 @@ msgid "" "every given topic—it is also a global patchwork of humans working together " "in a million different ways, in a million different capacities, for a " "million different reasons. While many have tried to guess what makes " -"Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no single " -"explanation. “In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible " -"diversity of motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of " -"the English Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error " -"in articles more than forty-eight thousand times.1 Only a fraction of " -"Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not the only way to " -"contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate images, some donate " -"financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all contributors.”" +"Wikipedia work as well it does, the fact is there is no single explanation. " +"“In a movement as large as ours, there is an incredible diversity of " +"motivations,” Stephen said. For example, there is one editor of the English " +"Wikipedia edition who has corrected a single grammatical error in articles " +"more than forty-eight thousand times.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Only a fraction of Wikipedia users are also editors. But editing is not " +"the only way to contribute to Wikipedia. “Some donate text, some donate " +"images, some donate financially,” Stephen told us. “They are all " +"contributors.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7401 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9289 msgid "" "But the vast majority of us who use Wikipedia are not contributors; we are " "passive readers. The Wikimedia Foundation survives primarily on individual " -"donations, with about \\$15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " +"donations, with about $15 as the average. Because Wikipedia is one of the " "ten most popular websites in terms of total page views, donations from a " "small portion of that audience can translate into a lot of money. In the " -"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than \\$77 million from more than " -"five million donors." +"2015-16 fiscal year, they received more than $77 million from more than five " +"million donors." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7410 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9299 msgid "" "The foundation has a fund-raising team that works year-round to raise money, " "but the bulk of their revenue comes in during the December campaign in " "Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United " "States. They engage in extensive user testing and research to maximize the " "reach of their fund-raising campaigns. Their basic fund-raising message is " -"simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give " -"back. Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." +"simple: We provide our readers and the world immense value, so give back. " +"Every little bit helps. With enough eyeballs, they are right." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7418 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9310 msgid "" "The vision of the Wikimedia Foundation is a world in which every single " -"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " +"human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge. They work to " "realize this vision by empowering people around the globe to create " "educational content made freely available under an open license or in the " "public domain. Stephen and Luis said the mission, which is rooted in the " @@ -11479,8 +16796,8 @@ msgid "" "does." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7423 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9319 msgid "" "The philosophy behind the endeavor also enables the foundation to be " "financially sustainable. It instills trust in their readership, which is " @@ -11488,8 +16805,8 @@ msgid "" "instills trust in their community." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7428 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9325 msgid "" "Any given edit on Wikipedia could be motivated by nearly an infinite number " "of reasons. But the social mission of the project is what binds the global " @@ -11497,8 +16814,8 @@ msgid "" "an entire movement,” Stephen told us." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7434 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9332 msgid "" "Of course, what results from that movement is one of the Internet’s great " "public resources. “The Internet has a lot of businesses and stores, but it " @@ -11506,554 +16823,574 @@ msgid "" "said. “Wikipedia has found a way to be that open public space.”" msgstr "" -#. type: Bullet: '1. ' -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7438 -msgid "gimletmedia.com/episode/14-the-art-of-making-and-fixing-mistakes/" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7440 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-94\"></span>Bibliography" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9341 +msgid "Bibliography" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7445 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9343 msgid "" "Alperovitz, Gar. What Then Must We Do? Straight Talk about the Next American " "Revolution; Democratizing Wealth and Building a Community-Sustaining Economy " "from the Ground Up. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7449 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9349 msgid "" "Anderson, Chris. Free: How Today’s Smartest Businesses Profit by Giving " "Something for Nothing, reprint with new preface. New York: Hyperion, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7451 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9354 msgid "———. Makers: The New Industrial Revolution. New York: Signal, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7454 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9357 msgid "" "Ariely, Dan. Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our " "Decisions. Rev. ed. New York: Harper Perennial, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7457 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9361 msgid "" "Bacon, Jono. The Art of Community. 2nd ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media, " "2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7462 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9365 msgid "" "Benkler, Yochai. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms " -"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. " -"www.benkler.org/Benkler\\_Wealth\\_Of\\_Networks.pdf (licensed under CC " -"BY-NC-SA)." +"Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <ulink url=" +"\"http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks.pdf\"/> (licensed under " +"CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7467 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9372 msgid "" -"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open " -"Economy. Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. " -"www.slideshare.net/WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892 (licensed under CC " -"BY-SA)." +"Benyayer, Louis-David, ed. Open Models: Business Models of the Open Economy. " +"Cachan, France: Without Model, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.slideshare.net/" +"WithoutModel/open-models-book-64463892\"/> (licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7472 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9378 msgid "" "Bollier, David. Commoning as a Transformative Social Paradigm. Paper " "commissioned by the Next Systems Project. Washington, DC: Democracy " -"Collaborative, 2016. " -"thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/." +"Collaborative, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-" +"transformative-social-paradigm/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7475 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9384 msgid "" -"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the " -"Commons. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." +"———. Think Like a Commoner: A Short Introduction to the Life of the Commons. " +"Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7483 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9388 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Pat Conaty. Democratic Money and Capital for the " -"Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through " -"Commons-Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop " -"in cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " -"bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-pdf. For more " -"information, see bollier.org/blog/democratic-money-and-capital-commons." +"Commons: Strategies for Transforming Neoliberal Finance through Commons-" +"Based Alternatives. A report on a Commons Strategies Group Workshop in " +"cooperation with the Heinrich Böll Foundation, Berlin, Germany, 2015. " +"<ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/democratic-money-and-capital-commons-report-" +"pdf\"/>. For more information, see <ulink url=\"http://bollier.org/blog/" +"democratic-money-and-capital-commons\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7486 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9398 msgid "" "Bollier, David, and Silke Helfrich, eds. The Wealth of the Commons: A World " "Beyond Market and State. Amherst, MA: Levellers Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7489 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9402 msgid "" "Botsman, Rachel, and Roo Rogers. What’s Mine Is Yours: The Rise of " "Collaborative Consumption. New York: Harper Business, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7492 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9406 msgid "" -"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " +"Boyle, James. The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind. New " "Haven: Yale University Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7494 -msgid "www.thepublicdomain.org/download/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9409 +msgid "" +"<ulink url=\"http://www.thepublicdomain.org/download/\"/> (licensed under CC " +"BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7498 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9413 msgid "" "Capra, Fritjof, and Ugo Mattei. The Ecology of Law: Toward a Legal System in " "Tune with Nature and Community. Oakland, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7501 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9418 msgid "" "Chesbrough, Henry. Open Business Models: How to Thrive in the New Innovation " "Landscape. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7504 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9422 msgid "" "———. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from " "Technology. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7510 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9426 msgid "" "City of Bologna. Regulation on Collaboration between Citizens and the City " "for the Care and Regeneration of Urban Commons. Translated by LabGov " "(LABoratory for the GOVernance of Commons). Bologna, Italy: City of Bologna, " -"2014). " -"www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf." +"2014). <ulink url=\"http://www.labgov.it/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/Bologna-" +"Regulation-on-collaboration-between-citizens-and-the-city-for-the-cure-and-" +"regeneration-of-urban-commons1.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7514 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9433 msgid "" "Cole, Daniel H. “Learning from Lin: Lessons and Cautions from the Natural " "Commons for the Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 2 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7517 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9438 msgid "" "Creative Commons. 2015 State of the Commons. Mountain View, CA: Creative " -"Commons, 2015. stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/." +"Commons, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://stateof.creativecommons.org/2015/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7520 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9443 msgid "" "Doctorow, Cory. Information Doesn’t Want to Be Free: Laws for the Internet " "Age. San Francisco: McSweeney’s, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7524 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9447 msgid "" "Eckhardt, Giana, and Fleura Bardhi. “The Sharing Economy Isn’t about Sharing " -"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. " -"hbr.org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all." +"at All.” Harvard Business Review, January 28, 2015. <ulink url=\"http://hbr." +"org/2015/01/the-sharing-economy-isnt-about-sharing-at-all\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7529 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9452 msgid "" "Elliott, Patricia W., and Daryl H. Hepting, eds. (2015). Free Knowledge: " -"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " +"Confronting the Commodification of Human Discovery. Regina, SK: University " "of Regina Press, 2015. uofrpress.ca/publications/Free-Knowledge (licensed " "under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7532 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9459 msgid "" -"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan " -"Hoover. New York: Portfolio, 2014." +"Eyal, Nir. Hooked: How to Build Habit-Forming Products. With Ryan Hoover. " +"New York: Portfolio, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7535 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9463 msgid "" -"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a " -"Post-Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." +"Farley, Joshua, and Ida Kubiszewski. “The Economics of Information in a Post-" +"Carbon Economy.” Chap. 11 in Elliott and Hepting, Free Knowledge." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7539 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9468 msgid "" "Foster, William Landes, Peter Kim, and Barbara Christiansen. “Ten Nonprofit " -"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring " -"2009. ssir.org/articles/entry/ten\\_nonprofit\\_funding\\_models." +"Funding Models.” Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009. <ulink url=" +"\"http://ssir.org/articles/entry/ten_nonprofit_funding_models\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7542 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9474 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared " -"Resources. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." +"Frischmann, Brett M. Infrastructure: The Social Value of Shared Resources. " +"New York: Oxford University Press, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7546 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9478 msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, " -"eds. Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg, eds. " +"Governing Knowledge Commons. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7550 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9483 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Cole, “Learning from Lin,” in Frischmann, Madison, and Strandburg, " +#| "Governing Knowledge Commons, 59." msgid "" -"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " +"Frischmann, Brett M., Michael J. Madison, and Katherine J. Strandburg. " "“Governing Knowledge Commons.” Chap. 1 in Frischmann, Madison, and " "Strandburg, Governing Knowledge Commons." msgstr "" +"Cole, «Learning from Lin», i Frischmann, Madison, og Strandburg, Governing " +"Knowledge Commons, 59." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7553 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9488 msgid "" -"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " +"Gansky, Lisa. The Mesh: Why the Future of Business Is Sharing. Reprint with " "new epilogue. New York: Portfolio, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7556 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9492 msgid "" -"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New York: " -"Viking, 2013." +"Grant, Adam. Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success. New " +"York: Viking, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7559 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9496 msgid "" "Haiven, Max. Crises of Imagination, Crises of Power: Capitalism, Creativity " "and the Commons. New York: Zed Books, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7563 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9500 msgid "" "Harris, Malcom, ed. Share or Die: Voices of the Get Lost Generation in the " "Age of Crisis. With Neal Gorenflo. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7566 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9505 msgid "" "Hermida, Alfred. Tell Everyone: Why We Share and Why It Matters. Toronto: " "Doubleday Canada, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7569 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9509 msgid "" "Hyde, Lewis. Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership. New York: " "Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7572 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9513 msgid "" "———. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. 2nd Vintage " "Books edition. New York: Vintage Books, 2007." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7575 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9517 msgid "" "Kelley, Tom, and David Kelley. Creative Confidence: Unleashing the Potential " "within Us All. New York: Crown, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7578 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9521 msgid "" "Kelly, Marjorie. Owning Our Future: The Emerging Ownership Revolution; " "Journeys to a Generative Economy. San Francisco:" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7580 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9525 msgid "Berrett-Koehler, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7583 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9528 msgid "" "Kleon, Austin. Show Your Work: 10 Ways to Share Your Creativity and Get " "Discovered. New York: Workman, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7586 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9532 msgid "" -"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being " -"Creative. New York: Workman, 2012." +"———. Steal Like an Artist: 10 Things Nobody Told You about Being Creative. " +"New York: Workman, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7589 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9536 msgid "" -"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " +"Kramer, Bryan. Shareology: How Sharing Is Powering the Human Economy. New " "York: Morgan James, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7592 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9540 msgid "" "Lee, David. “Inside Medium: An Attempt to Bring Civility to the Internet.” " -"BBC News, March 3, 2016. www.bbc.com/news/technology-35709680" +"BBC News, March 3, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www.bbc.com/news/" +"technology-35709680\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7595 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9545 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid " "Economy. New York: Penguin Press, 2008." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7598 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9549 msgid "" "Menzies, Heather. Reclaiming the Commons for the Common Good: A Memoir and " "Manifesto. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7601 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9553 msgid "" "Mason, Paul. Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future. New York: Farrar, Straus " "and Giroux, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7605 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9557 msgid "" "New York Times Customer Insight Group. The Psychology of Sharing: Why Do " -"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, " -"2011. www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf." +"People Share Online? New York: New York Times Customer Insight Group, 2011. " +"<ulink url=\"http://www.iab.net/media/file/POSWhitePaper.pdf\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7609 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9563 +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alex Osterwalder and Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, " +#| "NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. A preview of the book is available at " +#| "strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, NJ: " -"John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at " -"strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." +"Osterwalder, Alex, and Yves Pigneur. Business Model Generation. Hoboken, " +"NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2010. A preview of the book is available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation\"/>." msgstr "" +"Alex Osterwalder og Yves Pigneur, Business Model Generation (Hoboken, NJ: " +"John Wiley and Sons, 2010), 14. En forhåndsvisning av boken er tilgjengelig " +"på strategyzer.com/books/business-model-generation." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7613 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9569 msgid "" -"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, and Adam Smith. Value " "Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. A preview of the " -"book is available at strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design." +"book is available at <ulink url=\"http://strategyzer.com/books/value-" +"proposition-design\"/>." msgstr "" +"Osterwalder, Alex, Yves Pigneur, Greg Bernarda, og Adam Smith. Value " +"Proposition Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2014. En " +"forhåndsvisning av denne boken er tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"strategyzer.com/books/value-proposition-design\"/>." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7616 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9575 msgid "" "Palmer, Amanda. The Art of Asking: Or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Let " "People Help. New York: Grand Central, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7622 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9579 msgid "" "Pekel, Joris. Democratising the Rijksmuseum: Why Did the Rijksmuseum Make " "Available Their Highest Quality Material without Restrictions, and What Are " -"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, " -"2014. pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum (licensed " -"under CC BY-SA)." +"the Results? The Hague, Netherlands: Europeana Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://pro.europeana.eu/publication/democratising-the-rijksmuseum\"/> " +"(licensed under CC BY-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7627 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9587 msgid "" -"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " -"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. " -"www.academia.edu/27143172/The\\_City\\_as\\_Commons\\_a\\_Policy\\_Reader " -"(licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Ramos, José Maria, ed. The City as Commons: A Policy Reader. Melbourne, " +"Australia: Commons Transition Coalition, 2016. <ulink url=\"http://www." +"academia.edu/27143172/The_City_as_Commons_a_Policy_Reader\"/> (licensed " +"under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7632 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9593 msgid "" "Raymond, Eric S. The Cathedral and the Bazaar: Musings on Linux and Open " "Source by an Accidental Revolutionary. Rev. ed. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly " -"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” " -"www.catb.org/esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/." +"Media, 2001. See esp. “The Magic Cauldron.” <ulink url=\"http://www.catb.org/" +"esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/\"/>." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7636 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9599 msgid "" "Ries, Eric. The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous " "Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses. New York: Crown " "Business, 2011." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7640 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9604 msgid "" "Rifkin, Jeremy. The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the " -"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " +"Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism. New York: Palgrave " "Macmillan, 2014." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7642 -msgid "Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9609 +msgid "" +"Rowe, Jonathan. Our Common Wealth. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2013." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7645 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9613 msgid "" "Rushkoff, Douglas. Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the " "Enemy of Prosperity. New York: Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7648 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9617 msgid "" -"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " +"Sandel, Michael J. What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. New " "York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2012." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7651 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9621 msgid "" "Shirky, Clay. Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into " "Collaborators. London, England: Penguin Books, 2010." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7654 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9625 msgid "" "Slee, Tom. What’s Yours Is Mine: Against the Sharing Economy. New York: OR " "Books, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7657 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9629 msgid "" -"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing " -"Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." +"Stephany, Alex. The Business of Sharing: Making in the New Sharing Economy. " +"New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7660 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9633 msgid "" "Stepper, John. Working Out Loud: For a Better Career and Life. New York: " "Ikigai Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7663 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9637 msgid "" "Sull, Donald, and Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. Simple Rules: How to Thrive in a " "Complex World. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7666 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9641 msgid "" "Sundararajan, Arun. The Sharing Economy: The End of Employment and the Rise " "of Crowd-Based Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7668 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9645 msgid "Surowiecki, James. The Wisdom of Crowds. New York: Anchor Books, 2005." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7672 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9649 msgid "" "Tapscott, Don, and Alex Tapscott. Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology " -"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " +"Behind Bitcoin Is Changing Money, Business, and the World. Toronto: " "Portfolio, 2016." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7675 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9654 msgid "" "Tharp, Twyla. The Creative Habit: Learn It and Use It for Life. With Mark " "Reiter. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7678 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9658 msgid "" "Tkacz, Nathaniel. Wikipedia and the Politics of Openness. Chicago: " "University of Chicago Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7684 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9662 msgid "" -"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " +"Van Abel, Bass, Lucas Evers, Roel Klaassen, and Peter Troxler, eds. Open " "Design Now: Why Design Cannot Remain Exclusive. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, " "with Creative Commons Netherlands; Premsela, the Netherlands Institute for " -"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. opendesignnow.org (licensed " -"under CC BY-NC-SA)." +"Design and Fashion; and the Waag Society, 2011. <ulink url=\"http://" +"opendesignnow.org\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-SA)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7688 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9670 msgid "" "Van den Hoff, Ronald. Mastering the Global Transition on Our Way to Society " -"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. " -"society30.com/get-the-book/ (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"3.0. Utrecht, the Netherlands: Society 3.0 Foundation, 2014. <ulink url=" +"\"http://society30.com/get-the-book/\"/> (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7691 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9676 msgid "" -"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. " -"web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm (licensed under CC BY-NC-ND)." +"Von Hippel, Eric. Democratizing Innovation. London: MIT Press, 2005. <ulink " +"url=\"http://web.mit.edu/evhippel/www/democ1.htm\"/> (licensed under CC BY-" +"NC-ND)." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7694 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9681 msgid "" -"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and " -"Performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." +"Whitehurst, Jim. The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance. " +"Boston: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7696 -msgid "<span id=\"anchor-95\"></span>Acknowledgments" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9686 +msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7702 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9688 msgid "" "We extend special thanks to Creative Commons CEO Ryan Merkley, the Creative " "Commons Board, and all of our Creative Commons colleagues for " @@ -12062,16 +17399,16 @@ msgid "" "this project." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7706 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9695 msgid "" "Huge appreciation to all the Made with Creative Commons interviewees for " -"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " +"sharing their stories with us. You make the commons come alive. Thanks for " "the inspiration." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7712 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9700 msgid "" "We interviewed more than the twenty-four organizations profiled in this " "book. We extend special thanks to Gooru, OERu, Sage Bionetworks, and Medium " @@ -12080,17 +17417,17 @@ msgid "" "visit your sites and explore your work." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7717 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9708 msgid "" "This book was made possible by the generous support of 1,687 Kickstarter " -"backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter " -"co-editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable " -"feedback. Heartfelt thanks to all of you." +"backers listed below. We especially acknowledge our many Kickstarter co-" +"editors who read early drafts of our work and provided invaluable feedback. " +"Heartfelt thanks to all of you." msgstr "" -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7764 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9714 msgid "" "Co-editor Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): Abraham " "Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " @@ -12137,11 +17474,55 @@ msgid "" "William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, " "Yancey Strickler" msgstr "" +"Medredaktør-støttespillere fra Kickstarter (alfabetisk på fornavn): Abraham " +"Taherivand, Alan Graham, Alfredo Louro, Anatoly Volynets, Aurora Thornton, " +"Austin Tolentino, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benjamin Costantini, Bernd " +"Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Bethanye Blount, Bradford Benn, Bryan Mock, " +"Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carolyn Hinchliff, Casey Milford, Cat Cooper, " +"Chip McIntosh, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, " +"Claudia Cristiani, Cody Allard, Colleen Cressman, Craig Thomler, Creative " +"Commons Uruguay, Curt McNamara, Dan Parson, Daniel Dominguez, Daniel Morado, " +"Darius Irvin, Dave Taillefer, David Lewis, David Mikula, David Varnes, David " +"Wiley, Deborah Nas, Diderik van Wingerden, Dirk Kiefer, Dom Lane, Domi " +"Enders, Douglas Van Houweling, Dylan Field, Einar Joergensen, Elad Wieder, " +"Elie Calhoun, Erika Reid, Evtim Papushev, Fauxton Software, Felix " +"Maximiliano Obes, Ferdies Food Lab, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gavin " +"Romig-Koch, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, Gianpaolo Rando, Glenn Otis " +"Brown, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Hamish MacEwan, " +"Harry Kaczka, Humble Daisy, Ian Capstick, Iris Brest, James Cloos, Jamie " +"Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jane Finette, Jason Blasso, Jason E. Barkeloo, Jay M " +"Williams, Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jeanette Frey, Jeff De Cagna, Jérôme " +"Mizeret, Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessy Kate Schingler, Jim O’Flaherty, " +"Jim Pellegrini, Jiří Marek, Jo Allum, Joachim von Goetz, Johan Adda, John " +"Benfield, John Bevan, Jonas Öberg, Jonathan Lin, JP Rangaswami, Juan Carlos " +"Belair, Justin Christian, Justin Szlasa, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kellie " +"Higginbottom, Kendra Byrne, Kevin Coates, Kristina Popova, Kristoffer Steen, " +"Kyle Simpson, Laurie Racine, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, Leticia Britos " +"Cavagnaro, Livia Leskovec, Louis-David Benyayer, Maik Schmalstich, Mairi " +"Thomson, Marcia Hofmann, Maria Liberman, Marino Hernandez, Mario R. Hemsley, " +"MD, Mark Cohen, Mark Mullen, Mary Ellen Davis, Mathias Bavay, Matt Black, " +"Matt Hall, Max van Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Melissa Aho, Menachem " +"Goldstein, Michael Harries, Michael Lewis, Michael Weiss, Miha Batic, Mike " +"Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Neal Stimler, Niall " +"McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nicholas Norfolk, Nick Coghlan, Nicole Hickman, " +"Nikki Thompson, Norrie Mailer, Omar Kaminski, OpenBuilds, Papp István Péter, " +"Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Elosegui, Penny " +"Pearson, Peter Mengelers, Playground Inc., Pomax, Rafaela Kunz, Rajiv " +"Jhangiani, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Robert Jones, " +"Robert Thompson, Ronald van den Hoff, Rusi Popov, Ryan Merkley, S Searle, " +"Salomon Riedo, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Tait, Sarah McGovern, Scott " +"Gillespie, Seb Schmoller, Sharon Clapp, Sheona Thomson, Siena Oristaglio, " +"Simon Law, Solomon Simon, Stefano Guidotti, Subhendu Ghosh, Susan Chun, " +"Suzie Wiley, Sylvain Carle, Theresa Bernardo, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, " +"Timothée Planté, Timothy Hinchliff, Traci Long DeForge, Trevor Hogue, " +"Tumuult, Vickie Goode, Vikas Shah, Virginia Kopelman, Wayne Mackintosh, " +"William Peter Nash, Winie Evers, Wolfgang Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, " +"Yancey Strickler." -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7819 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.xml:9765 msgid "" -"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " +"All other Kickstarter backers (alphabetically by first name): A. Lee, Aaron " "C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " "Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " "Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " @@ -12152,7 +17533,7 @@ msgid "" "Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " "Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " "Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " -"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " "Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " "Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " "Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " @@ -12165,7 +17546,7 @@ msgid "" "Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " "Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " "Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " -"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " "Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " "Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " "Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " @@ -12191,14 +17572,9 @@ msgid "" "Carlos Correa Loyola, Carlos Solis, Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carol Long, " "Carol marquardsen, Caroline Calomme, Caroline Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, " "Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " -"Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile," -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7863 -msgid "" +"Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " "@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " -"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " "Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " "Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " "Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " @@ -12228,267 +17604,249 @@ msgid "" "Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " "David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " "Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " -"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " "Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " -"Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane " -"K. Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La " -"Cruz, Dimitrie Grigorescu, Dina Marie Rodriguez, Dinah Fabela, Dirk Haun, " -"Dirk Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, " -"Dom Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique " -"Karadjian, Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, " -"Doug Hoover, Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. " -"Braddlee, Drew Spencer, Duncan" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7869 -msgid "" -"Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon Caddigan, Earleen " -"Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo Castro, Edwin " -"Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar Haljas, Elena " -"Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie Calhoun, Elizabeth Holloway, Ellen " -"Buecher, Ellen Kaye-" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:7900 -msgid "" -"Cheveldayoff, Elli Verhulst, Elroy Fernandes, Emery Hurst Mikel, Emily " -"Catedral, Enrique Mandujano R., Eric Astor, Eric Axelrod, Eric Celeste, Eric " -"Finkenbiner, Eric Hellman, Eric Steuer, Erica Fletcher, Erik Hedman, Erik " -"Lindholm Bundgaard, Erika Reid, Erin Hawley, Erin McKean of Wordnik, Ernest " -"Risner, Erwan Bousse, Erwin Bell, Ethan Celery, Étienne Gilli, Eugeen " -"Sablin, Evan Tangman, Evonne Okafor, Evtim Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio " -"Natali, Fauxton Software, Felix Deierlein, Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano " -"Obes, Felix Schmidt, Felix Zephyr Hsiao, Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand " -"Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, " -"fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian " -"Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, Francis Clarke, Francisco " -"Rivas-Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, François Gros, François " -"Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, " -"Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, " -"Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de " -"Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, " -"Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, " -"George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil " -"Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, " -"Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, " -"Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham " -"Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, " -"Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume " -"Rischard, Gustavo Vaz de Carvalho Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, " -"Gwilym Lucas, Haggen So, Håkon T Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, " -"Hannes Leo, Hans Bickhofe, Hans de Raad, Hans Vd Horst, Harold van Ingen, " -"Harold Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry Kaczka, Harry Torque, Hayden Glass, " -"Hayley Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen Crisp, Helen" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Plain text -#: MadewithCreativeCommonsmostup-to-dateversion.md:8121 -msgid "" -"Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach Latorre " -"Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser, Hermann " -"Paar, Hillary Miller, Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne, Hubert " -"Gertis, Hugh Geenen, Humble Daisy, Hüppe Keith, Iain Davidson, Ian Capstick, " -"Ian Johnson, Ian Upton, Icaro Ferracini, Igor Lesko, Imran Haider, Inma de " -"la Torre, Iris Brest, Irwin Madriaga, Isaac Sandaljian, Isaiah Tanenbaum, " -"Ivan F. Villanueva B., J P Cleverdon, Jaakko Tammela Jr, Jacek Darken " -"Gołębiowski, Jack Hart, Jacky Hood, Jacob Dante Leffler, Jaime Perla, Jaime " -"Woo, Jake Campbell, Jake Loeterman, Jakes Rawlinson, James Allenspach, James " -"Chesky, James Cloos, James Docherty, James Ellars, James K Wood, James " +"Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " +"Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " +"Dimitrie Grigorescu, Dina Marie Rodriguez, Dinah Fabela, Dirk Haun, Dirk " +"Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " +"Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " +"Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " +"Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " +"Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " +"Haljas, Elena Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie Calhoun, Elizabeth " +"Holloway, Ellen Buecher, Ellen Kaye- Cheveldayoff, Elli Verhulst, Elroy " +"Fernandes, Emery Hurst Mikel, Emily Catedral, Enrique Mandujano R., Eric " +"Astor, Eric Axelrod, Eric Celeste, Eric Finkenbiner, Eric Hellman, Eric " +"Steuer, Erica Fletcher, Erik Hedman, Erik Lindholm Bundgaard, Erika Reid, " +"Erin Hawley, Erin McKean of Wordnik, Ernest Risner, Erwan Bousse, Erwin " +"Bell, Ethan Celery, Étienne Gilli, Eugeen Sablin, Evan Tangman, Evonne " +"Okafor, Evtim Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio Natali, Fauxton Software, Felix " +"Deierlein, Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano Obes, Felix Schmidt, Felix " +"Zephyr Hsiao, Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, " +"Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent " +"Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, " +"Francis Clarke, Francisco Rivas-Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, " +"François Gros, François Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric " +"Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, " +"Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary " +"Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de " +"Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " +"Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " +"Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " +"Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " +"Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " +"Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume Rischard, Gustavo Vaz de Carvalho " +"Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, Gwilym Lucas, Haggen So, Håkon T " +"Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, Hannes Leo, Hans Bickhofe, Hans de " +"Raad, Hans Vd Horst, Harold van Ingen, Harold Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry " +"Kaczka, Harry Torque, Hayden Glass, Hayley Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen " +"Crisp, Helen Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach " +"Latorre Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser, " +"Hermann Paar, Hillary Miller, Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne, " +"Hubert Gertis, Hugh Geenen, Humble Daisy, Hüppe Keith, Iain Davidson, Ian " +"Capstick, Ian Johnson, Ian Upton, Icaro Ferracini, Igor Lesko, Imran Haider, " +"Inma de la Torre, Iris Brest, Irwin Madriaga, Isaac Sandaljian, Isaiah " +"Tanenbaum, Ivan F. Villanueva B., J P Cleverdon, Jaakko Tammela Jr, Jacek " +"Darken Gołębiowski, Jack Hart, Jacky Hood, Jacob Dante Leffler, Jaime Perla, " +"Jaime Woo, Jake Campbell, Jake Loeterman, Jakes Rawlinson, James Allenspach, " +"James Chesky, James Cloos, James Docherty, James Ellars, James K Wood, James " "Tyler, Jamie Finlay, Jamie Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jan E Ellison, Jan Gondol, " "Jan Sepp, Jan Zuppinger, Jane Finette, jane Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, " -"Janos Kovacs, Jasmina Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu, Jason Cole, Jason " -"E. Barkeloo, Jason Hibbets, Jason Owen, Jason Sigal, Jay M Williams, Jazzy " -"Bear Brown, JC Lara, Jean-Baptiste Carré, Jean-Philippe Dufraigne, " -"Jean-Philippe Turcotte, Jean-Yves Hemlin, Jeanette Frey, Jeff Atwood, Jeff " -"De Cagna, Jeff Donoghue, Jeff Edwards, Jeff Hilnbrand, Jeff Lowe, Jeff " -"Rasalla, Jeff Ski Kinsey, Jeff Smith, Jeffrey L Tucker, Jeffrey Meyer, Jen " -"Garcia, Jens Erat, Jeppe Bager Skjerning, Jeremy Dudet, Jeremy Russell, " -"Jeremy Sabo, Jeremy Zauder, Jerko Grubisic, Jerome Glacken, Jérôme Mizeret, " -"Jessica Dickinson Goodman, Jessica Litman, Jessica Mackay, Jessy Kate " -"Schingler, Jesús Longás Gamarra, Jesus Marin, Jim Matt, Jim Meloy, Jim " -"O’Flaherty, Jim Pellegrini, Jim Tittsler, Jimmy Alenius, Jiří Marek, Jo " -"Allum, Joachim Brandon LeBlanc, Joachim Pileborg, Joachim von Goetz, Joakim " -"Bang Larsen, Joan Rieu, Joanna Penn, João Almeida, Jochen Muetsch, Jodi " -"Sandfort, Joe Cardillo, Joe Carpita, Joe Moross, Joerg Fricke, Johan Adda, " -"Johan Meeusen, Johannes Förstner, Johannes Visintini, John Benfield, John " -"Bevan, John C Patterson, John Crumrine, John Dimatos, John Feyler, John " -"Huntsman, John Manoogian III, John Muller, John Ober, John Paul Blodgett, " -"John Pearce, John Shale, John Sharp, John Simpson, John Sumser, John Weeks, " -"John Wilbanks, John Worland, Johnny Mayall, Jollean Matsen, Jon Alberdi, Jon " -"Andersen, Jon Cohrs, Jon Gotlin, Jon Schull, Jon Selmer Friborg, Jon Smith, " -"Jonas Öberg, Jonas Weitzmann, Jonathan Campbell, Jonathan Deamer, Jonathan " -"Holst, Jonathan Lin, Jonathan Schmid, Jonathan Yao, Jordon Kalilich, Jörg " -"Schwarz, Jose Antonio Gallego Vázquez, Joseph Mcarthur, Joseph Noll, Joseph " -"Sullivan, Joseph Tucker, Josh Bernhard, Josh Tong, Joshua Tobkin, JP " -"Rangaswami, Juan Carlos Belair, Juan Irming, Juan Pablo Carbajal, Juan Pablo " -"Marin Diaz, Judith Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, " -"Julia Devonshire, Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien " -"Leroy, Juliet Chen, Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin " -"Grimes, Justin Jones, Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, " -"K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara " -"Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, " -"Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, " -"Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, Kathryn Deiss, Kathryn Rose, Kathy " -"Payne, Katie Lynn Daniels, Katie Meek, Katie Teague, Katrina Hennessy, " -"Katriona Main, Kavan Antani, Keith Adams, Keith Berndtson, MD, Keith Luebke, " -"Kellie Higginbottom, Ken Friis Larsen, Ken Haase, Ken Torbeck, Kendel " -"Ratley, Kendra Byrne, Kerry Hicks, Kevin Brown, Kevin Coates, Kevin Flynn, " -"Kevin Rumon, Kevin Shannon, Kevin Taylor, Kevin Tostado, Kewhyun Kelly-Yuoh, " -"Kiane l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, " -"Konrad Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, " -"Kristina Popova, Kristofer Bratt, Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt " -"Whittemore, Kyle Pinches, Kyle Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane " -"Rasberry, Larry Garfield, Larry Singer, Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura " -"Anne Brown, Laura Billings, Laura Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence " -"Gonsalves, Laurent Muchacho, Laurie Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence " -"M. Schoen, Leandro Pangilinan, Leigh Verlandson, Lenka Gondolova, Leonardo " -"Bueno Postacchini, leonardo menegola, Lesley Mitchell, Leslie Krumholz, " -"Leticia Britos Cavagnaro, Levi Bostian, Leyla Acaroglu, Liisa Ummelas, Lilly " -"Kashmir Marques, Lior Mazliah, Lisa Bjerke, Lisa Brewster, Lisa Canning, " -"Lisa Cronin, Lisa Di Valentino, Lisandro Gaertner, Livia Leskovec, Liynn " -"Worldlaw, Liz Berg, Liz White, Logan Cox, Loki Carbis, Lora Lynn, Lorna " -"Prescott, Lou Yufan, Louie Amphlett, Louis-David Benyayer, Louise Denman, " -"Luca Corsato, Luca Lesinigo, Luca Palli, Luca Pianigiani, Luca S.G. de " -"Marinis, Lucas Lopez, Lukas Mathis, Luke Chamberlin, Luke Chesser, Luke " -"Woodbury, Lulu Tang, Lydia Pintscher, M Alexander Jurkat, Maarten Sander, " -"Macie J Klosowski, Magnus Adamsson, Magnus Killingberg, Mahmoud Abu-Wardeh, " -"Maik Schmalstich, Maiken Håvarstein, Maira Sutton, Mairi Thomson, Mandy " -"Wultsch, Manickkavasakam Rajasekar, Marc Bogonovich, Marc Harpster, Marc " -"Martí, Marc Olivier Bastien, Marc Stober, Marc-André Martin, Marcel de " -"Leeuwe, Marcel Hill, Marcia Hofmann, Marcin Olender, Marco Massarotto, Marco " -"Montanari, Marco Morales, Marcos Medionegro, Marcus Bitzl, Marcus Norrgren, " -"Margaret Gary, Mari Moreshead, Maria Liberman, Marielle Hsu, Marino " -"Hernandez, Mario Lurig, Mario R. Hemsley, MD, Marissa Demers, Mark Chandler, " -"Mark Cohen, Mark De Solla Price, Mark Gabby, Mark Gray, Mark Koudritsky, " -"Mark Kupfer, Mark Lednor, Mark McGuire, Mark Moleda, Mark Mullen, Mark " -"Murphy, Mark Perot, Mark Reeder, Mark Spickett, Mark Vincent Adams, Mark " -"Waks, Mark Zuccarell II, Markus Deimann, Markus Jaritz, Markus Luethi, " -"Marshal Miller, Marshall Warner, Martijn Arets, Martin Beaudoin, Martin " -"Decky, Martin DeMello, Martin Humpolec, Martin Mayr, Martin Peck, Martin " -"Sanchez, Martino Loco, Martti Remmelgas, Martyn Eggleton, Martyn Lewis, Mary " -"Ellen Davis, Mary Heacock, Mary Hess, Mary Mi, Masahiro Takagi, Mason Du, " -"Massimo V.A. Manzari, Mathias Bavay, Mathias Nicolajsen Kjærgaard, Matias " -"Kruk, Matija Nalis, Matt Alcock, Matt Black, Matt Broach, Matt Hall, Matt " -"Haughey, Matt Lee, Matt Plec, Matt Skoss, Matt Thompson, Matt Vance, Matt " -"Wagstaff, Matteo Cocco, Matthew Bendert, Matthew Bergholt, Matthew Darlison, " -"Matthew Epler, Matthew Hawken, Matthew Heimbecker, Matthew Orstad, Matthew " -"Peterworth, Matthew Sheehy, Matthew Tucker, Adaptive Handy Apps, LLC, " -"Mattias Axell, Max Green, Max Kossatz, Max lupo, Max Temkin, Max van " -"Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, Megan Ingle, Megan Wacha, Meghan " -"Finlayson, Melissa Aho, Melissa Sterry, Melle Funambuline, Menachem " -"Goldstein, Micah Bridges, Michael Ailberto, Michael Anderson, Michael " -"Andersson Skane, Michael C. Stewart, Michael Carroll, Michael Cavette, " -"Michael Crees, Michael David Johas Teener, Michael Dennis Moore, Michael " -"Freundt Karlsen, Michael Harries, Michael Hawel, Michael Lewis, Michael May, " -"Michael Murphy, Michael Murvine, Michael Perkins, Michael Sauers, Michael " -"St.Onge, Michael Stanford, Michael Stanley, Michael Underwood, Michael " -"Weiss, Michael Wright, Michael-Andreas Kuttner, Michaela Voigt, Michal " -"Rosenn, Michał Szymański, Michel Gallez, Michell Zappa, Michelle Heeyeon " -"You, Miha Batic, Mik Ishmael, Mikael Andersson, Mike Chelen, Mike Habicher, " -"Mike Maloney, Mike Masnick, Mike McDaniel, Mike Pouraryan, Mike Sheldon, " -"Mike Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mike Wittenstein, Mikkel Ovesen, Mikołaj " -"Podlaszewski, Millie Gonzalez, Mindi Lovell, Mindy Lin, Mirko “Macro” " -"Fichtner, Mitch Featherston, Mitchell Adams, Molika Oum, Molly Shaffer Van " -"Houweling, Monica Mora, Morgan Loomis, Moritz Schubert, Mrs. Paganini, " -"Mushin Schilling, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Myk Pilgrim, Myra Harmer, Nadine " -"Forget-Dubois, Nagle Industries, LLC, Nah Wee Yang, Natalie Brown, Natalie " -"Freed, Nathan D Howell, Nathan Massey, Nathan Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal " -"McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall " -"McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas Bentley, Nicholas Koran, " -"Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, " -"Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky Weaver-Weinberg, Nico " -"Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, " -"Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, Nils Lavesson, Noah " -"Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah Meyerhans, Noel Hanigan, " -"Noel Hart, Norrie Mailer, O.P. Gobée, Ohad Mayblum, Olivia Wilson, Olivier " -"De Doncker, Olivier Schulbaum, Olle Ahnve, Omar Kaminski, Omar Willey, " -"OpenBuilds, Ove Ødegård, Øystein Kjærnet, Pablo López Soriano, Pablo " -"Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, Paris Marx, Parker " -"Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat Ludwig, Pat Sticks, " -"Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, Patrick Berry, Patrick " -"Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick McCabe, Patrick " -"Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik Kernstock, Patti J " -"Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, Paul Bryan, Paul " -"Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul Keller, Paul " -"Rowe, Paul Timpson, Paul Walker, Pavel Dostál, Peeter Sällström Randsalu, " -"Peggy Frith, Pen-Yuan Hsing, Penny Pearson, Per Åström, Perry Jetter, Péter " -"Fankhauser, Peter Hirtle, Peter Humphries, Peter Jenkins, Peter Langmar, " -"Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter O’Brien, Peter Pinch, " -"Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr Viktorin, Petronella " -"Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs " -"Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi " -"Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, " -"Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, " -"R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, Rafael Scapin, Rafaela Kunz, Rain " -"Doggerel, Raine Lourie, Rajiv Jhangiani, Ralph Chapoteau, Randall Kirby, " -"Randy Brians, Raphaël Alexandre, Raphaël Schröder, Rasmus Jensen, Rayn " -"Drahps, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rebecca Godar, Rebecca Lendl, Rebecca Weir, " -"Regina Tschud, Remi Dino, Ric Herrero, Rich McCue, Richard “TalkToMeGuy” " -"Olson, Richard Best, Richard Blumberg, Richard Fannon, Richard Heying, " -"Richard Karnesky, Richard Kelly, Richard Littauer, Richard Sobey, Richard " -"White, Richard Winchell, Rik ToeWater, Rita Lewis, Rita Wood, Riyadh Al " -"Balushi, Rob Balder, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Rob Emanuele, Rob McAuliffe, " -"Rob McKaughan, Rob Tillie, Rob Utter, Rob Vincent, Robert Gaffney, Robert " -"Jones, Robert Kelly, Robert Lawlis, Robert McDonald, Robert Orzanna, Robert " -"Paterson Hunter, Robert R. Daniel Jr., Robert Ryan-Silva, Robert Thompson, " -"Robert Wagoner, Roberto Selvaggio, Robin DeRosa, Robin Rist Kildal, Rodrigo " -"Castilhos, Roger Bacon, Roger Saner, Roger So, Roger Solé, Roger Tregear, " -"Roland Tanglao, Rolf and Mari von Walthausen, Rolf Egstad, Rolf Schaller, " -"Ron Zuijlen, Ronald Bissell, Ronald van den Hoff, Ronda Snow, Rory Landon " -"Aronson, Ross Findlay, Ross Pruden, Ross Williams, Rowan Skewes, Roy Ivy " -"III, Ruben Flores, Rupert Hitzenberger, Rusi Popov, Russ Antonucci, Russ " -"Spollin, Russell Brand, Rute Correia, Ruth Ann Carpenter, Ruth White, Ryan " -"Mentock, Ryan Merkley, Ryan Price, Ryan Sasaki, Ryan Singer, Ryan Voisin, " -"Ryan Weir, S Searle, Salem Bin Kenaid, Salomon Riedo, Sam Hokin, Sam " -"Twidale, Samantha Levin, Samantha-Jayne Chapman, Samarth Agarwal, Sami " -"Al-AbdRabbuh, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Goëta, Samuel Hauser, Samuel " -"Landete, Samuel Oliveira Cersosimo, Samuel Tait, Sandra Fauconnier, Sandra " -"Markus, Sandy Bjar, Sandy ONeil, Sang-Phil Ju, Sanjay Basu, Santiago Garcia, " -"Sara Armstrong, Sara Lucca, Sara Rodriguez Marin, Sarah Brand, Sarah Cove, " -"Sarah Curran, Sarah Gold, Sarah McGovern, Sarah Smith, Sarinee " -"Achavanuntakul, Sasha Moss, Sasha VanHoven, Saul Gasca, Scott Abbott, Scott " -"Akerman, Scott Beattie, Scott Bruinooge, Scott Conroy, Scott Gillespie, " -"Scott Williams, Sean Anderson, Sean Johnson, Sean Lim, Sean Wickett, Seb " -"Schmoller, Sebastiaan Bekker, Sebastiaan ter Burg, Sebastian Makowiecki, " -"Sebastian Meyer, Sebastian Schweizer, Sebastian Sigloch, Sebastien Huchet, " -"Seokwon Yang, Sergey Chernyshev, Sergey Storchay, Sergio Cardoso, Seth " -"Drebitko, Seth Gover, Seth Lepore, Shannon Turner, Sharon Clapp, Shauna " -"Redmond, Shawn Gaston, Shawn Martin, Shay Knohl, Shelby Hatfield, Sheldon " -"(Vila) Widuch, Sheona Thomson, Si Jie, Sicco van Sas, Siena Oristaglio, " -"Simon Glover, Simon John King, Simon Klose, Simon Law, Simon Linder, Simon " -"Moffitt, Solomon Kahn, Solomon Simon, Soujanna Sarkar, Stanislav Trifonov, " -"Stefan Dumont, Stefan Jansson, Stefan Langer, Stefan Lindblad, Stefano " -"Guidotti, Stefano Luzardi, Stephan Meißl, Stéphane Wojewoda, Stephanie " -"Pereira, Stephen Gates, Stephen Murphey, Stephen Pearce, Stephen Rose, " -"Stephen Suen, Stephen Walli, Stevan Matheson, Steve Battle, Steve Fisches, " -"Steve Fitzhugh, Steve Guen-gerich, Steve Ingram, Steve Kroy, Steve Midgley, " -"Steve Rhine, Steven Kasprzyk, Steven Knudsen, Steven Melvin, Stig-Jørund " -"B. Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart Maxwell, Stuart Reich, Subhendu Ghosh, " -"Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, Susan R Grossman, Suzie Wiley, Sven " -"Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, Sylvain Chery, Sylvia Green, Sylvia van " -"Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya Hart, Tara Tiger " -"Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo Toikkanen, Tasha Turner Lennhoff, Tathagat " -"Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, Teresa Gonczy, Terry Hook, Theis Madsen, " -"Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, Thibault Badenas, Thomas Bacig, Thomas " -"Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas Chang, Thomas Hartman, Thomas Kent, Thomas " -"Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, Thomas Thrush, Thomas Werkmeister, Tieg " -"Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim Chambers, Tim Cook, Tim Evers, Tim Nichols, " -"Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, Timothy Arfsten, Timothy Hinchliff, Timothy " -"Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza Gergő, Tobias Schonwetter, Todd Brown, Todd " -"Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom Goren, Tom Kent, Tom " -"MacWright, Tom Maillioux, Tom Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom Myers, Tom Olijhoek, " -"Tom Rubin, Tommaso De Benetti, Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, Tony Nwachukwu, " -"Torsten Skomp, Tracey Depellegrin, Tracey Henton, Tracey James, Traci Long " -"DeForge, Trent Yarwood, Trevor Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey Hunner, Tryggvi " -"Björgvinsson, Tumuult, Tushar Roy, Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo Blenkhorn, Uri " -"Sivan, Vanja Bobas, Vantharith Oum, Vaughan jenkins, Veethika Mishra, Vic " -"King, Vickie Goode, Victor DePina, Victor Grigas, Victoria Klassen, " -"Victorien Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas Shah, Vinayak S.Kaujalgi, " -"Vincent O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia Gentilini, Virginia Kopelman, " -"Vitor Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, Werner " -"Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, Willa Köerner, William " +"Janos Kovacs, Jasmina Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu, Jason Cole, Jason E. " +"Barkeloo, Jason Hibbets, Jason Owen, Jason Sigal, Jay M Williams, Jazzy Bear " +"Brown, JC Lara, Jean-Baptiste Carré, Jean-Philippe Dufraigne, Jean-Philippe " +"Turcotte, Jean-Yves Hemlin, Jeanette Frey, Jeff Atwood, Jeff De Cagna, Jeff " +"Donoghue, Jeff Edwards, Jeff Hilnbrand, Jeff Lowe, Jeff Rasalla, Jeff Ski " +"Kinsey, Jeff Smith, Jeffrey L Tucker, Jeffrey Meyer, Jen Garcia, Jens Erat, " +"Jeppe Bager Skjerning, Jeremy Dudet, Jeremy Russell, Jeremy Sabo, Jeremy " +"Zauder, Jerko Grubisic, Jerome Glacken, Jérôme Mizeret, Jessica Dickinson " +"Goodman, Jessica Litman, Jessica Mackay, Jessy Kate Schingler, Jesús Longás " +"Gamarra, Jesus Marin, Jim Matt, Jim Meloy, Jim O’Flaherty, Jim Pellegrini, " +"Jim Tittsler, Jimmy Alenius, Jiří Marek, Jo Allum, Joachim Brandon LeBlanc, " +"Joachim Pileborg, Joachim von Goetz, Joakim Bang Larsen, Joan Rieu, Joanna " +"Penn, João Almeida, Jochen Muetsch, Jodi Sandfort, Joe Cardillo, Joe " +"Carpita, Joe Moross, Joerg Fricke, Johan Adda, Johan Meeusen, Johannes " +"Förstner, Johannes Visintini, John Benfield, John Bevan, John C Patterson, " +"John Crumrine, John Dimatos, John Feyler, John Huntsman, John Manoogian III, " +"John Muller, John Ober, John Paul Blodgett, John Pearce, John Shale, John " +"Sharp, John Simpson, John Sumser, John Weeks, John Wilbanks, John Worland, " +"Johnny Mayall, Jollean Matsen, Jon Alberdi, Jon Andersen, Jon Cohrs, Jon " +"Gotlin, Jon Schull, Jon Selmer Friborg, Jon Smith, Jonas Öberg, Jonas " +"Weitzmann, Jonathan Campbell, Jonathan Deamer, Jonathan Holst, Jonathan Lin, " +"Jonathan Schmid, Jonathan Yao, Jordon Kalilich, Jörg Schwarz, Jose Antonio " +"Gallego Vázquez, Joseph Mcarthur, Joseph Noll, Joseph Sullivan, Joseph " +"Tucker, Josh Bernhard, Josh Tong, Joshua Tobkin, JP Rangaswami, Juan Carlos " +"Belair, Juan Irming, Juan Pablo Carbajal, Juan Pablo Marin Diaz, Judith " +"Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " +"Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " +"Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " +"Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " +"Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " +"Kathryn Deiss, Kathryn Rose, Kathy Payne, Katie Lynn Daniels, Katie Meek, " +"Katie Teague, Katrina Hennessy, Katriona Main, Kavan Antani, Keith Adams, " +"Keith Berndtson, MD, Keith Luebke, Kellie Higginbottom, Ken Friis Larsen, " +"Ken Haase, Ken Torbeck, Kendel Ratley, Kendra Byrne, Kerry Hicks, Kevin " +"Brown, Kevin Coates, Kevin Flynn, Kevin Rumon, Kevin Shannon, Kevin Taylor, " +"Kevin Tostado, Kewhyun Kelly-Yuoh, Kiane l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran " +"Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, Konrad Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, " +"Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, Kristina Popova, Kristofer Bratt, " +"Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt Whittemore, Kyle Pinches, Kyle " +"Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane Rasberry, Larry Garfield, Larry Singer, " +"Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura Anne Brown, Laura Billings, Laura " +"Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence Gonsalves, Laurent Muchacho, Laurie " +"Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence M. Schoen, Leandro Pangilinan, Leigh " +"Verlandson, Lenka Gondolova, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, leonardo menegola, " +"Lesley Mitchell, Leslie Krumholz, Leticia Britos Cavagnaro, Levi Bostian, " +"Leyla Acaroglu, Liisa Ummelas, Lilly Kashmir Marques, Lior Mazliah, Lisa " +"Bjerke, Lisa Brewster, Lisa Canning, Lisa Cronin, Lisa Di Valentino, " +"Lisandro Gaertner, Livia Leskovec, Liynn Worldlaw, Liz Berg, Liz White, " +"Logan Cox, Loki Carbis, Lora Lynn, Lorna Prescott, Lou Yufan, Louie " +"Amphlett, Louis-David Benyayer, Louise Denman, Luca Corsato, Luca Lesinigo, " +"Luca Palli, Luca Pianigiani, Luca S.G. de Marinis, Lucas Lopez, Lukas " +"Mathis, Luke Chamberlin, Luke Chesser, Luke Woodbury, Lulu Tang, Lydia " +"Pintscher, M Alexander Jurkat, Maarten Sander, Macie J Klosowski, Magnus " +"Adamsson, Magnus Killingberg, Mahmoud Abu-Wardeh, Maik Schmalstich, Maiken " +"Håvarstein, Maira Sutton, Mairi Thomson, Mandy Wultsch, Manickkavasakam " +"Rajasekar, Marc Bogonovich, Marc Harpster, Marc Martí, Marc Olivier Bastien, " +"Marc Stober, Marc-André Martin, Marcel de Leeuwe, Marcel Hill, Marcia " +"Hofmann, Marcin Olender, Marco Massarotto, Marco Montanari, Marco Morales, " +"Marcos Medionegro, Marcus Bitzl, Marcus Norrgren, Margaret Gary, Mari " +"Moreshead, Maria Liberman, Marielle Hsu, Marino Hernandez, Mario Lurig, " +"Mario R. Hemsley, MD, Marissa Demers, Mark Chandler, Mark Cohen, Mark De " +"Solla Price, Mark Gabby, Mark Gray, Mark Koudritsky, Mark Kupfer, Mark " +"Lednor, Mark McGuire, Mark Moleda, Mark Mullen, Mark Murphy, Mark Perot, " +"Mark Reeder, Mark Spickett, Mark Vincent Adams, Mark Waks, Mark Zuccarell " +"II, Markus Deimann, Markus Jaritz, Markus Luethi, Marshal Miller, Marshall " +"Warner, Martijn Arets, Martin Beaudoin, Martin Decky, Martin DeMello, Martin " +"Humpolec, Martin Mayr, Martin Peck, Martin Sanchez, Martino Loco, Martti " +"Remmelgas, Martyn Eggleton, Martyn Lewis, Mary Ellen Davis, Mary Heacock, " +"Mary Hess, Mary Mi, Masahiro Takagi, Mason Du, Massimo V.A. Manzari, Mathias " +"Bavay, Mathias Nicolajsen Kjærgaard, Matias Kruk, Matija Nalis, Matt Alcock, " +"Matt Black, Matt Broach, Matt Hall, Matt Haughey, Matt Lee, Matt Plec, Matt " +"Skoss, Matt Thompson, Matt Vance, Matt Wagstaff, Matteo Cocco, Matthew " +"Bendert, Matthew Bergholt, Matthew Darlison, Matthew Epler, Matthew Hawken, " +"Matthew Heimbecker, Matthew Orstad, Matthew Peterworth, Matthew Sheehy, " +"Matthew Tucker, Adaptive Handy Apps, LLC, Mattias Axell, Max Green, Max " +"Kossatz, Max lupo, Max Temkin, Max van Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, " +"Megan Ingle, Megan Wacha, Meghan Finlayson, Melissa Aho, Melissa Sterry, " +"Melle Funambuline, Menachem Goldstein, Micah Bridges, Michael Ailberto, " +"Michael Anderson, Michael Andersson Skane, Michael C. Stewart, Michael " +"Carroll, Michael Cavette, Michael Crees, Michael David Johas Teener, Michael " +"Dennis Moore, Michael Freundt Karlsen, Michael Harries, Michael Hawel, " +"Michael Lewis, Michael May, Michael Murphy, Michael Murvine, Michael " +"Perkins, Michael Sauers, Michael St.Onge, Michael Stanford, Michael Stanley, " +"Michael Underwood, Michael Weiss, Michael Wright, Michael-Andreas Kuttner, " +"Michaela Voigt, Michal Rosenn, Michał Szymański, Michel Gallez, Michell " +"Zappa, Michelle Heeyeon You, Miha Batic, Mik Ishmael, Mikael Andersson, Mike " +"Chelen, Mike Habicher, Mike Maloney, Mike Masnick, Mike McDaniel, Mike " +"Pouraryan, Mike Sheldon, Mike Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mike " +"Wittenstein, Mikkel Ovesen, Mikołaj Podlaszewski, Millie Gonzalez, Mindi " +"Lovell, Mindy Lin, Mirko “Macro” Fichtner, Mitch Featherston, Mitchell " +"Adams, Molika Oum, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling, Monica Mora, Morgan Loomis, " +"Moritz Schubert, Mrs. Paganini, Mushin Schilling, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Myk " +"Pilgrim, Myra Harmer, Nadine Forget-Dubois, Nagle Industries, LLC, Nah Wee " +"Yang, Natalie Brown, Natalie Freed, Nathan D Howell, Nathan Massey, Nathan " +"Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " +"Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " +"Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " +"Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " +"Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " +"Meyerhans, Noel Hanigan, Noel Hart, Norrie Mailer, O.P. Gobée, Ohad Mayblum, " +"Olivia Wilson, Olivier De Doncker, Olivier Schulbaum, Olle Ahnve, Omar " +"Kaminski, Omar Willey, OpenBuilds, Ove Ødegård, Øystein Kjærnet, Pablo López " +"Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " +"Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " +"Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " +"Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " +"Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " +"Keller, Paul Rowe, Paul Timpson, Paul Walker, Pavel Dostál, Peeter Sällström " +"Randsalu, Peggy Frith, Pen-Yuan Hsing, Penny Pearson, Per Åström, Perry " +"Jetter, Péter Fankhauser, Peter Hirtle, Peter Humphries, Peter Jenkins, " +"Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " +"O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " +"Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " +"Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " +"Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " +"Rafael Scapin, Rafaela Kunz, Rain Doggerel, Raine Lourie, Rajiv Jhangiani, " +"Ralph Chapoteau, Randall Kirby, Randy Brians, Raphaël Alexandre, Raphaël " +"Schröder, Rasmus Jensen, Rayn Drahps, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rebecca Godar, " +"Rebecca Lendl, Rebecca Weir, Regina Tschud, Remi Dino, Ric Herrero, Rich " +"McCue, Richard “TalkToMeGuy” Olson, Richard Best, Richard Blumberg, Richard " +"Fannon, Richard Heying, Richard Karnesky, Richard Kelly, Richard Littauer, " +"Richard Sobey, Richard White, Richard Winchell, Rik ToeWater, Rita Lewis, " +"Rita Wood, Riyadh Al Balushi, Rob Balder, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Rob " +"Emanuele, Rob McAuliffe, Rob McKaughan, Rob Tillie, Rob Utter, Rob Vincent, " +"Robert Gaffney, Robert Jones, Robert Kelly, Robert Lawlis, Robert McDonald, " +"Robert Orzanna, Robert Paterson Hunter, Robert R. Daniel Jr., Robert Ryan-" +"Silva, Robert Thompson, Robert Wagoner, Roberto Selvaggio, Robin DeRosa, " +"Robin Rist Kildal, Rodrigo Castilhos, Roger Bacon, Roger Saner, Roger So, " +"Roger Solé, Roger Tregear, Roland Tanglao, Rolf and Mari von Walthausen, " +"Rolf Egstad, Rolf Schaller, Ron Zuijlen, Ronald Bissell, Ronald van den " +"Hoff, Ronda Snow, Rory Landon Aronson, Ross Findlay, Ross Pruden, Ross " +"Williams, Rowan Skewes, Roy Ivy III, Ruben Flores, Rupert Hitzenberger, Rusi " +"Popov, Russ Antonucci, Russ Spollin, Russell Brand, Rute Correia, Ruth Ann " +"Carpenter, Ruth White, Ryan Mentock, Ryan Merkley, Ryan Price, Ryan Sasaki, " +"Ryan Singer, Ryan Voisin, Ryan Weir, S Searle, Salem Bin Kenaid, Salomon " +"Riedo, Sam Hokin, Sam Twidale, Samantha Levin, Samantha-Jayne Chapman, " +"Samarth Agarwal, Sami Al-AbdRabbuh, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Goëta, Samuel " +"Hauser, Samuel Landete, Samuel Oliveira Cersosimo, Samuel Tait, Sandra " +"Fauconnier, Sandra Markus, Sandy Bjar, Sandy ONeil, Sang-Phil Ju, Sanjay " +"Basu, Santiago Garcia, Sara Armstrong, Sara Lucca, Sara Rodriguez Marin, " +"Sarah Brand, Sarah Cove, Sarah Curran, Sarah Gold, Sarah McGovern, Sarah " +"Smith, Sarinee Achavanuntakul, Sasha Moss, Sasha VanHoven, Saul Gasca, Scott " +"Abbott, Scott Akerman, Scott Beattie, Scott Bruinooge, Scott Conroy, Scott " +"Gillespie, Scott Williams, Sean Anderson, Sean Johnson, Sean Lim, Sean " +"Wickett, Seb Schmoller, Sebastiaan Bekker, Sebastiaan ter Burg, Sebastian " +"Makowiecki, Sebastian Meyer, Sebastian Schweizer, Sebastian Sigloch, " +"Sebastien Huchet, Seokwon Yang, Sergey Chernyshev, Sergey Storchay, Sergio " +"Cardoso, Seth Drebitko, Seth Gover, Seth Lepore, Shannon Turner, Sharon " +"Clapp, Shauna Redmond, Shawn Gaston, Shawn Martin, Shay Knohl, Shelby " +"Hatfield, Sheldon (Vila) Widuch, Sheona Thomson, Si Jie, Sicco van Sas, " +"Siena Oristaglio, Simon Glover, Simon John King, Simon Klose, Simon Law, " +"Simon Linder, Simon Moffitt, Solomon Kahn, Solomon Simon, Soujanna Sarkar, " +"Stanislav Trifonov, Stefan Dumont, Stefan Jansson, Stefan Langer, Stefan " +"Lindblad, Stefano Guidotti, Stefano Luzardi, Stephan Meißl, Stéphane " +"Wojewoda, Stephanie Pereira, Stephen Gates, Stephen Murphey, Stephen Pearce, " +"Stephen Rose, Stephen Suen, Stephen Walli, Stevan Matheson, Steve Battle, " +"Steve Fisches, Steve Fitzhugh, Steve Guen-gerich, Steve Ingram, Steve Kroy, " +"Steve Midgley, Steve Rhine, Steven Kasprzyk, Steven Knudsen, Steven Melvin, " +"Stig-Jørund B. Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart Maxwell, Stuart Reich, " +"Subhendu Ghosh, Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, Susan R Grossman, Suzie " +"Wiley, Sven Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, Sylvain Chery, Sylvia " +"Green, Sylvia van Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya " +"Hart, Tara Tiger Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo Toikkanen, Tasha Turner " +"Lennhoff, Tathagat Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, Teresa Gonczy, Terry " +"Hook, Theis Madsen, Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, Thibault Badenas, " +"Thomas Bacig, Thomas Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas Chang, Thomas Hartman, " +"Thomas Kent, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, Thomas Thrush, Thomas " +"Werkmeister, Tieg Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim Chambers, Tim Cook, Tim " +"Evers, Tim Nichols, Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, Timothy Arfsten, Timothy " +"Hinchliff, Timothy Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza Gergő, Tobias Schonwetter, " +"Todd Brown, Todd Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom " +"Goren, Tom Kent, Tom MacWright, Tom Maillioux, Tom Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom " +"Myers, Tom Olijhoek, Tom Rubin, Tommaso De Benetti, Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, " +"Tony Nwachukwu, Torsten Skomp, Tracey Depellegrin, Tracey Henton, Tracey " +"James, Traci Long DeForge, Trent Yarwood, Trevor Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey " +"Hunner, Tryggvi Björgvinsson, Tumuult, Tushar Roy, Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo " +"Blenkhorn, Uri Sivan, Vanja Bobas, Vantharith Oum, Vaughan jenkins, Veethika " +"Mishra, Vic King, Vickie Goode, Victor DePina, Victor Grigas, Victoria " +"Klassen, Victorien Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas Shah, Vinayak S." +"Kaujalgi, Vincent O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia Gentilini, Virginia " +"Kopelman, Vitor Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, " +"Werner Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, Willa Köerner, William " "Bettridge-Radford, William Jefferson, William Marshall, William Peter Nash, " "William Ray, William Robins, Willow Rosenberg, Winie Evers, Wolfgang " "Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier Moisant, Xueqi Li, " @@ -12496,3 +17854,334 @@ msgid "" "Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis and Joshua de Haan, " "ZeMarmot Open Movie" msgstr "" +"Alle de som støttet via Kickstarter (alfabetisk etter fornavn): A. Lee, " +"Aaron C. Rathbun, Aaron Stubbs, Aaron Suggs, Abdul Razak Manaf, Abraham " +"Taherivand, Adam Croom, Adam Finer, Adam Hansen, Adam Morris, Adam Procter, " +"Adam Quirk, Adam Rory Porter, Adam Simmons, Adam Tinworth, Adam Zimmerman, " +"Adrian Ho, Adrian Smith, Adriane Ruzak, Adriano Loconte, Al Sweigart, Alain " +"Imbaud, Alan Graham, Alan M. Ford, Alan Swithenbank, Alan Vonlanthen, Albert " +"O’Connor, Alec Foster, Alejandro Suarez Cebrian, Aleks Degtyarev, Alex " +"Blood, Alex C. Ion, Alex Ross Shaw, Alexander Bartl, Alexander Brown, " +"Alexander Brunner, Alexander Eliesen, Alexander Hawson, Alexander Klar, " +"Alexander Neumann, Alexander Plaum, Alexander Wendland, Alexandre " +"Rafalovitch, Alexey Volkow, Alexi Wheeler, Alexis Sevault, Alfredo Louro, " +"Ali Sternburg, Alicia Gibb & Lunchbox Electronics, Alison Link, Alison " +"Pentecost, Alistair Boettiger, Alistair Walder, Alix Bernier, Allan " +"Callaghan, Allen Riddell, Allison Breland Crotwell, Allison Jane Smith, " +"Álvaro Justen, Amanda Palmer, Amanda Wetherhold, Amit Bagree, Amit Tikare, " +"Amos Blanton, Amy Sept, Anatoly Volynets, Anders Ericsson, Andi Popp, André " +"Bose Do Amaral, Andre Dickson, André Koot, André Ricardo, Andre van Rooyen, " +"Andre Wallace, Andrea Bagnacani, Andrea Pepe, Andrea Pigato, Andreas " +"Jagelund, Andres Gomez Casanova, Andrew A. Farke, Andrew Berhow, Andrew " +"Hearse, Andrew Matangi, Andrew R McHugh, Andrew Tam, Andrew Turvey, Andrew " +"Walsh, Andrew Wilson, Andrey Novoseltsev, Andy McGhee, Andy Reeve, Andy " +"Woods, Angela Brett, Angeliki Kapoglou, Angus Keenan, Anne-Marie Scott, " +"Antero Garcia, Antoine Authier, Antoine Michard, Anton Kurkin, Anton " +"Porsche, Antònia Folguera, António Ornelas, Antonis Triantafyllakis, aois21 " +"publishing, April Johnson, Aria F. Chernik, Ariane Allan, Ariel Katz, " +"Arithmomaniac, Arnaud Tessier, Arnim Sommer, Ashima Bawa, Ashley Elsdon, " +"Athanassios Diacakis, Aurora Thornton, Aurore Chavet Henry, Austin " +"Hartzheim, Austin Tolentino, Avner Shanan, Axel Pettersson, Axel " +"Stieglbauer, Ay Okpokam, Barb Bartkowiak, Barbara Lindsey, Barry Dayton, " +"Bastian Hougaard, Ben Chad, Ben Doherty, Ben Hansen, Ben Nuttall, Ben " +"Rosenthal, Ben Sheridan, Benedikt Foit, Benita Tsao, Benjamin Costantini, " +"Benjamin Daemon, Benjamin Keele, Benjamin Pflanz, Berglind Ósk Bergsdóttir, " +"Bernardo Miguel Antunes, Bernd Nurnberger, Bernhard Seefeld, Beth Gis, Beth " +"Tillinghast, Bethanye Blount, Bill Bonwitt, Bill Browne, Bill Keaggy, Bill " +"Maiden, Bill Rafferty, Bill Scanlon, Bill Shields, Bill Slankard, BJ Becker, " +"Bjorn Freeman-Benson, Bjørn Otto Wallevik, BK Bitner, Bo Ilsøe Hansen, Bo " +"Sprotte Kofod, Bob Doran, Bob Recny, Bob Stuart, Bonnie Chiu, Boris Mindzak, " +"Boriss Lariushin, Borjan Tchakaloff, Brad Kik, Braden Hassett, Bradford " +"Benn, Bradley Keyes, Bradley L’Herrou, Brady Forrest, Brandon McGaha, Branka " +"Tokic, Brant Anderson, Brenda Sullivan, Brendan O’Brien, Brendan Schlagel, " +"Brett Abbott, Brett Gaylor, Brian Dysart, Brian Lampl, Brian Lipscomb, Brian " +"S. Weis, Brian Schrader, Brian Walsh, Brian Walsh, Brooke Dukes, Brooke " +"Schreier Ganz, Bruce Lerner, Bruce Wilson, Bruno Boutot, Bruno Girin, Bryan " +"Mock, Bryant Durrell, Bryce Barbato, Buzz Technology Limited, Byung-Geun " +"Jeon, C. Glen Williams, C. L. Couch, Cable Green, Callum Gare, Cameron " +"Callahan, Cameron Colby Thomson, Cameron Mulder, Camille Bissuel / Nylnook, " +"Candace Robertson, Carl Morris, Carl Perry, Carl Rigney, Carles Mateu, " +"Carlos Correa Loyola, Carlos Solis, Carmen Garcia Wiedenhoeft, Carol Long, " +"Carol marquardsen, Caroline Calomme, Caroline Mailloux, Carolyn Hinchliff, " +"Carolyn Rude, Carrie Cousins, Carrie Watkins, Casey Hunt, Casey Milford, " +"Casey Powell Shorthouse, Cat Cooper, Cecilie Maria, Cedric Howe, Cefn Hoile, " +"@ShrimpingIt, Celia Muller, Ces Keller, Chad Anderson, Charles Butler, " +"Charles Carstensen, Charles Chi Thoi Le, Charles Kobbe, Charles S. Tritt, " +"Charles Stanhope, Charlotte Ong-Wisener, Chealsye Bowley, Chelle Destefano, " +"Chenpang Chou, Cheryl Corte, Cheryl Todd, Chip Dickerson, Chip McIntosh, " +"Chris Bannister, Chris Betcher, Chris Coleman, Chris Conway, Chris Foote " +"(Spike), Chris Hurst, Chris Mitchell, Chris Muscat Azzopardi, Chris " +"Niewiarowski, Chris Opperwall, Chris Stieha, Chris Thorne, Chris Weber, " +"Chris Woolfrey, Chris Zabriskie, Christi Reid, Christian Holzberger, " +"Christian Schubert, Christian Sheehy, Christian Thibault, Christian Villum, " +"Christian Wachter, Christina Bennett, Christine Henry, Christine Rico, " +"Christopher Burrows, Christopher Chan, Christopher Clay, Christopher Harris, " +"Christopher Opiah, Christopher Swenson, Christos Keramitsis, Chuck Roslof, " +"Chutika Udomsinn, Claire Wardle, Clare Forrest, Claudia Cristiani, Claudio " +"Gallo, Claudio Ruiz, Clayton Dewey, Clement Delort, Cliff Church, Clint " +"Lalonde, Clint O’Connor, Cody Allard, Cody Taylor, Colin Ayer, Colin " +"Campbell, Colin Dean, Colin Mutchler, Colleen Cressman, Comfy Nomad, Connie " +"Roberts, Connor Bär, Connor Merkley, Constantin Graf, Corbett Messa, Cory " +"Chapman, Cosmic Wombat Games, Craig Engler, Craig Heath, Craig Maloney, " +"Craig Thomler, Creative Commons Uruguay, Crina Kienle, Cristiano Gozzini, " +"Curt McNamara, D C Petty, D. Moonfire, D. Rohhyn, D. Schulz, Dacian Herbei, " +"Dagmar M. Meyer, Dan Mcalister, Dan Mohr, Dan Parson, Dana Freeman, Dana " +"Ospina, Dani Leviss, Daniel Bustamante, Daniel Demmel, Daniel Dominguez, " +"Daniel Dultz, Daniel Gallant, Daniel Kossmann, Daniel Kruse, Daniel Morado, " +"Daniel Morgan, Daniel Pimley, Daniel Sabo, Daniel Sobey, Daniel Stein, " +"Daniel Wildt, Daniele Prati, Danielle Moss, Danny Mendoza, Dario " +"Taraborelli, Darius Irvin, Darius Whelan, Darla Anderson, Dasha Brezinova, " +"Dave Ainscough, Dave Bull, Dave Crosby, Dave Eagle, Dave Moskovitz, Dave " +"Neeteson, Dave Taillefer, Dave Witzel, David Bailey, David Cheung, David " +"Eriksson, David Gallagher, David H. Bronke, David Hartley, David Hellam, " +"David Hood, David Hunter, David jlaietta, David Lewis, David Mason, David " +"Mcconville, David Mikula, David Nelson, David Orban, David Parry, David " +"Spira, David T. Kindler, David Varnes, David Wiley, David Wormley, Deborah " +"Nas, Denis Jean, dennis straub, Dennis Whittle, Denver Gingerich, Derek " +"Slater, Devon Cooke, Diana Pasek-Atkinson, Diane Johnston Graves, Diane K. " +"Kovacs, Diane Trout, Diderik van Wingerden, Diego Cuevas, Diego De La Cruz, " +"Dimitrie Grigorescu, Dina Marie Rodriguez, Dinah Fabela, Dirk Haun, Dirk " +"Kiefer, Dirk Loop, DJ Fusion - FuseBox Radio Broadcast, Dom jurkewitz, Dom " +"Lane, Domi Enders, Domingo Gallardo, Dominic de Haas, Dominique Karadjian, " +"Dongpo Deng, Donnovan Knight, Door de Flines, Doug Fitzpatrick, Doug Hoover, " +"Douglas Craver, Douglas Van Camp, Douglas Van Houweling, Dr. Braddlee, Drew " +"Spencer, Duncan Sample, Durand D’souza, Dylan Field, E C Humphries, Eamon " +"Caddigan, Earleen Smith, Eden Sarid, Eden Spodek, Eduardo Belinchon, Eduardo " +"Castro, Edwin Vandam, Einar Joergensen, Ejnar Brendsdal, Elad Wieder, Elar " +"Haljas, Elena Valhalla, Eli Doran, Elias Bouchi, Elie Calhoun, Elizabeth " +"Holloway, Ellen Buecher, Ellen Kaye- Cheveldayoff, Elli Verhulst, Elroy " +"Fernandes, Emery Hurst Mikel, Emily Catedral, Enrique Mandujano R., Eric " +"Astor, Eric Axelrod, Eric Celeste, Eric Finkenbiner, Eric Hellman, Eric " +"Steuer, Erica Fletcher, Erik Hedman, Erik Lindholm Bundgaard, Erika Reid, " +"Erin Hawley, Erin McKean of Wordnik, Ernest Risner, Erwan Bousse, Erwin " +"Bell, Ethan Celery, Étienne Gilli, Eugeen Sablin, Evan Tangman, Evonne " +"Okafor, Evtim Papushev, Fabien Cambi, Fabio Natali, Fauxton Software, Felix " +"Deierlein, Felix Gebauer, Felix Maximiliano Obes, Felix Schmidt, Felix " +"Zephyr Hsiao, Ferdies Food Lab, Fernand Deschambault, Filipe Rodrigues, " +"Filippo Toso, Fiona MacAlister, fiona.mac.uk, Floor Scheffer, Florent " +"Darrault, Florian Hähnel, Florian Schneider, Floyd Wilde, Foxtrot Games, " +"Francis Clarke, Francisco Rivas-Portillo, Francois Dechery, Francois Grey, " +"François Gros, François Pelletier, Fred Benenson, Frédéric Abella, Frédéric " +"Schütz, Fredrik Ekelund, Fumi Yamazaki, Gabor Sooki-Toth, Gabriel Staples, " +"Gabriel Véjar Valenzuela, Gal Buki, Gareth Jordan, Garrett Heath, Gary " +"Anson, Gary Forster, Gatien de Broucker, Gaurav Kapil, Gauthier de " +"Valensart, Gavin Gray, Gavin Romig-Koch, Geoff Wood, Geoffrey Lehr, George " +"Baier IV, George De Bruin, George Lawie, George Strakhov, Gerard Gorman, " +"Geronimo de la Lama, Gianpaolo Rando, Gil Stendig, Gino Cingolani Trucco, " +"Giovanna Sala, Glen Moffat, Glenn D. Jones, Glenn Otis Brown, Global Lives " +"Project, Gorm Lai, Govindarajan Umakanthan, Graham Bird, Graham Freeman, " +"Graham Heath, Graham Jones, Graham Smith-Gordon, Graham Vowles, Greg " +"Brodsky, Greg Malone, Grégoire Detrez, Gregory Chevalley, Gregory Flynn, " +"Grit Matthias, Gui Louback, Guillaume Rischard, Gustavo Vaz de Carvalho " +"Gonçalves, Gustin Johnson, Gwen Franck, Gwilym Lucas, Haggen So, Håkon T " +"Sønderland, Hamid Larbi, Hamish MacEwan, Hannes Leo, Hans Bickhofe, Hans de " +"Raad, Hans Vd Horst, Harold van Ingen, Harold Watson, Harry Chapman, Harry " +"Kaczka, Harry Torque, Hayden Glass, Hayley Rosenblum, Heather Leson, Helen " +"Crisp, Helen Michaud, Helen Qubain, Helle Rekdal Schønemann, Henrique Flach " +"Latorre Moreno, Henry Finn, Henry Kaiser, Henry Lahore, Henry Steingieser, " +"Hermann Paar, Hillary Miller, Hironori Kuriaki, Holly Dykes, Holly Lyne, " +"Hubert Gertis, Hugh Geenen, Humble Daisy, Hüppe Keith, Iain Davidson, Ian " +"Capstick, Ian Johnson, Ian Upton, Icaro Ferracini, Igor Lesko, Imran Haider, " +"Inma de la Torre, Iris Brest, Irwin Madriaga, Isaac Sandaljian, Isaiah " +"Tanenbaum, Ivan F. Villanueva B., J P Cleverdon, Jaakko Tammela Jr, Jacek " +"Darken Gołębiowski, Jack Hart, Jacky Hood, Jacob Dante Leffler, Jaime Perla, " +"Jaime Woo, Jake Campbell, Jake Loeterman, Jakes Rawlinson, James Allenspach, " +"James Chesky, James Cloos, James Docherty, James Ellars, James K Wood, James " +"Tyler, Jamie Finlay, Jamie Stevens, Jamil Khatib, Jan E Ellison, Jan Gondol, " +"Jan Sepp, Jan Zuppinger, Jane Finette, jane Lofton, Jane Mason, Jane Park, " +"Janos Kovacs, Jasmina Bricic, Jason Blasso, Jason Chu, Jason Cole, Jason E. " +"Barkeloo, Jason Hibbets, Jason Owen, Jason Sigal, Jay M Williams, Jazzy Bear " +"Brown, JC Lara, Jean-Baptiste Carré, Jean-Philippe Dufraigne, Jean-Philippe " +"Turcotte, Jean-Yves Hemlin, Jeanette Frey, Jeff Atwood, Jeff De Cagna, Jeff " +"Donoghue, Jeff Edwards, Jeff Hilnbrand, Jeff Lowe, Jeff Rasalla, Jeff Ski " +"Kinsey, Jeff Smith, Jeffrey L Tucker, Jeffrey Meyer, Jen Garcia, Jens Erat, " +"Jeppe Bager Skjerning, Jeremy Dudet, Jeremy Russell, Jeremy Sabo, Jeremy " +"Zauder, Jerko Grubisic, Jerome Glacken, Jérôme Mizeret, Jessica Dickinson " +"Goodman, Jessica Litman, Jessica Mackay, Jessy Kate Schingler, Jesús Longás " +"Gamarra, Jesus Marin, Jim Matt, Jim Meloy, Jim O’Flaherty, Jim Pellegrini, " +"Jim Tittsler, Jimmy Alenius, Jiří Marek, Jo Allum, Joachim Brandon LeBlanc, " +"Joachim Pileborg, Joachim von Goetz, Joakim Bang Larsen, Joan Rieu, Joanna " +"Penn, João Almeida, Jochen Muetsch, Jodi Sandfort, Joe Cardillo, Joe " +"Carpita, Joe Moross, Joerg Fricke, Johan Adda, Johan Meeusen, Johannes " +"Förstner, Johannes Visintini, John Benfield, John Bevan, John C Patterson, " +"John Crumrine, John Dimatos, John Feyler, John Huntsman, John Manoogian III, " +"John Muller, John Ober, John Paul Blodgett, John Pearce, John Shale, John " +"Sharp, John Simpson, John Sumser, John Weeks, John Wilbanks, John Worland, " +"Johnny Mayall, Jollean Matsen, Jon Alberdi, Jon Andersen, Jon Cohrs, Jon " +"Gotlin, Jon Schull, Jon Selmer Friborg, Jon Smith, Jonas Öberg, Jonas " +"Weitzmann, Jonathan Campbell, Jonathan Deamer, Jonathan Holst, Jonathan Lin, " +"Jonathan Schmid, Jonathan Yao, Jordon Kalilich, Jörg Schwarz, Jose Antonio " +"Gallego Vázquez, Joseph Mcarthur, Joseph Noll, Joseph Sullivan, Joseph " +"Tucker, Josh Bernhard, Josh Tong, Joshua Tobkin, JP Rangaswami, Juan Carlos " +"Belair, Juan Irming, Juan Pablo Carbajal, Juan Pablo Marin Diaz, Judith " +"Newman, Judy Tuan, Jukka Hellén, Julia Benson-Slaughter, Julia Devonshire, " +"Julian Fietkau, Julie Harboe, Julien Brossoit, Julien Leroy, Juliet Chen, " +"Julio Terra, Julius Mikkelä, Justin Christian, Justin Grimes, Justin Jones, " +"Justin Szlasa, Justin Walsh, JustinChung.com, K. J. Przybylski, Kaloyan " +"Raev, Kamil Śliwowski, Kaniska Padhi, Kara Malenfant, Kara Monroe, Karen Pe, " +"Karl Jahn, Karl Jonsson, Karl Nelson, Kasia Zygmuntowicz, Kat Lim, Kate " +"Chapman, Kate Stewart, Kathleen Beck, Kathleen Hanrahan, Kathryn Abuzzahab, " +"Kathryn Deiss, Kathryn Rose, Kathy Payne, Katie Lynn Daniels, Katie Meek, " +"Katie Teague, Katrina Hennessy, Katriona Main, Kavan Antani, Keith Adams, " +"Keith Berndtson, MD, Keith Luebke, Kellie Higginbottom, Ken Friis Larsen, " +"Ken Haase, Ken Torbeck, Kendel Ratley, Kendra Byrne, Kerry Hicks, Kevin " +"Brown, Kevin Coates, Kevin Flynn, Kevin Rumon, Kevin Shannon, Kevin Taylor, " +"Kevin Tostado, Kewhyun Kelly-Yuoh, Kiane l’Azin, Kianosh Pourian, Kiran " +"Kadekoppa, Kit Walsh, Klaus Mickus, Konrad Rennert, Kris Kasianovitz, " +"Kristian Lundquist, Kristin Buxton, Kristina Popova, Kristofer Bratt, " +"Kristoffer Steen, Kumar McMillan, Kurt Whittemore, Kyle Pinches, Kyle " +"Simpson, L Eaton, Lalo Martins, Lane Rasberry, Larry Garfield, Larry Singer, " +"Lars Josephsen, Lars Klaeboe, Laura Anne Brown, Laura Billings, Laura " +"Ferejohn, Lauren Pedersen, Laurence Gonsalves, Laurent Muchacho, Laurie " +"Racine, Laurie Reynolds, Lawrence M. Schoen, Leandro Pangilinan, Leigh " +"Verlandson, Lenka Gondolova, Leonardo Bueno Postacchini, leonardo menegola, " +"Lesley Mitchell, Leslie Krumholz, Leticia Britos Cavagnaro, Levi Bostian, " +"Leyla Acaroglu, Liisa Ummelas, Lilly Kashmir Marques, Lior Mazliah, Lisa " +"Bjerke, Lisa Brewster, Lisa Canning, Lisa Cronin, Lisa Di Valentino, " +"Lisandro Gaertner, Livia Leskovec, Liynn Worldlaw, Liz Berg, Liz White, " +"Logan Cox, Loki Carbis, Lora Lynn, Lorna Prescott, Lou Yufan, Louie " +"Amphlett, Louis-David Benyayer, Louise Denman, Luca Corsato, Luca Lesinigo, " +"Luca Palli, Luca Pianigiani, Luca S.G. de Marinis, Lucas Lopez, Lukas " +"Mathis, Luke Chamberlin, Luke Chesser, Luke Woodbury, Lulu Tang, Lydia " +"Pintscher, M Alexander Jurkat, Maarten Sander, Macie J Klosowski, Magnus " +"Adamsson, Magnus Killingberg, Mahmoud Abu-Wardeh, Maik Schmalstich, Maiken " +"Håvarstein, Maira Sutton, Mairi Thomson, Mandy Wultsch, Manickkavasakam " +"Rajasekar, Marc Bogonovich, Marc Harpster, Marc Martí, Marc Olivier Bastien, " +"Marc Stober, Marc-André Martin, Marcel de Leeuwe, Marcel Hill, Marcia " +"Hofmann, Marcin Olender, Marco Massarotto, Marco Montanari, Marco Morales, " +"Marcos Medionegro, Marcus Bitzl, Marcus Norrgren, Margaret Gary, Mari " +"Moreshead, Maria Liberman, Marielle Hsu, Marino Hernandez, Mario Lurig, " +"Mario R. Hemsley, MD, Marissa Demers, Mark Chandler, Mark Cohen, Mark De " +"Solla Price, Mark Gabby, Mark Gray, Mark Koudritsky, Mark Kupfer, Mark " +"Lednor, Mark McGuire, Mark Moleda, Mark Mullen, Mark Murphy, Mark Perot, " +"Mark Reeder, Mark Spickett, Mark Vincent Adams, Mark Waks, Mark Zuccarell " +"II, Markus Deimann, Markus Jaritz, Markus Luethi, Marshal Miller, Marshall " +"Warner, Martijn Arets, Martin Beaudoin, Martin Decky, Martin DeMello, Martin " +"Humpolec, Martin Mayr, Martin Peck, Martin Sanchez, Martino Loco, Martti " +"Remmelgas, Martyn Eggleton, Martyn Lewis, Mary Ellen Davis, Mary Heacock, " +"Mary Hess, Mary Mi, Masahiro Takagi, Mason Du, Massimo V.A. Manzari, Mathias " +"Bavay, Mathias Nicolajsen Kjærgaard, Matias Kruk, Matija Nalis, Matt Alcock, " +"Matt Black, Matt Broach, Matt Hall, Matt Haughey, Matt Lee, Matt Plec, Matt " +"Skoss, Matt Thompson, Matt Vance, Matt Wagstaff, Matteo Cocco, Matthew " +"Bendert, Matthew Bergholt, Matthew Darlison, Matthew Epler, Matthew Hawken, " +"Matthew Heimbecker, Matthew Orstad, Matthew Peterworth, Matthew Sheehy, " +"Matthew Tucker, Adaptive Handy Apps, LLC, Mattias Axell, Max Green, Max " +"Kossatz, Max lupo, Max Temkin, Max van Balgooy, Médéric Droz-dit-Busset, " +"Megan Ingle, Megan Wacha, Meghan Finlayson, Melissa Aho, Melissa Sterry, " +"Melle Funambuline, Menachem Goldstein, Micah Bridges, Michael Ailberto, " +"Michael Anderson, Michael Andersson Skane, Michael C. Stewart, Michael " +"Carroll, Michael Cavette, Michael Crees, Michael David Johas Teener, Michael " +"Dennis Moore, Michael Freundt Karlsen, Michael Harries, Michael Hawel, " +"Michael Lewis, Michael May, Michael Murphy, Michael Murvine, Michael " +"Perkins, Michael Sauers, Michael St.Onge, Michael Stanford, Michael Stanley, " +"Michael Underwood, Michael Weiss, Michael Wright, Michael-Andreas Kuttner, " +"Michaela Voigt, Michal Rosenn, Michał Szymański, Michel Gallez, Michell " +"Zappa, Michelle Heeyeon You, Miha Batic, Mik Ishmael, Mikael Andersson, Mike " +"Chelen, Mike Habicher, Mike Maloney, Mike Masnick, Mike McDaniel, Mike " +"Pouraryan, Mike Sheldon, Mike Stop Continues, Mike Stringer, Mike " +"Wittenstein, Mikkel Ovesen, Mikołaj Podlaszewski, Millie Gonzalez, Mindi " +"Lovell, Mindy Lin, Mirko “Macro” Fichtner, Mitch Featherston, Mitchell " +"Adams, Molika Oum, Molly Shaffer Van Houweling, Monica Mora, Morgan Loomis, " +"Moritz Schubert, Mrs. Paganini, Mushin Schilling, Mustafa K Calik, MD, Myk " +"Pilgrim, Myra Harmer, Nadine Forget-Dubois, Nagle Industries, LLC, Nah Wee " +"Yang, Natalie Brown, Natalie Freed, Nathan D Howell, Nathan Massey, Nathan " +"Miller, Neal Gorenflo, Neal McBurnett, Neal Stimler, Neil Wilson, Nele " +"Wollert, Neuchee Chang, Niall McDonagh, Niall Twohig, Nic McPhee, Nicholas " +"Bentley, Nicholas Koran, Nicholas Norfolk, Nicholas Potter, Nick Bell, Nick " +"Coghlan, Nick Isaacs, Nick M. Daly, Nick Vance, Nickolay Vedernikov, Nicky " +"Weaver-Weinberg, Nico Prin, Nicolas Weidinger, Nicole Hickman, Niek " +"Theunissen, Nigel Robertson, Nikki Thompson, Nikko Marie, Nikola Chernev, " +"Nils Lavesson, Noah Blumenson-Cook, Noah Fang, Noah Kardos-Fein, Noah " +"Meyerhans, Noel Hanigan, Noel Hart, Norrie Mailer, O.P. Gobée, Ohad Mayblum, " +"Olivia Wilson, Olivier De Doncker, Olivier Schulbaum, Olle Ahnve, Omar " +"Kaminski, Omar Willey, OpenBuilds, Ove Ødegård, Øystein Kjærnet, Pablo López " +"Soriano, Pablo Vasquez, Pacific Design, Paige Mackay, Papp István Péter, " +"Paris Marx, Parker Higgins, Pasquale Borriello, Pat Allan, Pat Hawks, Pat " +"Ludwig, Pat Sticks, Patricia Brennan, Patricia Rosnel, Patricia Wolf, " +"Patrick Berry, Patrick Beseda, Patrick Hurley, Patrick M. Lozeau, Patrick " +"McCabe, Patrick Nafarrete, Patrick Tanguay, Patrick von Hauff, Patrik " +"Kernstock, Patti J Ryan, Paul A Golder, Paul and Iris Brest, Paul Bailey, " +"Paul Bryan, Paul Bunkham, Paul Elosegui, Paul Hibbitts, Paul Jacobson, Paul " +"Keller, Paul Rowe, Paul Timpson, Paul Walker, Pavel Dostál, Peeter Sällström " +"Randsalu, Peggy Frith, Pen-Yuan Hsing, Penny Pearson, Per Åström, Perry " +"Jetter, Péter Fankhauser, Peter Hirtle, Peter Humphries, Peter Jenkins, " +"Peter Langmar, Peter le Roux, Peter Marinari, Peter Mengelers, Peter " +"O’Brien, Peter Pinch, Peter S. Crosby, Peter Wells, Petr Fristedt, Petr " +"Viktorin, Petronella Jeurissen, Phil Flickinger, Philip Chung, Philip " +"Pangrac, Philip R. Skaggs Jr., Philip Young, Philippa Lorne Channer, " +"Philippe Vandenbroeck, Pierluigi Luisi, Pierre Suter, Pieter-Jan Pauwels, " +"Playground Inc., Pomax, Popenoe, Pouhiou Noenaute, Prilutskiy Kirill, " +"Print3Dreams Ltd., Quentin Coispeau, R. Smith, Race DiLoreto, Rachel Mercer, " +"Rafael Scapin, Rafaela Kunz, Rain Doggerel, Raine Lourie, Rajiv Jhangiani, " +"Ralph Chapoteau, Randall Kirby, Randy Brians, Raphaël Alexandre, Raphaël " +"Schröder, Rasmus Jensen, Rayn Drahps, Rayna Stamboliyska, Rebecca Godar, " +"Rebecca Lendl, Rebecca Weir, Regina Tschud, Remi Dino, Ric Herrero, Rich " +"McCue, Richard “TalkToMeGuy” Olson, Richard Best, Richard Blumberg, Richard " +"Fannon, Richard Heying, Richard Karnesky, Richard Kelly, Richard Littauer, " +"Richard Sobey, Richard White, Richard Winchell, Rik ToeWater, Rita Lewis, " +"Rita Wood, Riyadh Al Balushi, Rob Balder, Rob Berkley, Rob Bertholf, Rob " +"Emanuele, Rob McAuliffe, Rob McKaughan, Rob Tillie, Rob Utter, Rob Vincent, " +"Robert Gaffney, Robert Jones, Robert Kelly, Robert Lawlis, Robert McDonald, " +"Robert Orzanna, Robert Paterson Hunter, Robert R. Daniel Jr., Robert Ryan-" +"Silva, Robert Thompson, Robert Wagoner, Roberto Selvaggio, Robin DeRosa, " +"Robin Rist Kildal, Rodrigo Castilhos, Roger Bacon, Roger Saner, Roger So, " +"Roger Solé, Roger Tregear, Roland Tanglao, Rolf and Mari von Walthausen, " +"Rolf Egstad, Rolf Schaller, Ron Zuijlen, Ronald Bissell, Ronald van den " +"Hoff, Ronda Snow, Rory Landon Aronson, Ross Findlay, Ross Pruden, Ross " +"Williams, Rowan Skewes, Roy Ivy III, Ruben Flores, Rupert Hitzenberger, Rusi " +"Popov, Russ Antonucci, Russ Spollin, Russell Brand, Rute Correia, Ruth Ann " +"Carpenter, Ruth White, Ryan Mentock, Ryan Merkley, Ryan Price, Ryan Sasaki, " +"Ryan Singer, Ryan Voisin, Ryan Weir, S Searle, Salem Bin Kenaid, Salomon " +"Riedo, Sam Hokin, Sam Twidale, Samantha Levin, Samantha-Jayne Chapman, " +"Samarth Agarwal, Sami Al-AbdRabbuh, Samuel A. Rebelsky, Samuel Goëta, Samuel " +"Hauser, Samuel Landete, Samuel Oliveira Cersosimo, Samuel Tait, Sandra " +"Fauconnier, Sandra Markus, Sandy Bjar, Sandy ONeil, Sang-Phil Ju, Sanjay " +"Basu, Santiago Garcia, Sara Armstrong, Sara Lucca, Sara Rodriguez Marin, " +"Sarah Brand, Sarah Cove, Sarah Curran, Sarah Gold, Sarah McGovern, Sarah " +"Smith, Sarinee Achavanuntakul, Sasha Moss, Sasha VanHoven, Saul Gasca, Scott " +"Abbott, Scott Akerman, Scott Beattie, Scott Bruinooge, Scott Conroy, Scott " +"Gillespie, Scott Williams, Sean Anderson, Sean Johnson, Sean Lim, Sean " +"Wickett, Seb Schmoller, Sebastiaan Bekker, Sebastiaan ter Burg, Sebastian " +"Makowiecki, Sebastian Meyer, Sebastian Schweizer, Sebastian Sigloch, " +"Sebastien Huchet, Seokwon Yang, Sergey Chernyshev, Sergey Storchay, Sergio " +"Cardoso, Seth Drebitko, Seth Gover, Seth Lepore, Shannon Turner, Sharon " +"Clapp, Shauna Redmond, Shawn Gaston, Shawn Martin, Shay Knohl, Shelby " +"Hatfield, Sheldon (Vila) Widuch, Sheona Thomson, Si Jie, Sicco van Sas, " +"Siena Oristaglio, Simon Glover, Simon John King, Simon Klose, Simon Law, " +"Simon Linder, Simon Moffitt, Solomon Kahn, Solomon Simon, Soujanna Sarkar, " +"Stanislav Trifonov, Stefan Dumont, Stefan Jansson, Stefan Langer, Stefan " +"Lindblad, Stefano Guidotti, Stefano Luzardi, Stephan Meißl, Stéphane " +"Wojewoda, Stephanie Pereira, Stephen Gates, Stephen Murphey, Stephen Pearce, " +"Stephen Rose, Stephen Suen, Stephen Walli, Stevan Matheson, Steve Battle, " +"Steve Fisches, Steve Fitzhugh, Steve Guen-gerich, Steve Ingram, Steve Kroy, " +"Steve Midgley, Steve Rhine, Steven Kasprzyk, Steven Knudsen, Steven Melvin, " +"Stig-Jørund B. Ö. Arnesen, Stuart Drewer, Stuart Maxwell, Stuart Reich, " +"Subhendu Ghosh, Sujal Shah, Sune Bøegh, Susan Chun, Susan R Grossman, Suzie " +"Wiley, Sven Fielitz, Swan/Starts, Sylvain Carle, Sylvain Chery, Sylvia " +"Green, Sylvia van Bruggen, Szabolcs Berecz, T. L. Mason, Tanbir Baeg, Tanya " +"Hart, Tara Tiger Brown, Tara Westover, Tarmo Toikkanen, Tasha Turner " +"Lennhoff, Tathagat Varma, Ted Timmons, Tej Dhawan, Teresa Gonczy, Terry " +"Hook, Theis Madsen, Theo M. Scholl, Theresa Bernardo, Thibault Badenas, " +"Thomas Bacig, Thomas Boehnlein, Thomas Bøvith, Thomas Chang, Thomas Hartman, " +"Thomas Kent, Thomas Morgan, Thomas Philipp-Edmonds, Thomas Thrush, Thomas " +"Werkmeister, Tieg Zaharia, Tieu Thuy Nguyen, Tim Chambers, Tim Cook, Tim " +"Evers, Tim Nichols, Tim Stahmer, Timothée Planté, Timothy Arfsten, Timothy " +"Hinchliff, Timothy Vollmer, Tina Coffman, Tisza Gergő, Tobias Schonwetter, " +"Todd Brown, Todd Pousley, Todd Sattersten, Tom Bamford, Tom Caswell, Tom " +"Goren, Tom Kent, Tom MacWright, Tom Maillioux, Tom Merkli, Tom Merritt, Tom " +"Myers, Tom Olijhoek, Tom Rubin, Tommaso De Benetti, Tommy Dahlen, Tony Ciak, " +"Tony Nwachukwu, Torsten Skomp, Tracey Depellegrin, Tracey Henton, Tracey " +"James, Traci Long DeForge, Trent Yarwood, Trevor Hogue, Trey Blalock, Trey " +"Hunner, Tryggvi Björgvinsson, Tumuult, Tushar Roy, Tyler Occhiogrosso, Udo " +"Blenkhorn, Uri Sivan, Vanja Bobas, Vantharith Oum, Vaughan jenkins, Veethika " +"Mishra, Vic King, Vickie Goode, Victor DePina, Victor Grigas, Victoria " +"Klassen, Victorien Elvinger, VIGA Manufacture, Vikas Shah, Vinayak S." +"Kaujalgi, Vincent O’Leary, Violette Paquet, Virginia Gentilini, Virginia " +"Kopelman, Vitor Menezes, Vivian Marthell, Wayne Mackintosh, Wendy Keenan, " +"Werner Wiethege, Wesley Derbyshire, Widar Hellwig, Willa Köerner, William " +"Bettridge-Radford, William Jefferson, William Marshall, William Peter Nash, " +"William Ray, William Robins, Willow Rosenberg, Winie Evers, Wolfgang " +"Renninger, Xavier Antoviaque, Xavier Hugonet, Xavier Moisant, Xueqi Li, " +"Yancey Strickler, Yann Heurtaux, Yasmine Hajjar, Yu-Hsian Sun, Yves " +"Deruisseau, Zach Chandler, Zak Zebrowski, Zane Amiralis og Joshua de Haan, " +"ZeMarmot Open Movie."