+ <div class="entry">
+ <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Skolelinux_intervju__Embrik_Kaslegard.html">Skolelinux-intervju: Embrik Kaslegard</a></div>
+ <div class="date">2011-01-16 12:00</div>
+ <div class="body">
+<p>Neste ut i min intervjuserie med folk i
+<a href="http://www.skolelinux.org/">Skolelinuxprosjektet</a> er
+lærer, mangeårig bidragsyter på epostlistene og tidligere
+Skolelinux-administrator på en skole i Hemsedal.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hvem er du, og hva driver du med til daglig?</strong></p>
+
+<p>Embrik Kaslegard, 1964-modell, fire barn (7-20 år). Begynte som
+lærer i 1989 - har hatt IKT-ansvar siden første året i jobb. Har
+jobbet som lærer/IKT-ansvarlig uavbrutt siden 1989. Jobbet med
+Skolelinux fra 2004 til 2010. Nå har jeg fått ny arbeidsplass og er
+40% lærer og 60% IKT med Windows XP, Win2003 server og et regionalt
+IKT-regime som legger premissene og begrensingene for hva vi kan gjøre
+på skolen.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hvordan kom du i kontakt med Skolelinux-prosjektet?</strong></p>
+
+<p>Jeg leste en artikkel om en dugnadsinstallasjon av Skolelinux på en
+skole på Jæren et sted. Tanken om dugnad og frihet appellerte til
+meg. Da vi skulle bygge ny skole var det en del vi måtte spare på,
+fordi vi beveget oss mot en kostnadssprekk. Kabling og investering i
+PC-er var en av tingene vi sparte på. Derfor kjøpe vi 72 pc-er for 390
+pr stk. En filtjener og en applikasjonsserver.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hva er fordelene med Skolelinux slik du ser det?</strong></p>
+
+<p>Fordelen er at så mye er satt opp fra starten. I tillegg er det
+tydelig at pakka er laga for skoleverket. Brukerne har egne
+skrivebord, tilgang på mange gode verktøyprogrammer. Vi slipper å
+tenke på virus. Brukerne har ikke mulighet til å ødelegge
+klientoppsett, men har gode muligheter til å endre eget oppsett. Dette
+tror jeg er inspirerende og kjekt for mange brukere. Mappestrukturen
+er ferdig og det er "enkelt" å designe lokale mappestrukturer via
+skeleton. Noen av oss i skoleverket mener skolen skal være en
+"mot-kultur". Da er Skolelinux et av valgene man kan ta. Et annet er å
+spise på indisk restaurant i stedet for Mc Donald's når vi er på bytur
+osv.. Ordene deling, frihet, dugnad osv er positive ord i
+skoleverket. Det er viktig at elevene blir bevisst dette.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hva er ulempene med Skolelinux slik du ser det?</strong></p>
+
+<p>Kompabiliteten er selvsagt et problem, selv om det er mindre nå enn
+før. For IKT-personer på skolene som skal drifte dette er det
+problematisk med kommandoer i terminalen. I tillegg er det alt for
+mange programmer i Skolelinux som ikke blir brukt. Jeg tror
+Skolelinux er tjent med å tone ned begrepet pedagogisk programvare.
+Slik jeg ser det finnes ikke denne kategorien programmer lengre slik
+de gjorde før, som frittsående programmer som installeres på en
+datamaskin eller på serveren. Det finnes en del spesialpedagogiske
+programmer, som Textpilot, LingDys, LingRight, AskiRaski, Ny i Norge
+osv. Men dette er programmer for enkelt-elever eller små grupper av
+elever. Det som bør være fokus er at alle undervisningsressurser som
+lages for nettet skal være nettleseruavhengig.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hvilken fri programvare bruker du til daglig?</strong></p>
+
+<p>OpenOffice bruker jeg til vanlig kontorarbeide. VLC bruker jeg som
+videoavspiller og av og til streaming av film. Gimp bruker jeg i
+undervisningen til bildemanipulering. Firefox og Chrome er mine
+favoritt-nettlesere. Firefox har lenge vært førstevalget mitt, nå
+bruker jeg mest Chrome. Opplever den som raskere og smidigere enn
+Firefox. Ubuntu bruker jeg som dualboot på jobb-maskinen min i
+tillegg til at alle PCer hjemme har en eller annen Ubuntu-distribusjon
+installert. Jeg bruker Clonezilla på Ubuntu 10.04 til kloning av
+datamaskiner på jobb. Det er selvsagt en haug andre frie programmer
+jeg bruker men jeg bruker dem ikke daglig. Jeg kan ramse opp:
+recordmydesktop, cinelerra, acidrip, soundjuicer, audacity, NX
+(no-machine), Kino, Rythmbox...</p>
+
+<p><strong>Hvilken strategi tror du er den rette å bruke for å få
+skoler til å ta i bruk fri programvare?</strong></p>
+
+<p>Jeg tror oppsøkende virksomhet er den rette strategien.
+Ressurspersoner gjør avtaler med rådmenn, skolesjefer, rektorer. Det
+er slik konkurrentene gjør det. Fokuset i slike samtaler bør være
+kost-nytte. Dersom personer med økonomisk ansvar ser at de kan få
+like godt tilbud til mindre utgifter, tror jeg det er mulighet til å
+få innpass. Dersom de også kan få konkrete tilbud på drift i slike
+samtaler, vil de kanskje bli litt mer interesserte i hvor mye penger
+som faktisk går til IKT i skolene. Det er også viktig at vi ikke
+firer for mye på krav til datamaskiner. Det er flott at Skolelinux
+går på "utrangert" utstyr, men dette bør bare presenteres som et
+alternativ. Skolelinux-installasjoner med utrangert utstyr er ikke å
+foretrekke dersom man kan unngå det. Det skaper ikke entusiasme hos
+brukerne (elever og lærere) når de bruker gamle datamaskiner som går
+tregt. Det er kjempefint med skoler som har kommet seg frem til
+Skolelinux og fri programvare av seg selv, men de lever på nåde.
+Slike valg må fundamenteres hos skoleeier.</p>
+
+<p>Oppdatering 2011-01-16 22:40: Oppdatert svarene for de tre siste
+spørsmålene litt mer tekst fra Embrik.</p>
+</div>
+ <div class="tags">
+
+
+
+ Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk</a>.
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="padding"></div>
+
+ <div class="entry">
+ <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Radiomerking_med_RFID.html">Radiomerking med RFID</a></div>
+ <div class="date">2011-01-16 11:40</div>
+ <div class="body">
+<p>Bruken av RFID brer om seg. Klær, matvarer, borgere, elever,
+studenter og ansatte blir radiomerket på en måte som gjør det enkelt å
+følge med på hvor de beveger seg.
+<a href="http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2003/10/60898">Historien
+fra Enterprise Charter School</A> i Buffalo, New York beskriver
+drømmen om massiv overvåkning av bevegelsesmønsteret til elevene
+vha. RFID. For de fleste får jeg inntrykk av at overgangen virker
+ganske liten, da de allerede er radiomerket med GSM-telefoner som
+rapporterer hvor de er til enhver tid. Personlig ser jeg på retten
+til å ferdes anonymt og uten å bli overvåket som fundamental for å
+beholde et demokratisk og fritt samfunn, og tror denne retten kun
+overlever hvis den blir brukt av borgerne, og velger derfor å ikke gå
+rundt med radiopeilesender på meg.</p>
+
+<p>RFID-merking av folk, det være seg med busskort fra Ruter, student-
+og ansattkort for Universitetet i Oslo, nyere pass eller i klær som
+folk går med er radiomerking av befolkningen.</p>
+
+<p>For å kunne sette meg inn i RFID-teknologi ser jeg etter en norsk
+leverandør som kan selge meg en RFID leser/skriver med USB-tilkobling
+som kan brukes til å se hva som er RFID-merket i dag. Jeg er fortalt
+at Ruter sitt
+<a href="http://www.kollektivanbud.no/dokumenter/20100928%20Travelcard%20Production%20Specification%20_2_.pdf">Flexus-kort</a>
+bruker 13,56 MHz som kan leses og skrives til, mens andre dinger
+typisk bruker 125 kHz som i utgangspunktet kun kan leses fra. Det
+finnes også andre frekvenser i bruk. Vet ikke hva som finnes av
+rimelig utstyr for lesing og skriving, men ble tipset om at
+<a href="http://www.robonor.no/mag/default/rfid-2.html">Robonor</a> har
+endel slike deler. Programvare på Linux for å lese og skrive mot RFID
+er tilgjengelig fra blant andre <a href="http://www.openpcd.org/">Open
+Proximity Coupling Devices</a>-prosjektet og
+<a href="http://www.rfdump.org/">RFDump</a>-prosjektet.</p>
+
+<p>Blokkering av RFID-signaler ser ut til å være mulig ved å plassere
+kort med RFID i en metallboks. Min kortmappe med metall-plate for å
+stive av, lot i hvert fall til å blokkere for Ruters avlesning av
+Flexus-kort. Er også blitt fortalt at det fungerer å bruke en liten
+metall-boks. Er ikke sikker på om dette også blokkerer for mer
+følsomme lesere som kan lese av RFID-signaler på mange meters
+avstand.</p>
+
+<p>De nye norske biometriske passene kan enkelt leses av på avstand og
+kopieres med RFID, slik at de som ønsker det kan å se bilde av
+nordmenn i nærheten, og informasjon om fingeravtrykk, høyde, hårfarge
+og det meste av informasjon om innehaveren. For meg virker det som en
+massiv sikkerhetsrisko, og det er meg et komplett mysterium at
+Stortinget og regjeringen har gått med på RFID-merking av pass.
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_passport">wikipedia har
+mer</a> om de nye biometriske passene.</p>
+</div>
+ <div class="tags">
+
+
+
+ Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern</a>.
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="padding"></div>
+
+ <div class="entry">
+ <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/The_video_format_most_supported_in_web_browsers_.html">The video format most supported in web browsers?</a></div>
+ <div class="date">2011-01-16 00:20</div>
+ <div class="body">
+<p>The video format struggle on the web continues, and the three
+contenders seem to be Ogg Theora, H.264 and WebM. Most video sites
+seem to use H.264, while others use Ogg Theora. Interestingly enough,
+the comments I see give me the feeling that a lot of people believe
+H.264 is the most supported video format in browsers, but according to
+the Wikipedia article on
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_video">HTML5 video</a>,
+this is not true. Check out the nice table of supprted formats in
+different browsers there. The format supported by most browsers is
+Ogg Theora, supported by released versions of Mozilla Firefox, Google
+Chrome, Chromium, Opera, Konqueror, Epiphany, Origyn Web Browser and
+BOLT browser, while not supported by Internet Explorer nor Safari.
+The runner up is WebM supported by released versions of Google Chrome
+Chromium Opera and Origyn Web Browser, and test versions of Mozilla
+Firefox. H.264 is supported by released versions of Safari, Origyn
+Web Browser and BOLT browser, and the test version of Internet
+Explorer. Those wanting Ogg Theora support in Internet Explorer and
+Safari can install plugins to get it.</p>
+
+<p>To me, the simple conclusion from this is that to reach most users
+without any extra software installed, one uses Ogg Theora with the
+HTML5 video tag. Of course to reach all those without a browser
+handling HTML5, one need fallback mechanisms. In
+<a href="http://www.nuug.no/">NUUG</a>, we provide first fallback to a
+plugin capable of playing MPEG1 video, and those without such support
+we have a second fallback to the Cortado java applet playing Ogg
+Theora. This seem to work quite well, as can be seen in an <a
+href="http://www.nuug.no/aktiviteter/20110111-semantic-web/">example
+from last week</a>.</p>
+
+<p>The reason Ogg Theora is the most supported format, and H.264 is
+the least supported is simple. Implementing and using H.264
+require royalty payment to MPEG-LA, and the terms of use from MPEG-LA
+are incompatible with free software licensing. If you believed H.264
+was without royalties and license terms, check out
+"<a href="http://webmink.com/essays/h-264/">H.264 – Not The Kind Of
+Free That Matters</a>" by Simon Phipps.</p>
+
+<p>A incomplete list of sites providing video in Ogg Theora is
+available from
+<a href="http://wiki.xiph.org/index.php/List_of_Theora_videos">the
+Xiph.org wiki</a>, if you want to have a look. I'm not aware of a
+similar list for WebM nor H.264.</p>
+
+<p>Update 2011-01-16 09:40: A question from Tollef on IRC made me
+realise that I failed to make it clear enough this text is about the
+<video> tag support in browsers and not the video support
+provided by external plugins like the Flash plugins.</p>
+</div>
+ <div class="tags">
+
+
+
+ Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="padding"></div>
+
+ <div class="entry">
+ <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Chrome_plan_to_drop_H_264_support_for_HTML5__lt_video_gt_.html">Chrome plan to drop H.264 support for HTML5 <video></a></div>
+ <div class="date">2011-01-12 22:10</div>
+ <div class="body">
+<p>Today I discovered
+<a href="http://www.digi.no/860070/google-dropper-h264-stotten-i-chrome">via
+digi.no</a> that the Chrome developers, in a surprising announcement,
+<a href="http://blog.chromium.org/2011/01/html-video-codec-support-in-chrome.html">yesterday
+announced</a> plans to drop H.264 support for HTML5 <video> in
+the browser. The argument used is that H.264 is not a "completely
+open" codec technology. If you believe H.264 was free for everyone
+to use, I recommend having a look at the essay
+"<a href="http://webmink.com/essays/h-264/">H.264 – Not The Kind Of
+Free That Matters</a>". It is not free of cost for creators of video
+tools, nor those of us that want to publish on the Internet, and the
+terms provided by MPEG-LA excludes free software projects from
+licensing the patents needed for H.264. Some background information
+on the Google announcement is available from
+<a href="http://www.osnews.com/story/24243/Google_To_Drop_H264_Support_from_Chrome">OSnews</a>.
+A good read. :)</p>
+
+<p>Personally, I believe it is great that Google is taking a stand to
+promote equal terms for everyone when it comes to video publishing on
+the Internet. This can only be done by publishing using free and open
+standards, which is only possible if the web browsers provide support
+for these free and open standards. At the moment there seem to be two
+camps in the web browser world when it come to video support. Some
+browsers support H.264, and others support
+<a href="http://www.theora.org/">Ogg Theora</a> and
+<a href="http://www.webmproject.org/">WebM</a>
+(<a href="http://www.diracvideo.org/">Dirac</a> is not really an option
+yet), forcing those of us that want to publish video on the Internet
+and which can not accept the terms of use presented by MPEG-LA for
+H.264 to not reach all potential viewers.
+Wikipedia keep <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_video">an
+updated summary</a> of the current browser support.</p>
+
+<p>Not surprising, several people would prefer Google to keep
+promoting H.264, and John Gruber
+<a href="http://daringfireball.net/2011/01/simple_questions">presents
+the mind set</a> of these people quite well. His rhetorical questions
+provoked a reply from Thom Holwerda with another set of questions
+<a href="http://www.osnews.com/story/24245/10_Questions_for_John_Gruber_Regarding_H_264_WebM">presenting
+the issues with H.264</a>. Both are worth a read.</p>
+
+<p>Some argue that if Google is dropping H.264 because it isn't free,
+they should also drop support for the Adobe Flash plugin. This
+argument was covered by Simon Phipps in
+<a href="http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/simon-says/2011/01/google-and-h264---far-from-hypocritical/index.htm">todays
+blog post</a>, which I find to put the issue in context. To me it
+make perfect sense to drop native H.264 support for HTML5 in the
+browser while still allowing plugins.</p>
+
+<p>I suspect the reason this announcement make so many people protest,
+is that all the users and promoters of H.264 suddenly get an uneasy
+feeling that they might be backing the wrong horse. A lot of TV
+broadcasters have been moving to H.264 the last few years, and a lot
+of money has been invested in hardware based on the belief that they
+could use the same video format for both broadcasting and web
+publishing. Suddenly this belief is shaken.</p>
+
+<p>An interesting question is why Google is doing this. While the
+presented argument might be true enough, I believe Google would only
+present the argument if the change make sense from a business
+perspective. One reason might be that they are currently negotiating
+with MPEG-LA over royalties or usage terms, and giving MPEG-LA the
+feeling that dropping H.264 completely from Chroome, Youtube and
+Google Video would improve the negotiation position of Google.
+Another reason might be that Google want to save money by not having
+to pay the video tax to MPEG-LA at all, and thus want to move to a
+video format not requiring royalties at all. A third reason might be
+that the Chrome development team simply want to avoid the
+Chrome/Chromium split to get more help with the development of Chrome.
+I guess time will tell.</p>
+
+<p>Update 2011-01-15: The Google Chrome team provided
+<a href="http://blog.chromium.org/2011/01/more-about-chrome-html-video-codec.html">more
+background and information on the move</a> it a blog post yesterday.</p>
+</div>
+ <div class="tags">
+
+
+
+ Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
+
+ </div>
+ </div>
+ <div class="padding"></div>
+
<div class="entry">
<div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Skolelinux_intervju__Viggo_Fedreheim.html">Skolelinux-intervju: Viggo Fedreheim</a></div>
<div class="date">2011-01-12 12:00</div>
</div>
<div class="padding"></div>
- <div class="entry">
- <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/St__tte_for_forskjellige_kamera_ikoner_p___overv__kningskamerakartet.html">Støtte for forskjellige kamera-ikoner på overvåkningskamerakartet</a></div>
- <div class="date">2011-01-02 11:05</div>
- <div class="body">
-<p>I dag har jeg justert litt på kartet over overvåkningskamera, og
-laget støtte for å gi fotobokser (automatisk trafikk-kontroll) og
-andre overvåkningskamera forskjellige symboler på kartet, slik at det
-er enklere å se forskjell på kamera som vegvesenet kontrollerer og
-andre kamera. Resultatet er lagt ut på
-<a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/surveillance-norway/">kartet
-over overvåkningskamera i Norge</a>. Det er nå 93 fotobokser av 380
-totalt
-<a href="http://www.vegvesen.no/Fag/Fokusomrader/Trafikksikkerhet/Automatisk+trafikkontroll+ATK">i
-følge vegvesenet</a> og 80 andre kamera på kartet, totalt 173 kamera.
-Takk til de 26 stykkene som har bidratt til kamerainformasjonen så
-langt.</p>
-</div>
- <div class="tags">
-
-
-
- Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance</a>.
-
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="padding"></div>
-
- <div class="entry">
- <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/What_standards_are_Free_and_Open_as_defined_by_Digistan_.html">What standards are Free and Open as defined by Digistan?</a></div>
- <div class="date">2010-12-30 23:15</div>
- <div class="body">
-<p>After trying to
-<a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Is_Ogg_Theora_a_free_and_open_standard_.html">compare
-Ogg Theora</a> to
-<a href="http://www.digistan.org/open-standard:definition">the Digistan
-definition</a> of a free and open standard, I concluded that this need
-to be done for more standards and started on a framework for doing
-this. As a start, I want to get the status for all the standards in
-the Norwegian reference directory, which include UTF-8, HTML, PDF, ODF,
-JPEG, PNG, SVG and others. But to be able to complete this in a
-reasonable time frame, I will need help.</p>
-
-<p>If you want to help out with this work, please visit
-<a href="http://wiki.nuug.no/grupper/standard/digistan-analyse">the
-wiki pages I have set up for this</a>, and let me know that you want
-to help out. The IRC channel #nuug on irc.freenode.net is a good
-place to coordinate this for now, as it is the IRC channel for the
-NUUG association where I have created the framework (I am the leader
-of the Norwegian Unix User Group).</p>
-
-<p>The framework is still forming, and a lot is left to do. Do not be
-scared by the sketchy form of the current pages. :)</p>
-</div>
- <div class="tags">
-
-
-
- Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>.
-
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="padding"></div>
-
- <div class="entry">
- <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/The_many_definitions_of_a_open_standard.html">The many definitions of a open standard</a></div>
- <div class="date">2010-12-27 14:45</div>
- <div class="body">
-<p>One of the reasons I like the Digistan definition of
-"<a href="http://www.digistan.org/open-standard:definition">Free and
-Open Standard</a>" is that this is a new term, and thus the meaning of
-the term has been decided by Digistan. The term "Open Standard" has
-become so misunderstood that it is no longer very useful when talking
-about standards. One end up discussing which definition is the best
-one and with such frame the only one gaining are the proponents of
-de-facto standards and proprietary solutions.</p>
-
-<p>But to give us an idea about the diversity of definitions of open
-standards, here are a few that I know about. This list is not
-complete, but can be a starting point for those that want to do a
-complete survey. More definitions are available on the
-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_standard">wikipedia
-page</a>.</p>
-
-<p>First off is my favourite, the definition from the European
-Interoperability Framework version 1.0. Really sad to notice that BSA
-and others has succeeded in getting it removed from version 2.0 of the
-framework by stacking the committee drafting the new version with
-their own people. Anyway, the definition is still available and it
-include the key properties needed to make sure everyone can use a
-specification on equal terms.</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<p>The following are the minimal characteristics that a specification
-and its attendant documents must have in order to be considered an
-open standard:</p>
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a not-for-profit
-organisation, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an
-open decision-making procedure available to all interested parties
-(consensus or majority decision etc.).</li>
-
-<li>The standard has been published and the standard specification
-document is available either freely or at a nominal charge. It must be
-permissible to all to copy, distribute and use it for no fee or at a
-nominal fee.</li>
-
-<li>The intellectual property - i.e. patents possibly present - of
-(parts of) the standard is made irrevocably available on a royalty-
-free basis.</li>
-
-<li>There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard.</li>
-
-</ul>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>Another one originates from my friends over at
-<a href="http://www.dkuug.dk/">DKUUG</a>, who coined and gathered
-support for <a href="http://www.aaben-standard.dk/">this
-definition</a> in 2004. It even made it into the Danish parlament as
-<a href="http://www.ft.dk/dokumenter/tingdok.aspx?/samling/20051/beslutningsforslag/B103/som_fremsat.htm">their
-definition of a open standard</a>. Another from a different part of
-the Danish government is available from the wikipedia page.</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<p>En åben standard opfylder følgende krav:</p>
-
-<ol>
-
-<li>Veldokumenteret med den fuldstændige specifikation offentligt
-tilgængelig.</li>
-
-<li>Frit implementerbar uden økonomiske, politiske eller juridiske
-begrænsninger på implementation og anvendelse.</li>
-
-<li>Standardiseret og vedligeholdt i et åbent forum (en såkaldt
-"standardiseringsorganisation") via en åben proces.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>Then there is <a href="http://www.fsfe.org/projects/os/def.html">the
-definition</a> from Free Software Foundation Europe.</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<p>An Open Standard refers to a format or protocol that is</p>
-
-<ol>
-
-<li>subject to full public assessment and use without constraints in a
-manner equally available to all parties;</li>
-
-<li>without any components or extensions that have dependencies on
-formats or protocols that do not meet the definition of an Open
-Standard themselves;</li>
-
-<li>free from legal or technical clauses that limit its utilisation by
-any party or in any business model;</li>
-
-<li>managed and further developed independently of any single vendor
-in a process open to the equal participation of competitors and third
-parties;</li>
-
-<li>available in multiple complete implementations by competing
-vendors, or as a complete implementation equally available to all
-parties.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>A long time ago, SUN Microsystems, now bought by Oracle, created
-its
-<a href="http://blogs.sun.com/dennisding/resource/Open%20Standard%20Definition.pdf">Open
-Standards Checklist</a> with a fairly detailed description.</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-<p>Creation and Management of an Open Standard
-
-<ul>
-
-<li>Its development and management process must be collaborative and
- democratic:
-
- <ul>
-
- <li>Participation must be accessible to all those who wish to
- participate and can meet fair and reasonable criteria
- imposed by the organization under which it is developed
- and managed.</li>
-
- <li>The processes must be documented and, through a known
- method, can be changed through input from all
- participants.</li>
-
- <li>The process must be based on formal and binding commitments for
- the disclosure and licensing of intellectual property rights.</li>
-
- <li>Development and management should strive for consensus,
- and an appeals process must be clearly outlined.</li>
-
- <li>The standard specification must be open to extensive
- public review at least once in its life-cycle, with
- comments duly discussed and acted upon, if required.</li>
-
- </ul>
-
-</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-<p>Use and Licensing of an Open Standard</p>
-<ul>
-
-<li>The standard must describe an interface, not an implementation,
- and the industry must be capable of creating multiple, competing
- implementations to the interface described in the standard without
- undue or restrictive constraints. Interfaces include APIs,
- protocols, schemas, data formats and their encoding.</li>
-
-<li> The standard must not contain any proprietary "hooks" that create
- a technical or economic barriers</li>
-
-<li>Faithful implementations of the standard must
- interoperate. Interoperability means the ability of a computer
- program to communicate and exchange information with other computer
- programs and mutually to use the information which has been
- exchanged. This includes the ability to use, convert, or exchange
- file formats, protocols, schemas, interface information or
- conventions, so as to permit the computer program to work with other
- computer programs and users in all the ways in which they are
- intended to function.</li>
-
-<li>It must be permissible for anyone to copy, distribute and read the
- standard for a nominal fee, or even no fee. If there is a fee, it
- must be low enough to not preclude widespread use.</li>
-
-<li>It must be possible for anyone to obtain free (no royalties or
- fees; also known as "royalty free"), worldwide, non-exclusive and
- perpetual licenses to all essential patent claims to make, use and
- sell products based on the standard. The only exceptions are
- terminations per the reciprocity and defensive suspension terms
- outlined below. Essential patent claims include pending, unpublished
- patents, published patents, and patent applications. The license is
- only for the exact scope of the standard in question.
-
- <ul>
-
- <li> May be conditioned only on reciprocal licenses to any of
- licensees' patent claims essential to practice that standard
- (also known as a reciprocity clause)</li>
-
- <li> May be terminated as to any licensee who sues the licensor
- or any other licensee for infringement of patent claims
- essential to practice that standard (also known as a
- "defensive suspension" clause)</li>
-
- <li> The same licensing terms are available to every potential
- licensor</li>
-
- </ul>
-</li>
-
-<li>The licensing terms of an open standards must not preclude
- implementations of that standard under open source licensing terms
- or restricted licensing terms</li>
-
-</ul>
-
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>It is said that one of the nice things about standards is that
-there are so many of them. As you can see, the same holds true for
-open standard definitions. Most of the definitions have a lot in
-common, and it is not really controversial what properties a open
-standard should have, but the diversity of definitions have made it
-possible for those that want to avoid a level marked field and real
-competition to downplay the significance of open standards. I hope we
-can turn this tide by focusing on the advantages of Free and Open
-Standards.</p>
-</div>
- <div class="tags">
-
-
-
- Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>.
-
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="padding"></div>
-
- <div class="entry">
- <div class="title"><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/Is_Ogg_Theora_a_free_and_open_standard_.html">Is Ogg Theora a free and open standard?</a></div>
- <div class="date">2010-12-25 20:25</div>
- <div class="body">
-<p><a href="http://www.digistan.org/open-standard:definition">The
-Digistan definition</a> of a free and open standard reads like this:</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<p>The Digital Standards Organization defines free and open standard
-as follows:</p>
-
-<ol>
-
-<li>A free and open standard is immune to vendor capture at all stages
-in its life-cycle. Immunity from vendor capture makes it possible to
-freely use, improve upon, trust, and extend a standard over time.</li>
-
-<li>The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a not-for-profit
-organisation, and its ongoing development occurs on the basis of an
-open decision-making procedure available to all interested
-parties.</li>
-
-<li>The standard has been published and the standard specification
-document is available freely. It must be permissible to all to copy,
-distribute, and use it freely.</li>
-
-<li>The patents possibly present on (parts of) the standard are made
-irrevocably available on a royalty-free basis.</li>
-
-<li>There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard.</li>
-
-</ol>
-
-<p>The economic outcome of a free and open standard, which can be
-measured, is that it enables perfect competition between suppliers of
-products based on the standard.</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>For a while now I have tried to figure out of Ogg Theora is a free
-and open standard according to this definition. Here is a short
-writeup of what I have been able to gather so far. I brought up the
-topic on the Xiph advocacy mailing list
-<a href="http://lists.xiph.org/pipermail/advocacy/2009-July/001632.html">in
-July 2009</a>, for those that want to see some background information.
-According to Ivo Emanuel Gonçalves and Monty Montgomery on that list
-the Ogg Theora specification fulfils the Digistan definition.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Free from vendor capture?</strong></p>
-
-<p>As far as I can see, there is no single vendor that can control the
-Ogg Theora specification. It can be argued that the
-<a href="http://www.xiph.org/">Xiph foundation</A> is such vendor, but
-given that it is a non-profit foundation with the expressed goal
-making free and open protocols and standards available, it is not
-obvious that this is a real risk. One issue with the Xiph
-foundation is that its inner working (as in board member list, or who
-control the foundation) are not easily available on the web. I've
-been unable to find out who is in the foundation board, and have not
-seen any accounting information documenting how money is handled nor
-where is is spent in the foundation. It is thus not obvious for an
-external observer who control The Xiph foundation, and for all I know
-it is possible for a single vendor to take control over the
-specification. But it seem unlikely.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Maintained by open not-for-profit organisation?</strong></p>
-
-<p>Assuming that the Xiph foundation is the organisation its web pages
-claim it to be, this point is fulfilled. If Xiph foundation is
-controlled by a single vendor, it isn't, but I have not found any
-documentation indicating this.</p>
-
-<p>According to
-<a href="http://media.hiof.no/diverse/fad/rapport_4.pdf">a report</a>
-prepared by Audun Vaaler og Børre Ludvigsen for the Norwegian
-government, the Xiph foundation is a non-commercial organisation and
-the development process is open, transparent and non-Discrimatory.
-Until proven otherwise, I believe it make most sense to believe the
-report is correct.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Specification freely available?</strong></p>
-
-<p>The specification for the <a href="http://www.xiph.org/ogg/doc/">Ogg
-container format</a> and both the
-<a href="http://www.xiph.org/vorbis/doc/">Vorbis</a> and
-<a href="http://theora.org/doc/">Theora</a> codeces are available on
-the web. This are the terms in the Vorbis and Theora specification:
-
-<blockquote>
-
-Anyone may freely use and distribute the Ogg and [Vorbis/Theora]
-specifications, whether in private, public, or corporate
-capacity. However, the Xiph.Org Foundation and the Ogg project reserve
-the right to set the Ogg [Vorbis/Theora] specification and certify
-specification compliance.
-
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>The Ogg container format is specified in IETF
-<a href="http://www.xiph.org/ogg/doc/rfc3533.txt">RFC 3533</a>, and
-this is the term:<p>
-
-<blockquote>
-
-<p>This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
-others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
-or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and
-distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind,
-provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
-included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
-document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
-the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
-Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing
-Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined
-in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to
-translate it into languages other than English.</p>
-
-<p>The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
-revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>All these terms seem to allow unlimited distribution and use, an
-this term seem to be fulfilled. There might be a problem with the
-missing permission to distribute modified versions of the text, and
-thus reuse it in other specifications. Not quite sure if that is a
-requirement for the Digistan definition.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Royalty-free?</strong></p>
-
-<p>There are no known patent claims requiring royalties for the Ogg
-Theora format.
-<a href="http://www.streamingmedia.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=65782">MPEG-LA</a>
-and
-<a href="http://yro.slashdot.org/story/10/04/30/237238/Steve-Jobs-Hints-At-Theora-Lawsuit">Steve
-Jobs</a> in Apple claim to know about some patent claims (submarine
-patents) against the Theora format, but no-one else seem to believe
-them. Both Opera Software and the Mozilla Foundation have looked into
-this and decided to implement Ogg Theora support in their browsers
-without paying any royalties. For now the claims from MPEG-LA and
-Steve Jobs seem more like FUD to scare people to use the H.264 codec
-than any real problem with Ogg Theora.</p>
-
-<p><strong>No constraints on re-use?</strong></p>
-
-<p>I am not aware of any constraints on re-use.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p>
-
-<p>3 of 5 requirements seem obviously fulfilled, and the remaining 2
-depend on the governing structure of the Xiph foundation. Given the
-background report used by the Norwegian government, I believe it is
-safe to assume the last two requirements are fulfilled too, but it
-would be nice if the Xiph foundation web site made it easier to verify
-this.</p>
-
-<p>It would be nice to see other analysis of other specifications to
-see if they are free and open standards.</p>
-</div>
- <div class="tags">
-
-
-
- Tags: <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard</a>, <a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video</a>.
-
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="padding"></div>
-
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<div id="sidebar">
<li>2011
<ul>
-<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (7)</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/archive/2011/01/">January (11)</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian">debian (46)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (56)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/debian edu">debian edu (57)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/digistan">digistan (7)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (82)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/english">english (84)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fiksgatami">fiksgatami (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/fildeling">fildeling (11)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (2)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/intervju">intervju (3)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/kart">kart (5)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/multimedia">multimedia (11)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (101)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/norsk">norsk (103)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (115)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/nuug">nuug (116)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/opphavsrett">opphavsrett (18)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (33)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/personvern">personvern (34)</a></li>
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- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (21)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/standard">standard (23)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/stavekontroll">stavekontroll (1)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/surveillance">surveillance (7)</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (17)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/video">video (19)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://people.skolelinux.org/pere/blog/tags/vitenskap">vitenskap (1)</a></li>
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